函数展开计数在CLUTCH方法中的初步应用

反复裂变几率(IFP)方法广泛应用于求解k特征值对连续能量核数据的灵敏度系数,然而IFP方法存在内存占用大的问题,因此CLUTCH方法被提出以解决该问题。但对于大规模问题,如压水堆全堆问题,基于网格的CLUTCH(CLUTCH-Mesh)方法存在权重函数不易收敛的问题。本文采用函数展开计数(FET)方法对CLUTCH方法中的权重函数进行统计(CLUTCH-FET)以解决该问题,函数展开计数选取的基函数是勒让德多项式。本文在蒙特卡罗粒子输运计算程序NECP-MCX中实现了IFP、CLUTCH-Mesh和CLUTCH-FET 3种方法,以IFP方法的计算结果作为参考解,对CLUTCH-Mesh和CLUTCH-FET方法的精度和效率进行了验证。数值结果表明:对于小规模问题,如Godiva和Flattop问题,CLUTCH-Mesh和CLUTCH-FET方法具有与IFP方法相当的精度,且计算效率较IFP方法更高;对于大规模问题,如AP1000全堆问题,CLUTCH-Mesh方法的计算精度下降,而CLUTCH-FET方法可保持较高的精度和计算效率,CLUTCH-FET方法的品质因子较IFP方法和CLUTCH-Mesh方法分别最多提高了5.2和6.0倍。

Fault Diagnosis for Buckling Friction Components in Wet Multi-Disc Clutches Using IHHT

The wet multi-disc clutches are extensively used in various transmission systems,withone of the most prevalent failure modes being the buckling deformation of friction components.Animproved Hilbert-Huang transform method(IHHT)is proposed to address the limitations of tradi-tional time-domain vibration analyses,such as low accuracy and mode mixing.This paper first clas-sifies the buckling degree of the friction components.Next,wavelet packet transform(WPT)isapplied to the vibration signals of different buckling plates to partition them into distinct fre-quency bands.Then,the instantaneous features are extracted by empirical mode decomposition(EMD)and Hilbert transform(HT)to discarding extraneous intrinsic mode function(IMF)com-ponents.Comparative analyses of Hilbert spectral entropy and time-domain features confirm theenhanced precision of IHHT under specific classifiers,which is better than traditional methods.

The clutch size,incubation behavior of Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) and their responses to ambient temperature and precipitation

Weather conditions play a pivotal role in embryo development and parental incubation costs,potentially impacting the clutch size and incubation behavior of birds.Understanding these effects is crucial for bird conservation.Reeves’ s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) is a threatened species endemic to China,which is characterized by female-only incubation.However,there is a lack of information regarding the impact of weather conditions on clutch size and incubation behavior in this species.Using satellite tracking,we tracked 27 wild female Reeves’ s Pheasants from 2020 to 2023 in Hubei Province,China.We explored their clutch size and incubation behavior,as well as their responses to ambient temperature and precipitation.Clutch size averaged 7.75 ±1.36,had an association with average ambient temperature and average daily precipitation during the egglaying period,and was potentially linked to female breeding attempts.Throughout the incubation period,females took an average of 0.73 ±0.46 recesses every 24 h,with an average recess duration of 100.80 ±73.37 min and an average nest attendance of 92.98 ±5.27%.They showed a unimodal recess pattern in which nest departures peaked primarily between 13:00 and 16:00.Furthermore,females rarely left nests when daily precipitation was high.Recess duration and nest attendance were influenced by the interaction between daily mean ambient temperature and daily precipitation,as well as day of incubation.Additionally,there was a positive correlation between clutch size and recess duration.These results contribute valuable insights into the lifehistory features of this endangered species.

Study of the Judder Characteristics of Friction Material for an Automobile Clutch and Test Verification

The friction judder characteristics during clutch engagement have a significant influence on the NVH of a driveline.In this research,the judder characteristics of automobile clutch friction materials and experimental verification are studied.First,considering the stick-slip phenomenon in the clutch engagement process,a detailed 9-degrees-of-freedom(DOF)model including the body,each cylinder of the engine,clutch and friction lining,torsional damper,transmission and other driveline parts is established,and the calculation formula of friction torque in the clutch engagement process is determined.Second,the influence of the friction gradient characteristics on the amplification or attenuation of the automobile friction judder is analyzed,and the corresponding stability analysis and the numerical simulation of different friction gradient values are carried out with MATLAB/Simulink software.Finally,judder bench test equipment and a corresponding damping test program are developed,and the relationship between the friction coefficient gradient characteristics and the system damping is analyzed.After a large number of tests,the evaluation basis of the test is determined.The research results show that the friction lining with negative gradient characteristics of the friction coefficient will have a judder signal.When the friction gradient value is less than-0.005 s/m,the judder signal of the measured clutch cannot be completely attenuated,and the judder phenomenon occurs.When the friction gradient is greater than-0.005 s/m,the judder signal can be significantly suppressed and the system connection tends to be stable.

