Land-use changes in the small watershed of the Loess Plateau,hilly-gully region, China

As more and more farmland is converted to forestry, the need for effective decision support regarding the use of land in the fragile ecological environment of the Loess Plateau hilly-gully area. The Luoyugou watershed was chosen as the study area to calculate the single dynamic degree, integrated dynamic degree, and change indexes of land use, as well as the land-use type transition matrix. This was done by interpreting the TM and SPOT images of the Luoyugou watershed in 1986, 1995, and2004 and making statistical analysis. The results of ou statistical analysis show that the conversion of slope farm land to terrace and forest land plays a dominant role in land-use changes in the Luoyugou watershed from 1986 to2004. The land-use changes are mainly driven by popula tion growth, socio-economic development, consume spending, and investment in forest ecology.

Characteristics of Soil Respiration of Terraces and Slope Farmland in Loess Hilly and Gully Regions

Soil CO_2 emissions of terraces and slope farmland in loess hilly and gully regions were measured by using Infra Red Gas Analysis(IRGA),and the diurnal variation characteristics of soil respiration rate in different slope positions of terraces and slope farmland were analyzed.The results show that the diurnal variation curves of soil respiration rate of terraces and slope farmland in loess hilly and gully regions had a single peak.The soil respiration rate of terraces reached the peak during 13:00-15:00,while the soil respiration rate of slope farmland reached the peak from 11:00 to13:00,and it was the lowest at next 07:00.The daily average of soil respiration rate in slope farmland was 0.86μmol/(m^2·s),accounting for 93.48% of that of terraces.The daily average of soil respiration rate in different slope positions of terraces and slope farmland is shown as follows:the bottom of the slope>the middle of the slope>the top of the slope.At the top of the slope,the daily averages of soil respiration rate in terraces and slope farmland were the same;at the middle and bottom of the slope,the daily average of soil respiration rate in terraces was larger than that of slope farmland.

Dynamic Land Use /Cover Change and Analysis of Landscape Pattern in the Hilly and Gully Region of Loess Plateau: A Case Study of Pengyang County in Southern Ningxia

The quantitative evaluation on land use /cover change as well as its influence on landscape pattern under the background of returning grain plots to forestry is significant to the sustainable utilization of land resources and ecological environment reconstruction in the southern Ningxia.Based on multi-temporal remote sensing data from four periods of Landsat TM /ETM,and combination of ecological quantity analytical method with GIS,the change of land use /cover and landscape pattern in Pengyang County of Ningxia Province were analyzed.The conclusions showed that the amount of each land use type was changed with different degrees,the area of forest /grass land increased,while farmland and unused land decreased.The change of landscape pattern was characterized as that the degree of landscape fragmentation,mixed distribution of patches,diversity index and evenness index increased gradually and then decreased,the connectivity between patches decreased gradually and then increased,and landscape shape presented irregular.

Effects of collapsing gully erosion on soil qualities of farm fields in the hilly granitic region of South China

