Relationship Between Agriculture and Ecological Deterioration,Restoration and Reconstruction in Loess Plateau Areas of Northwest China

A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the current situation as well as historic succession processor agriculture and ecological conditions in Northwest China, in particular in the Loess Plateau, by means of a inter-disciplinary approach of ecology, agro-geohistory, and agronomy. It was concluded that the fundamental causes responsible for the ecological deterioration, signed by the poor agro-productivity and serious soil erosion, had been the extensive cropping system by ever-increasing reclamation on semi-drought slope land, where initiated a natural vegetation of brushy grasses with sparse trees, thus suitable only for animal husbandry. Based on an identification of specific actual status of China, several countermeasures of correctly dealing with the relationship between agricultural development and the ecological restoration and reconstruction were proposed, including to get breakthrough first in the transection area by means of the rational use of resources and the raising of agro-system productivity, to promoting 'water conservancy-type ecological agriculture' through the radical shift of traditional production pattern, and the adoption of a policy of proper degree of grain self-reliance, as well as to construct livestock industry base in Northwest China.

A New Discovery on the Deformation Behavior of Shale Gas Reservoirs Affecting Pore Morphology in the Juhugeng Coal Mining Area of Qinghai Province, Northwest China

Objective The Juhugeng mining area in Qinghai Province of northwest China has attracted wide attention among geologists for it hosts typical coal measure gases.The shale gas reservoirs were reformed by intensive structural movements during geological periods,

Temporal and spatial variation of annual mean air temperature in arid and semiarid region in northwest China over a recent 46 year period

We analyzed the 1961-2006 mean surface air temperature data of 138 stations in China’s northwest arid and semi-arid areas(CNASA),to measure climate change in terms of annual mean air temperature changes.We used methods of linear regression analysis,multinomial fitting,Empirical Or-thogonal Function(EOF),Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function(REOF),Mann-Kendall,Glide T-examination,wavelet analysis and power spectrum analysis.The results show that(1) the warming rate of the annual mean air temperature in CNASA was 0.35oC/10a during the 1961-2006 study period.Some places in the west part of Xinjiang and east part of the Qinghai plateau,which is impacted by the terrain of leeward slope,exhibit smaller increasing trends.However,the majority of region has shown distinct warming in line with general global warming;(2) The standard deviation of the annual mean temperature distribution is non-uniform.The south Xinjiang and east Qinghai-south Gansu areas show relatively small standard deviations,but the inter-annual variation in annual mean air temperature in the greater part of the region is high;(3) Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Ningxia and Tarim Basin are the areas where the temperature changes are most sensitive to the environment.The degree of uniformity in annual mean air temperature increase is higher in the arid and semi-arid area.From the early 1970s,the trend in tempera-ture changed from a decrease to an increase,and there was a marked increase in mean temperature in 1986.After that mean temperature went through a period of rapid increase.The entire area’s 10 hottest years all occurred in or since the 1990s,and 90% of various sub-districts’ hottest years also occurred after 1990.The process of temperature change appears to have a roughly 5-year and a 10-year cycle;(4) An-nual mean air temperature variation has regional differences.In Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Qinghai areas,the temperature variation in their northern areas was very different from that in their southern areas;(5) Using the REOF method we divided the region into 4 sub-regions:the Northern region,the Plateau region,the Southern Xinjiang region and the Eastern region.The region’s annual mean air temperature transition has regional differences.The Plateau and Southern Xinjiang re-gions got warmer steadily without any obvious acceleration in the rate of warming.The Northern region’s warming started about 5-years earlier than that of the low latitude Eastern region.The ’Startup region’ of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,appears to undergo temperature changes 3 to 10 years earlier than the other regions,and exhibits inter-decadal variations 1 to 2 years ahead of the other regions.

The Influence and the Countermeasures about Water Resources in Northwest of Climate Change

[Objective] The aim was to study the influences and countermeasures of climate changes on the water resources in northwest.[Method] The influences of climate changes on water resources in northwest part were discussed.Considering to the demand of water,corresponding countermeasures were proposed.[Result] Though there were distinct regional differences about the influences of climate changes on water resources in northwest part,the positive influences were larger than negative influences in general;because of large destruction of social factors,the positive effects of climate changes on water resources still can not solve the water shortage problem.In response,influences of climate changes on water resources shall be focused now and then.People’s awareness of saving water shall be improved.Hydraulic project shall be carried out.Suitable agricultural technology shall be applied to establish more sound laws and regulations.The ecological environment of northwest shall be improved and the development of the west part shall be promoted.[Conclusion] The study provided scientific basis for the construction of ecological environment and economic social development in the northwest.