Large-brained birds lay smaller but heavier clutches

The brain is among the most energetically costly organs in vertebrates,and thus trade-offs have been hypothesized to exert constraints on brain size evolution.The energy trade-off hypothesis(ETH) predicts that reducing the energy consumption of reproduction or other costly tissues should compensate for the cost of a large brain.Egg production in birds requires a large proportion of the total energy budget,and a clutch mass in some bird species can outweigh the body mass of the female.To date,this hypothesis has mainly been tested in mammals and ectothermic animals such as anurans and fishes.We collated data on adult brain size,body mass and eggproduction traits such as clutch size,egg mass and annual broods from published studies,and conducted a phylogenetic comparative test of the interplay between egg-production investment and brain size evolution across bird species.After controlling for phylogenetic relationships and body size,we find a negative correlation between brain size and clutch size across 1395 species,which favored ETH.However,when egg mass was integrated in models,positive associations were detected between brain size and mass of eggs(via egg mass,clutch mass and annual total egg mass).Our results suggest that brain size trades off against egg-production only via certain aspects(e.g.,clutch size).By contrast,a positive relationship between brain size and total egg reproduction(e.g.,clutch mass and annual total egg mass) implied increased total energy budget outweighing energy allocation across bird species.Our study shows that there is no general energy trade-off between brain size and eggreproduction investment,and suggests that brain size evolution follows mixed strategies across bird species.

斜撑离合器环形弹簧径向刚度计算

斜撑离合器在机械领域及航空动力系统起着重要作用,弹簧的径向刚度是影响斜撑离合器脱开转速和楔合性能的重要指标。斜撑离合器弹簧的径向刚度尚无可靠的计算方法,因此将弹簧等效为圆环,推导出弹簧径向刚度的理论计算方法,并通过仿真和试验验证了理论计算的正确性。

基于模糊自适应PID的汽车硅油风扇离合器性能测试系统研究

以汽车硅油风扇离合器为研究对象,结合单片机和传感器技术,开发出性能测试系统.提出模糊自适应PID动态控制算法,设计控制器控制温度,利用速度传感器检测风扇转速,对测试系统进行整体设计,给出了硬件总体设计框图,设计模拟量输入输出电路,并设计对应的软件系统.实验结果表明:测试系统升降温速率最高不超过8.5℃/min,耦合区加温速率约为2.3℃/min,分离区降温速率约为6.6℃/min,系统性能稳定,符合标准.

高速斜撑超越离合器楔合动态响应研究

针对斜撑式超越离合器高速楔合容易产生故障的实际情况,对其楔合动态过程进行研究。工作过程中,斜撑式超越离合器内部楔块之间、楔块与内外环间以及各部件同保持架间存在碰撞。首先基于Hertz接触理论,求解了碰撞刚度,为明确各参数对高速斜撑超越离合器动态响应的影响程度,建立了包括楔合延迟时间、冲击力矩、最大转速差等在内的评价指标。同时,将高速斜撑超越离合器的楔合动态过程进行划分,以研究几何参数对不同响应阶段的影响。最后,开展了楔块与内环的摩擦条件、弹簧力、碰撞刚度、阻尼和负载等对高速斜撑超越离合器楔合动态响应的研究。结果表明,不同参数对所定义的评价指标的影响程度不同,极端情况下可导致楔合失败。该研究可为工程实践提供一定的理论参考和指导。

涡轮起动机中斜撑离合器的瞬态冲击与楔合特性研究

将稳态楔合拓展至瞬态冲击是深入研究斜撑离合器正向设计的重要组成部分。本文从机械动力学理论出发,关联输入输出端载荷与响应特征,建立斜撑离合器冲击受载微分方程,揭示出离合器由瞬态楔合至稳态传动过程蕴含的动力学原理和一般规律。在此基础上,推导出斜撑离合器内外传动轴的综合应力分析模型,并提出运用接触应力、综合应力和楔角等指标整体考察离合器传动性能的校核方法。最后以某常见离合器部件为例,从理论计算和仿真分析两方面模拟了涡轮起动机环境下的短时受载工况,验证了本文原理和分析模型的有效性,因而对此类离合器的设计与校核分析具有重要意义。