Collapsing gully erosion is a specific form of soil erosion types in the hilly granitic region of tropical and subtropical South China, and can result in extremely rapid water and soil loss. Knowledge of the soil physical and chemical properties of farmland influenced by collapsing gully erosion is important in understanding the development of soil quality. This study was conducted at the Wuli Watershed of the Tongcheng County, south of Hubei Province, China. The aim is to investigate soil physical and chemical properties of three soil layers （0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm） for two farmland types （paddy field and upland field） in three regions influenced by collapsing gully erosion. The three regions are described as follows： strongly influenced region （SIR）, weakly influenced region （WIR） and non-influenced region （NIR）. The results show that collapsing gully erosion significantly increased the soil gravel and sand content in paddy and upland fields, especially the surface soil in the SIR and WIR. In the 0-20 cm layer of the paddy field, the highest gravel content （250.94 g kg-1） was in the SIR and the lowest （78.67 g kg-1） was in the NIR, but in the upland filed, the surface soil （0-20 cm） of the SIR and the 40-60 cm soil layer for the NIR had the highest （177.13 g kg-1） and the lowest （59.96 g kg-1） values of gravel content, respectively. The distribution of gravel and sand decreased with depth in the three influenced regions, but silt and clay showed the inverse change. In the paddy field, the average of sand content decreased from 58.6 （in the SIR） to 49.0% （in the NIR）, but the silt content was in a reverse order, increasing from 27.9 to 36.9%, and the average of the clay content of three regions showed no significant variation （P〈0.05）. But in the upland filed, the sand, silt and clay fluctuated in the NIR and the WIR. Soils in the paddy and upland field were highly acidic （pH〈5.2） in the SIR and WIR; moreover lower nutrient contents （soil organic matter （SOM）, total N and available N, P, K） existed in the SIR. In the 0-20 cm soil layer of the paddy field, compared with the NIR and the WIR, collapsing gully erosion caused a very sharp decrease in the SOM and total N of the SIR （5.23 and 0.56 g kg-1, respectively）. But in the surface soil （0-20 cm） of the upland field, the highest SOM, total N, available N, available P and available K occurred in the NIR, and the lowest ones were in the SIR. Compared with the NIR, the cation exchange capacity （CEC） in the SIR and WIR was found to be relatively lower. These results suggest that collapsing gully erosion seriously affect the soil physical and chemical properties of farmland, lead to coarse particles accumulation in the field and decrease pH and nutrient levels.

Study on the Climate Changes Characteristics in the Hilly Region of the Loess Plateau and Its Influence on Agricultural Production

[Objective] The aim was to study the climate changes characteristics in the hilly region of the loess plateau and its influence on agricultural production.[Method] Taking Yan’an City as an example,and by dint of temperature and precipitation in nine meteorological stations from 1957 to 2007 and accumulated anomaly curve,linear regression and relevant analysis,the climate changes characteristics in 51 years in Yan’an were expounded.The climate changes in the hilly region of the loess plateau were studied and its influences on agricultural production were concluded.[Result] The characteristics of climate changes in the hilly region were as follow:high temperature in winter and warm winter trend was clearly;the temperature in spring enhanced fast and the drought disaster was increasing worse;rainy days occurred now and then in autumn.The climate changes had different levels of influences on agricultural production in Yan’an City.Because of rising temperature in winter,facility agriculture was vigorously developed and the apple range expanded;in the meantime,because of rising temperature in spring,drought was worsen and sowing in spring can not proceed;constant rain in autumn damaged the quality of date.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the regional agricultural production and agricultural structure adjustment.

A comparison between different ecological de-farming modes in the loess hilly-gully region in China

The eco-environmental restoration has been a chief task of the western development strategies carried out by the central and local governments of China since the late 1990s, and the ecological de-farming has been regarded as a powerful measure for the ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. "Relieving and de-farming" (RD) and "rebuilding terrace and de-farming" (RTD) are two more mature ones among various de-farming modes. Taking the loess hilly-gully region as a case, this paper summarized the basic characteristics of RD and RTD modes, calculated the sizes of de-farming slope farmland, rebuilt terraces, enlarged garden plots and restored vegetation, and compared the differences of two modes in terms of de-farming area, ecological reestablishment index, investment demand amount and benefits. The results showed that RTD mode has many advantages, including suitable investment, sufficient grain supply and great benefits, and will be the best ecological reestablishment mode in the loess hilly-gully region, and RD mode which is being carried out in this region should be replaced by RTD mode as soon as possible.

Spatial Equity Evaluation of Rural Eldercare Service Resources Based on Accessibility: A Case Study of Huanxian County of Gansu Province, China