Genesis and Accumulation of Paleo-Oil Reservoir in Dabei Area,Kuqa Depression,Northwest China:Implications for Tight-Gas Accumulation

Paleo-oil reservoir is of great importance to understand hydrocarbon enrichment mechanism and hydrocarbon exploration potential,but is yet poorly investigated in Kuqa Depression.The occurrence of the paleo-oil reservoir in Dabei area was proved by quantitative grain fluorescence(QGF)and fluid inclusion petrography.Development history of the paleo-oil reservoir was reconstructed through:(1)oil-source correlation;(2)time coupling of source rock maturation,porosity evolution and migration pathways.The impact of paleo-oil reservoir on tight-gas accumulation was consequently discussed.Results suggest that considerable oil was accumulated in the K_(1)bs reservoir with paleo oil-water contact in Dabei 2 Well and Dabei 201 Well at 5800 and 6040 m,respectively.Crude oil was primarily sourced from Triassic source rocks with Jurassic source rocks of secondary importance,which was at oil generation window(0.7%–1.1%Ro)during 9–6 and 7.5–5 Ma,respectively.The occurrence of K_(1)bs tight reservoir(porosity<12%)was about 25 Ma,while faults and associated fractures at Kelasue structural belt were developed approximately from 8 to 3.5 Ma.Therefore,the tight oil accumulation was formed during 8–5 Ma.The paleo-oil reservoir in Dabei 1 gas field was destroyed by the evaporation fractionation in later stage.

Toxic metal enrichment characteristics and sources of arid urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, China

To investigate the environmental quality of the urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （Ningxia）, China, we sampled surface soil and measured the concentrations of 8 toxic metals （Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V） using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The enrichment characteristics and sources of these toxic metals in the soil were analyzed by the enrichment factor （EF） and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil samples were 25.0, 109.1, 16.8, 26.0, 37.2, 2.7, 25.3 and 59.9 mg/kg for Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V, respectively, which were 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 3.2, 8.7, 0.7 and 0.8 times of the corresponding background values of Ningxia soil, respectively. The variations of Pb, Zn, Co, Bi and Ni concentrations in the surface soil of Yinchuan were larger than those of the other metals. Our results also showed that the toxic metals investigated in the soil had different enrichment levels. Both Co and Bi were significantly enriched, whereas Cr was only moderately enriched in the soil. There was a deficiency or minimal enrichment of the other toxic metals in the soil. Source analysis results based on the concentration, enrichment characteristics and multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cr, V and Ni originated from a combination of fossil fuel combustion, traffic pollution and natural occurrence. Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly derived from natural and traffic sources, while Co and Bi primarily originated from construction sources.

Variations of temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period and its effect on runoff in the mountainous areas of Northwest China

Water resources in the arid land of Northwest China mainly derive from snow and glacier melt water in mountainous areas. So the study on onset, cessation, length, tempera- ture and precipitation of snowmelt period is of great significance for allocating limited water resources reasonably and taking scientific water resources management measures. Using daily mean temperature and precipitation from 8 mountainous weather stations over the pe- riod 1960-2010 in the arid land of Northwest China, this paper analyzes climate change of snowmelt period and its spatial variations and explores the sensitivity of runoff to length, temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period. The results show that mean onset of snowmelt period has shifted 15.33 days earlier while mean ending date has moved 9.19 days later. Onset of snowmelt period in southern Tianshan Mountains moved 20.01 days earlier while that in northern Qilian Mountains moved only 10.16 days earlier. Mean precipitation and air temperature increased by 47.3 mm and 0.857~C in the mountainous areas of Northwest China, respectively. The precipitation of snowmelt period increased the fastest, which is ob- served in southern Tianshan Mountains, up to 65 mm, and the precipitation and temperature in northern Kunlun Mountains increased the slowest, an increase of 25 mm and 0.617~C, respectively, while the temperature in northern Qilian Mountains increased the fastest, in- creasing by 1.05~C. The annual runoff is also sensitive to the variations of precipitation and temperature of snowmelt period, because variation of precipitation induces annual runoff change by 7.69% while change of snowmelt period temperature results in annual runoff change by 14.15%.