解读竞赛压力下的运动表现:一个“Clutch”视角的运动能力初探

"Clutch"是一种与"Choking"典型相反的现象,主要描述运动员在比赛关键时刻的完美表现。基于"Clutch"表现,从现象学的角度,讨论压力下运动能力的发挥,并分析"Clutch"运动员的能力表现特征,旨在为优秀运动员的训练和选拔提供理论依据。研究认为,竞赛压力下的运动表现存在极性现象,"Choking"反映的是负性运动表现,而"Clutch"反映的是正性运动表现。从特征解释上讲,"Choking"表述为情景的运动表现,而"Clutch"则是特质的运动表现。"Clutch"反映了运动员在压力下展示技术的能力,一般发生在优秀运动员身上。通过"Clutch"运动表现的案例分析,结合相关研究成果,认为"Clutch"运动员是存在的,并提出了"Clutch"运动员的能力表现解释模型。该模型主要包括"专项运动能力"、"压力认知应对能力"和"运动员人格"3个方面。

Study of Controlling Clutch Engagement for AMT Based on Fuzzy Logic

The control of the clutch engagement for an automatic mechanical transmission in the process of a tracklayer getting to start is studied. The dynamic model of power transmission and automatic clutch system is developed. Using tools of Simulink, the transient characteristics during the vehicle starting, including the jerk and the clutch slip time, are provided here. Based on the analyses of the simulation results and driver’s experiences, a fuzzy controller is designed to control the clutch engagement. Simulation results verify its value.

Dynamic Performance Simulation of Power Shift Clutch During Shift

Based on the theoretical analyses, the dynamic and mathematical models of the system were developed. The models were implemented in the ambit of the Matlab/Simulink environment, and an integrated simulation model was developed. The dynamic performance of the power shift clutch during engagement and disengagement was studied by using this assembly model. The sliding speed, torque transmitted through the clutch, and the rate at which energy is dissipated during the process were determined. Using this model, the calculation during simulation can be simplified. This lays a foundation for the dynamic performance research on the power train with the power shift clutch, and provides a powerful tool for developing an automatic, electronically controlled transmission.

Oil-Film Clutch in Soft-Start of Belt Conveyor

The oil film clutch, which is superior in speed adjustment, is capable of being used in the belt conveyor to carry out soft start operation. According to running properties of both belt conveyor and oil film clutch, equations that are used to decide the lubricating oil flow and the number of oil films (i.e. the number of rotating and stationary plates) are deduced theoretically. Also key parameters are provided for the design of the hydraulic system. All these together provide the theoretical basis for the soft start design of the belt conveyor and references for the application of the oil film clutch in similar fields.

关于滚柱离合器弹簧力的选取分析

在超越离合器的设计过程中,预紧弹簧力的大小对滚柱离合器运转过程中能够及时地脱开与接合有着重要影响,但目前弹簧设计的理论体系尚不完整。通过对滚柱的受力分析,得出弹簧力的范围;之后,采用有限元软件分析了不同弹簧力在离合器接合、超越状态时的压力、响应时间等接触特性,并与理论计算分析结果进行了比较;最后,从弹簧力范围中选取数值进行相应的试验加以验证,通过观察离合器零部件的磨损情况来判断分析的合理性,以此方式来缩短离合器弹簧力的选配过程和测试周期,提高了试验结果的可靠性。

混合动力汽车湿式离合器摩擦副温度场及其影响因素研究

热失效是混合动力汽车湿式离合器发生故障的主要原因之一。摩擦副滑摩过程中具有高度非线性,同时摩擦副温度场受到多个参数影响。为深入研究混合动力汽车离合器摩擦副温度场分布情况,通过搭建混合动力汽车离合器热结构耦合分析模型,对滑摩过程进行仿真计算。在此基础上,深入研究初始转速、接合油压、对偶钢片厚度和摩擦衬片材料等因素对摩擦副温度场的影响。