Safeguarding the elderly population in the countryside is an inherent requirement for alleviating social conflicts in rural areas and effectively carrying out China’s Rural Revitalization.The existing spatial mismatch between rural elderly service facilities and pop-ulation distribution in China aggravates the imbalance of facility resource space,how to improve the accuracy of demand and supply results and better measuring the spatial fairness of elderly service is significant to realize the optimal allocation of rural elderly service.Based on the above,this study pays attention to the refined needs of the elderly population,and focuses on the spatial equity of the rural elderly facilities,to make up for the short boards of the basic public services in the countryside and realize the all-round rural revitalization.This study takes Huanxian County in the hilly loess area of Longdong,China as an example and explores the spatial equity of rural elderly services by using the Urban Spatial Network Analysis(UNA)to measure the accessible quantity and supply capacity of elderly services.The results found that there were 553 rural eldercare service facilities in Huanxian County,including 285 eldercare facilities and 268 medical and health facilities,and the spatial distribution is characterized by a southward shift in the east and uneven regional distribution.Overall,the supply capacity of rural pension services was generally good,with the township center as the gathering point and spreading out in a faceted manner,with nearby townships forming a contiguous area;however,there were strong contrasts and obvious differences in the strength of supply capacity.However,the spatial equity of rural eldercare service was poor.In 42.05%of the eld-erly population grid cells,eldercare service spatial equity was extremely low.The spatial distribution also presented a northern preference over the southern,a western preference over the eastern,and a concentration along the highway.The study explored the realization of spatial equity in the optimal allocation of rural elderly services based on paying attention to the refined needs of the rural elderly pop-ulation,a vulnerable group,to provide a reference for solving the shortcomings of basic public services in rural areas.The fair allocation of rural elderly services demands that the spatial optimization of facility layout be organically coordinated with policy,management,and post-maintenance,and all elements in the rural territorial system be fully mobilized to achieve the basic guarantee of China’s rural elderly problems.

Eco-environment Restoration and Regional Differentiation Characteristics Based on “Building Terrace and Returning Slope Farmland to Forests and Grass”

Based on the scientific and technological achievements in the past decade in the Loess Hilly-gully Region and the successful demonstration experience in Yan'an Yangou watershed, we summarize the characteristics of eco-environment restoration pattern based on "building terrace and returning slope farmland to forests and grass". According to the data on land use, slope farmland and the agricultural population in 1999, we calculate the area of new terrace that needs to be built, the area of garden plot that needs to be extended, vegetation restoration area and investment demand in counties (cities, districts). Establishing and using some indicators, such as basic farmland extension indicator, garden plot extension indicator, vegetation restoration index and investment demand density, we conduct type classification and analysis of regional differentiation characteristics in 55 counties (cities, districts). The results show that in the Loess Hilly-gully Region, 691 600 hm2 of new terrace needs to be built, 792 000 hm2 of economic forests and orchards need to be extended, 5 410 200 hm2 of vegetation needs to be restored, and the total investment demand is 15.82 billion yuan; in terms of geographical distribution, obviously there are two key areas for eco-environment restoration (one is located in the border area between northern Shaanxi and northwestern Shanxi, and the other is located in the eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia area); the classified regional guidance policies should be formulated as soon as possible, and the limited funds should be concentrated in the key areas.

罗玉沟流域水沙变化趋势及影响因素

[目的]探讨小流域水沙变化趋势及影响因素,为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理和水土保持措施布设提供参考依据。[方法]采取Spearman秩次相关检验方法、累积距平法和双累积曲线法等对黄土丘陵沟壑区罗玉沟流域1986—2016年降水量、径流量和输沙量变化趋势和演变过程进行分析。[结果](1) 1986—2016年罗玉沟流域年降水量趋势性变化不显著;流域年径流量和年输沙量变化具有明显的阶段性,以1993年为界,年径流量和年输沙量呈显著降低趋势。(2)降水和水土保持措施影响罗玉沟流域年径流量和输沙量,不同降水水平年,降水和水土保持措施对流域水沙变化的影响不同,水土保持措施使流域枯水年份径流量和输沙量减少最为显著。(3)水土保持措施对年径流量和年输沙量的减少贡献率分别为83.50%和80.97%。[结论]降水量变化不显著的情况下,水土保持措施对罗玉沟流域年径流量和年输沙量的减少起主导作用,水土保持综合治理对枯水年径流量和输沙量的影响幅度最大。