Structure and governance model of rural social space quality:A case study of Longxi County in the Loess Hilly Area of China

The rural social space quality is an important indicator to measure the living standard and thinking ideas and so forth of rural residents in a certain region.In this paper,213 administrative villages in Longxi County of the Loess Hilly Area,China are taken as evaluation units to construct the evaluation model of the rural social space quality.This paper deeply analyzed the variation patterns and their formation mechanism of the rural social space quality at a village scale,and proposed a governance model based on the rural social space quality.The results show that:(1)the social space quality levels of individual administrative villages show a gradually decreasing trend from the township seats to outward.The eastern part of Longxi County has a relatively high education level and living standard,and the western part has a relatively high population stability level and income level.(2)The rural social space quality is mainly in a ring structure,supplemented by the interlaced structure.The core area is the towns and their surrounding areas,while the transition area,marginal area,and other areas are expanded around the core area.(3)Social forces and spatial effects jointly shape the variation of the rural social space quality.Social organizations provide a driving force for the allocation of elements,and interweaving with the spatial effects lead to the differences in the social space quality.(4)The governance models of the rural social space quality are constructed based on the principles of retaining the rural“people”,optimizing the rural“land”,and developing the rural“industry”,so as to improve the rural centripetal force,core force,inner thrust,and source power.

A data envelopment analysis of agricultural technical efficiency of Northwest Arid Areas in China

Severe resource shortage and waste of resource in agricultural production make it necessary to assess efficiency to increase productivity with high efficiency and ensure sustainable agricultural development. This paper adopted an input-oriented data envelopment analysis(DEA) method with the assumption of variable returns to scale to evaluate agricultural production efficiency of 100 major irrigation districts in Northwest China in 2010.Major findings of this paper were as follows: firstly, the average value of total technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of those irrigation districts in Northwest China were 0.770, 0.825 and 0.931,respectively; secondly, 30% of irrigation districts were technically efficient, while 42% and 32% of them showed pure technical and scale efficiency respectively. Among inefficient decision-making units, total technical efficiency score varied from 0.313 to 0.966, showing significant geographical differences, but geographical differences of pure technical efficiency was more consistent with that of total technical efficiency; thirdly, input redundancy was evident. Inputs of agricultural population, irrigation area,green water, blue water, consumption of fertilizer and agricultural machinery could be reduced by 34.88%,40.19%, 43.85%, 47.10%, 41.53% and 42.21% respectively without reducing agricultural outputs. Furthermore,irrigation area, green water and blue water had relatively high slack movement though Northwest China which is short of water resources. Based on these results, this paper drew the following conclusions: First, there is huge potential for Northwest China to improve its agricultural production efficiency, and agro-technology not input scale had greater influence on improvement. Second, farmers needed proper guidance in order to reduce agricultural inputs and it is time to centralize agricultural management for overall agricultural inputs regulation and control.

The ecological system and the regionalization of landscape reconstruction in northwest of China

The northwest of China is a vast area with abundant resources and significant potential for development.However,the ecological system is extremely vulnerable to damage and must be managed carefully.Thus,the Chinese government is strengthening research on improvement and reconstruction of the ecological system and landscape in northwest of China while moving forward with large-scale development in west China.The disadvantages and vulnerabilities in the northwest area in China are presented.It is suggested that the reconstruction of landscape should be conducted by step by step regionalization across the various ecological systems in the 3.04 million km^(2) northwest area of China.The first level regionalization results of reconstruction of landscape are discussed.