高速湿式离合器摩擦片表面微织构优化设计

湿式离合器是车辆传动系统核心元件,在高速分离状态下易出现摩擦片和钢片之间的碰撞摩擦,由此引起离合器带排转矩的急剧增大,影响其传动效率和可靠性。因此,本文以降低离合器高速段碰摩带排转矩为目标,对摩擦片表面微织构进行了优化设计。首先提出了摩擦片表面任意微织构形线参数化建模方法;然后选取了微织构的数量、深度、周向占比、径向占比和形线参数,构建了微织构优化的设计变量、约束条件和优化目标函数,通过将试验设计、模拟近似模型和搜索寻优相结合,建立了摩擦片表面微织构优化设计模型;最后进行了微织构优化前后的带排转矩对比试验。结果表明优化后的微织构可显著降低高速段碰摩带排转矩,并大幅推迟摩擦副高速碰摩现象出现的线速度。

基于离合器滑摩扭矩估计的并联式气电混合动力船舶模式切换控制

在并联式气电混合动力船舶由纯电到混动的模式切换过程中,需要通过离合器的滑摩作用来完成动力的耦合,然而离合器滑摩扭矩具有很大的不确定性,导致其名义值偏离实际值,使得基于名义值的模式切换控制失效,造成传动轴系冲击。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于离合器滑摩扭矩估计的模式切换控制方法。采用扰动观测器与未知输入观测器结合的方式实现了离合器滑摩扭矩的估计,并基于估计值设计了驱动电机以及天然气发动机扭矩控制律。仿真与台架试验结果表明,所提的离合器滑摩扭矩估计方法有较好的估计效果,基于估计值的模式切换控制策略能够有效减小轴系冲击。

考虑实际工况的湿式离合器动密封装配间隙分析方法

湿式离合器动密封装配间隙是车辆传动系统中的重要装配要求,直接影响车辆运行性能与行驶安全。为保障实际工况下其装配间隙符合设计要求,基于有限元分析方法与雅可比旋量理论,提出考虑实际工况的湿式离合器动密封装配间隙分析方法。针对某湿式离合器动密封装配间隙问题,计算转动状态下的最小装配间隙分布区间,并定量分析各载荷变形对装配间隙的贡献度。结果表明:实际运行状态下最小装配间隙分布区间为[-0.022,0.098]mm,与设计要求[0.025,0.207]mm严重不符;采用装配后再对内孔精加工的工艺对贡献度为74.22%的配流套内孔过盈装配变形进行调控后,最小装配间隙分布区间提升至[0.027,0.139]mm,符合设计要求,车辆运行性能得到有效保障。

考虑离合器摩擦性能衰减的湿式DCT车辆起步控制研究

建立了考虑离合器摩擦系数变化及离合器性能衰减的湿式双离合变速器(dual clutch transmission,DCT)车辆起步过程动力学模型,以车辆起步过程冲击度、滑摩功和起步滑摩时间为优化目标,采用线性二次型最优控制方法获得了车辆起步过程离合器最优传递转矩。针对离合器摩擦系数变化及离合器性能衰减对车辆起步过程离合器压力控制的影响,提出了一种离合器压力非线性鲁棒控制策略,以实现对离合器最优传递转矩的跟踪。结果表明,所提出的非线性鲁棒控制策略能够在离合器摩擦系数变化的情况下实现对离合器最优传递转矩的有效跟踪,跟踪误差不大于0.02 N·m,且能够适应摩擦性能衰减导致不同寿命阶段摩擦系数的不同变化规律,与比例-积分-微分(proportion-integral-differential,PID)控制策略相比具有更精确的控制效果和更强的鲁棒性。

空载湿式离合器临界碰摩转速影响机理分析

定义空载湿式离合器摩擦片/钢片的周期无量纲轴向位移范围λ,根据其值确定湿式离合器的临界碰摩转速。通过分析润滑油温度、供油流量、摩擦副间隙与特征量λ变化趋势的关系,得到工况参数对湿式离合器临界碰摩转速的影响规律。从力学角度出发,分析流场刚度和阻尼的变化规律,探寻摩擦片/钢片三自由度运动的影响因素,在此基础上提出流场临界刚度和临界阻尼的概念,揭示湿式离合器工况参数对其临界碰摩转速的影响机理,并进行了试验验证。研究结果表明:润滑油温度升高或摩擦副间隙增大会导致流场中的交叉刚度系数和交叉阻尼系数变大,湿式离合器的临界碰摩转速降低;供油流量增大会导致流场中的交叉刚度系数和交叉阻尼系数减小,湿式离合器的临界碰摩转速升高。