黄土高原河谷城镇“川—沟”融合单元发展路径研究

通过分析黄土高原河谷城镇独特的城乡关系与发展困境,认为川道与次沟空间结构一体化、功能结构差异化发展是振兴黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的重要突破口,由此提出“川—沟”融合单元的概念内涵与划定方法。以榆林市绥德县为例,打破镇域行政边界和小流域镇村体系,基于川道城镇和次沟乡镇的空间关联关系划定10个融合单元,并从用地形态结构、产业经济地理、服务设施配置等方面对融合单元的空间构型、功能类型和服务水平进行剖析,探讨川道与次沟协同视角下以融合单元为抓手推动黄土高原河谷城镇高效发展和管控治理的新路径。

Geodetection analysis of the driving forces and mechanisms of erosion in the hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province

This paper analyzes the spatial variation in soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province, China. It sums up existing research, describes the factors that drive soil erosion, and uses geodetection to investigate the factors individually and in pairs.Our results show that soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi is mainly hydraulic erosion. There are significant spatial differences in the severity of soil erosion in the region. Generally, it is more severe in the north and west and less severe in the south and east. Individual factor detection results show that the major risk factors affecting soil erosion are human population distribution, precipitation, land-use type, elevation, and soil type. Interactive detection results show that interacting factors play much bigger roles in soil erosion than do individual factors. Based on forced detection results from different periods of time, we can see that forest and grass coverage, urbanization, and economic development in the study area all clearly inhibit soil erosion.

北洛河上游流域植被覆盖度时空变化及其地形分异特征

[目的]揭示退耕还林还草工程实施前后黄土丘陵沟壑区流域植被恢复过程,阐明流域植被恢复的地形分异效应,进而为黄土丘陵沟壑区制定适宜的流域生态建设和保护对策提供科技支撑。[方法]基于北洛河上游流域1990—2019年4期Landsat影像及数字高程模型数据,利用像元二分模型结合GIS技术,开展了退耕还林还草工程实施前后该流域植被覆盖度变化地形分异特征研究。[结果](1)流域植被覆盖度在空间上呈现东南高、西北低的分异特征。1990—2019年流域年均植被覆盖度呈持续上升趋势,在退耕还林还草工程实施以后高等级植被覆盖度面积占比大幅提升,1990年、2000年、2010年、2019年高等级植被覆盖度面积占比分别为0.97%,6.96%,42.17%,64.18%。(2)在工程实施的各个时期,流域植被覆盖总体持续改善,但西北局部地区植被退化。研究期间,流域植被覆盖度结构改善明显,中高及高植被覆盖度面积以转入为主,中低及低植被覆盖度面积以转出为主。(3)流域植被覆盖度在地形上存在明显分异特征,植被覆盖度随高程的增加呈减小趋势,植被覆盖度与坡度呈正相关,坡度越陡,植被覆盖度越大,植被覆盖度随坡向遵循阴坡>半阴坡>平地>半阳坡>阳坡的分布规律。[结论]实施退耕还林还草工程对增加北洛河上游流域植被覆盖度起到了关键作用,但部分区域植被退化严重,未来该流域应重点关注城市空间扩展以及气候变化对植被建设的影响,以应对环境演变下植被生态系统可持续发展面临的挑战。

黄土丘陵沟壑区村庄生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响机理——以陕西省米脂县为例

[目的]在生态脆弱区,探究村庄生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响机理,为推动区域可持续发展提供参考。[方法]以黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西省米脂县为例,基于生物物理指标、人类需求理论分别评估村庄服务与福祉,分析了两者的空间分布。基于结构方程模型揭示了村庄禀赋视角下村庄服务对福祉的影响机理。[结果](1)作物和肉类空间分布相近,水果供给呈集中分布;高土壤保持村庄分布于南部丘陵,水源涵养和生境质量均西部高于东部;景观美学东部高于西部,高休闲娱乐村庄集中于城镇区。(2)村庄各需求、福祉空间分布差异较大。高福祉村庄包括川道村、多数乡镇中心村、乡村振兴示范村;低福祉村庄主要位于东西部丘陵,需政府重点关注。(3)村庄服务对福祉产生正向影响,作物、肉类、水源涵养是影响村庄福祉的关键服务。村庄禀赋对服务、福祉产生正向影响,且村庄禀赋通过提高村庄ES间接改善村庄福祉水平。高程是关键的自然禀赋,非文盲率和老龄化率是关键的社会禀赋;距县城距离是关键的区位禀赋。[结论]村庄服务与福祉空间差异明显,禀赋—服务—福祉的影响路径显著。依据空间差异与路径差异施策,是提升生态系统服务福祉贡献的要求。