基于生境及其植被特征的西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态设计途径

【目的】在地域自然资源的约束及可持续城市绿地建设的现实诉求下,探索能够指导西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态设计实践的方法策略,为该地区建立人工干预下的新城市生态过程提供支持。【方法】分别从中、小尺度对城市生境的异质性特征进行认知,并对其与城市绿地设计层级、内容的匹配性关系进行分析。【结果】构建出中小尺度城市绿地生态设计框架,并针对西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地建设,划分出4种典型城市绿地生态设计类型及其生态设计分区,提出相应的场地生境多样性优化设计、植物群落多样性设计和科普展示系统设计策略。【结论】将中、小尺度城市生境及其植被特征的形成与维持机制转化为城市绿地生态设计途径,可为西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态建设提供理论支持和技术指导。

加气对西北旱区膜下滴灌棉花光合及水分利用效率的影响

为探明西北旱区滴灌棉花适宜的加气灌溉模式,试验以不加气灌溉为对照(CK),设置5个加气灌溉处理:苗期加气(AS)、蕾期加气(AB)、花铃期加气(AF)、蕾期加气+花铃期加气(ABF)、苗期加气+蕾期加气+花铃期加气(AW);研究了不同生育期加气灌溉对西北旱区棉花光合作用及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,所有加气处理的光合特性及地上部生物量都显著提高,其中处理AW较CK的净光合速率显著增加22.68%,蒸腾速率显著增加41.19%,气孔导度显著增加33.42%,胞间CO 2浓度显著降低16.22%;花铃期加气灌溉使西北旱区棉花地上部茎、叶、蕾/铃干物质累积量分别显著增加29.26%,11.15%和33.41%.不同生育期加气灌溉下,棉花光合特性、地上部生物量以及产量最优的处理为AW和AF,且差异不具有统计学意义;但是处理AF的水分利用效率最高,为1.51 kg/m 3,显著高于处理AW.因此,从高效节水增产的角度考虑,在棉花花铃期进行加气(AF)可作为西北旱区膜下滴灌棉花的最佳加气灌溉模式.

西北黄土高原葡萄产区积雨节氮面源污染防控技术

西北黄土高原地表水资源贫乏,制约着葡萄产业的高质量可持续发展,氮肥过度施用,导致农业面源污染风险突出。为此,文章分析了西北黄土高原葡萄产区降雨和施肥的现状,并依据产区氮沉降情况,研发集成了西北黄土高原葡萄产区积雨节氮面源污染防控技术。3年相关数据分析结果表明,该技术3年累计可节水73430m^(3),累计减少尿素施用量130.5~1434.6kg,可显著减少因氮肥过量施用引起的面源污染风险,减少葡萄园生产成本。该技术在节水节氮、农业面源污染防控方面效果明显,可在整个西北黄土高原区推广应用。

西北地区住宅小区海绵城市建设绩效评价指标体系构建

文中构建了我国西北地区住宅小区海绵城市建设绩效评价指标体系,梳理了相关体系面临的现实挑战,从生态效益、经济效益和社会效益三个方面分析了影响相关建设绩效评价的主要因素。采用问卷调查法收集专家对指标重要性的判断,筛选并构建具有3个一级指标,15个二级指标的指标体系。文中研究成果不仅为西北地区住宅小区海绵城市建设绩效评价研究提供了理论基础,而且为相关工程实践提供了科学管理和绩效提升的依据。

我国西北干燥区地面气象站观测环境代表性思考

气候观测环境代表性和观测资料质量是开展大尺度气候变化监测和研究的前提。为了解我国干燥区气象观测环境变化和台站代表性,对河西走廊和北疆9个国家级气象站观测环境开展了调研。结合先前研究结果,从气候变化监测和研究的视角,提出了针对西北干燥区地面观测站代表性问题的几点思考。目前我国西北地区气象站地面观测,对于干燥区的城市和绿洲区域气候及其变化,具有较高的代表性,但对更广大的荒漠和半荒漠背景气候及其变化,代表性仍显不足。早期研究中指出的北疆等地区城镇站地面气温序列负向城市化影响,应与观测场周围局地甚至区域尺度绿洲扩大有直接联系,较难反映绿洲以外干燥区地带性气温变化。针对地面观测环境调研发现的问题及其思考,提出几点建议,希望对未来国家基准气候站网设计和建设提供一定参考。