多源土地利用产品在黄土丘陵沟壑区的精度评估

[目的]为评估多源土地利用产品在黄土丘陵沟壑区的精度。[方法]以黄河二级支流关川河流域为例,基于高精度GCLUCC土地利用数据,从空间分布、面积特征、样本点精度和空间一致性4个方面评估空间分辨率为10,30 m的6种土地利用产品(WorldCover 10 m、ESRI 10 m、GLC_FCS30-2020、GlobleLand30、CNLUCC和CLCD)的准确性。GCLUCC数据是基于GF-2(0.8 m)、DEM(5 m)、野外采样点(6400个)和Google Earth样本点(2320个),采用面向对象法和人工目视解译,空间分辨率为1 m,整体精度超过95%。[结果](1)分类特征方面,多数产品能提取主要土地类别,但提取效率和准确度存在明显差异,特别是在耕地、林地和建设用地等地类的空间分布上。(2)面积一致性上,各产品与GCLUCC在不同地类的面积上存在显著差异。部分产品的草地面积是GCLUCC的2倍以上,而林地和水域面积仅占GCLUCC的0.13%~12.11%和1.41%~11.27%。(3)整体精度方面,GlobleLand30和WorldCover 10 m展现较高精度,空间图谱精度分别达到58.21%和50.19%。而CLCD和CNLUCC的准确性相对较低,其中,林地与草地、耕地与草地及建设用地与耕地间的分类混淆严重。(4)所有产品与实际地表间的空间误差显著,尤其在对乔木、灌木、裸地和水体分类上面临挑战。[结论]当前土地利用产品在黄土丘陵沟壑区精确表征地表覆盖特征方面存在挑战。未来的产品开发应更多地考虑地形和地理特征,并加强对特定土地利用类型的识别。研究结果可为黄土高原生态保护和地表信息获取提供理论参考。

人类活动对延河流域生态地质环境承载力影响研究

目的为探究治沟造地和平山造城重大工程对延河流域生态地质环境承载力(ecogeological environment carrying capacity,EGCC)的影响,方法利用分形理论和信息量模型构建研究区EGCC评价模型,揭示延河流域环境承载力时空模式及流转态势,构建人类活动强度指数,采用最小二乘法和皮尔逊相关系数探讨人类活动与EGCC之间的关系。结果结果表明:延河流域1990—2018年EGCC整体状况明显改善,平均值从−0.299上升至−0.197;EGCC分布多年来呈“中部最高,东南次之,西北最低”格局;人类活动强度从1990年成片分布逐渐发展到2018年“单核辐射”分布,高强度区主要分布在延河流域中部;人类活动强度与EGCC相关度较高,一定范围内呈正向促进关系;受平山造城工程活动影响,2010—2018年高水平和较高水平承载力面积分别增加了1.610,3.164 km2;EGCC变化趋势因治沟造地工程所处乡、镇地理位置和发展侧重不同而存在差异。结论人类活动与生态地质环境承载力呈较强的正相关关系,治沟造地和平山造城工程对EGCC具有一定积极影响。