西北干旱荒漠地区退耕还林还草工程综合效益评价

为对西北干旱荒漠地区新一轮退耕还林还草工程的实施提供科学指导,以吐鲁番市为研究区域,建立包含表征该区域特点的15个指标的综合效益评价指标体系,基于云模型与变异系数法组合确定指标权重,运用比重法无量纲化指标数据,采用加成综合法进行退耕工程综合效益评价分析,并通过灰色系统预测模型GM(1,1)对2021—2025年生态效益、经济效益、社会效益和政策响应指数进行了预测。结果表明:(1)在2004—2019年,综合效益指数逐年提高,新一轮退耕提升幅度是前一轮的两倍。(2)森林覆盖率提高、水土流失治理面积扩大、农民人均纯收入增加和人均林业产值增加,是生态效益和经济效益提高的主要因素。(3)退耕工程的实施促使产业结构和就业结构呈良性发展趋势。退耕所涉农户再退耕意愿的提升巩固了退耕成果,使其具有长效性。(4) 2021—2025年的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益和政策响应指数预测值均呈上升趋势,且经济效益指数>政策响应指数>生态效益指数>社会效益指数。依据预测结果,西北干旱荒漠地区在新一轮退耕工程的实施中应以生态建设为重点,加强生态补偿和乡村振兴战略的有效衔接,促进农业转移人口市民化,实现生态、经济、社会和政策响应间的协调发展。

干旱地区“代表性人口格网数据集”精度研究——以甘宁青地区为例

高精度的人口格网数据集在风险评价、灾害应急、生态环境保护、区域发展与规划等领域具有重要价值。输入数据精度和模型选择的不同导致其具有不同的特点与优势,因此评价代表性数据集的精度,分析数据集的适用条件意义重大。研究评估了世界人口(WorldPop)数据集和世界第四版网格化人口(GPWv4)数据集在中国西北干旱地区甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区和青海省的精度;以中国人口普查数据的最佳可用单位(乡镇行政区划)为研究单元,将WorldPop和GPWv4数据集与2020年第七次人口普查数据进行相关性分析,计算统计误差和相对误差的空间分布,定量地评价各个数据集的精度;通过目视估计定性地分析数据集的映射性能,最后讨论了数据集的误差来源。统计误差结果表明:WorldPop数据集的精度更高,其相关系数(r)、均方根误(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别达到0.76、23016、0.73和0.60,而GPWv4数据集的上述统计结果分别为0.70、22297、0.75和0.58。同时,由相对误差的空间分布可知,WorldPop数据集准确估计的区域更多。目视估计结果表明:2种人口格网数据集的映射性能类似,都具有东部人口稠密、西部人口稀疏的特点。针对干旱地区人口格网数据集精度的评价研究,有利于分析数据集的误差来源,指导数据集的合理使用。在未来研究中,使用人类生活的辅助数据,生成干旱地区特有的人口分布模式,从而提高西北干旱区域人口数据集的精度。

西北“水三线”生态经济体系与调控模式研究

在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展以及新时代推进西部大开发形成新格局的战略背景下,地跨黄河流域和内流河流域的西北“水三线”,如何顺应生态本底、资源禀赋和经济社会发展水平,落实2个重大战略,因地制宜构建区域特色的生态经济体系框架及协调发展模式,是当前亟待解决的重大问题。基于已有的生态经济理论成果,遵循“绿水青山就是金山银山”发展理念和“人与自然和谐共生”的系统理念,构建西北“水三线”生态经济体系概念框架,识别体系子系统之间的相互作用关系与作用路径,基于核心理论和基础评价,提出适应西北“水三线”生态经济系的四大发展模式和四大生态经济枢纽区建设,进行生态农业建设布局与农业发展模式总结,明确生态经济枢纽区的城乡统筹发展基本路径。研究认为西北“水三线”生态经济体系概念框架可为建设西北内陆型生态经济枢纽区及其核心模式、实现区域生态-经济协调发展提供关键理论支撑。

西北地区道路湿陷性黄土地基处理存在的问题

为探讨西北地区道路湿陷性黄土地基处理存在的问题,采用理论结合实践的方法,立足湿陷性黄土地基的相关概述,分析了湿陷性黄土的危害和处理原则。结果表明,湿陷性黄土地基的特性,决定了其承载力和强度难以满足道路工程施工建设的要求,需要采取有效的处理技术进行加固,才能提升道路工程的稳定性和使用寿命,获得更大的经济效益。

环境磁学及其在西北干旱区环境研究中的问题

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