黄土丘陵沟壑区降雨特征对不同土地利用类型坡面产流产沙的影响

【目的】探究黄土丘陵沟壑区降雨特征及其对不同土地利用类型坡面产流产沙的影响。【方法】2019-2021年,以内蒙古达拉特旗合同沟小流域为研究区,设置5个不同土地利用类型(裸地、天然草地、灌木林地、农地、乔木林地)径流小区,监测研究区的降雨特征指标(降雨量、降雨历时、30 min最大降雨强度(I 30)、平均降雨强度、降雨侵蚀力),利用K-均值聚类法,以研究区的降雨特征指标为变量,对合同沟小流域的侵蚀性降雨进行分类;计算不同土地利用类型径流小区的径流深和土壤流失量,分析不同土地利用类型和不同降雨类型对坡面产流产沙的影响,最后分析了合同沟小流域降雨特征与不同土地利用类型坡面总径流深和总土壤流失量的相关性。【结果】(1)2019-2021年,合同沟小流域降雨分布不均匀,共发生降雨128次,其中侵蚀性降雨51次,侵蚀性降雨量占总降雨量的80.2%,且侵蚀性降雨主要集中在6-8月。(2)将侵蚀性降雨分为3类:Ⅰ类降雨(大雨量、长历时、高强度);Ⅱ类降雨(中雨量、中历时、中强度)和Ⅲ类降雨(小雨量、短历时、低强度)。与Ⅱ类降雨和Ⅲ类降雨相比,Ⅰ类降雨发生的频次较低,但其平均降雨侵蚀力较强;在同一土地利用类型下,Ⅰ类降雨造成的坡面径流深和土壤流失量均明显较大。(3)2019-2021年,不同土地利用类型径流小区坡面产流产沙特征差异明显,总径流深和总土壤流失量由大到小依次为裸地>农地>天然草地>灌木林地>乔木林地。(4)各降雨特征指标与不同土地利用类型的坡面总径流深和总土壤流失量均呈正相关关系,其中降雨量、降雨强度和I_(30)的影响较大。【结论】在黄土丘陵沟壑区,降雨量、降雨强度和I_(30)是影响坡面产流产沙的最主要指标,天然草地、乔木林地、灌木林地的减流减沙效益较好,可知农地退耕还林还草工程是减少土壤侵蚀的有效措施之一。

陕北黄土丘陵区主要作物需水量变化趋势及其应对策略

[目的]探讨陕北黄土丘陵区干旱、降雨和主要作物需水量在过去及未来的变化趋势,以期掌握该区气象干旱变化特征及主要作物水分供需状况,为该区主要作物合理灌溉及优化种植提供参考。[方法]基于陕北黄土丘陵区1980—2017年日尺度基本气象数据,采用去趋势预置白处理的Mann-Kendall法和R/S法分析了过去及未来作物生育期内(4—10月份)的干旱、降雨及作物需水量变化趋势。[结果](1)干旱年发生频率达56.76%,干旱在4—6月呈现降低趋势,在7—10月份呈现增加趋势;有效降水量的变化趋势在不同地区的月份表现各异;作物需水量在4—8月呈增加趋势。(2)作物未来生育期内,陕北黄土丘陵区有效降水量分别在5月、7月、10月份呈现降低趋势,在8月、9月份为增加趋势;干旱及作物需水量在4—6月份延安地区分别呈现增加和降低趋势,榆林地区同期干旱及作物需水量与延安地区相反。[结论]陕北黄土丘陵区干旱频发,有效降雨量难以满足作物需水量。建议控制红枣及苹果种植面积,加大谷子产业投入,利用覆盖与集雨补灌结合的方法来满足作物对水分的需求,达到增产增收目的,助力新时代乡村振兴。

Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau

Scientific evidence for the upper limit of farmland is proposed. Shallow gully erosion is one of erosion types distributed extensively on sloping farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau. Field observation and aerial photos interpretation, as well as laboratory experiments show that the shallow gully erosion occurring on the steeper farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau is an important factor leading to intensive erosion on slope, because of its extensive distribution and intensive runoff collection. The data on the formation, development and distribution of shallow gullies on sloping farmland indicate that critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation ranges from 15 to 20 degrees with an average of 18.2 degrees. Therefore, it is suggested that critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau should be kept within the critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation to prevent shallow gully formation in order to control soil loss more effectively. But as the first step, the cultivation on the slopes with slope larger than 25 degrees where the maximum erosion occurs should be strictly forbidden.

人地关系视角下黄土丘陵沟壑区乡村公服设施布局优化探析——以陕西子洲县为例

城镇化水平的不断提高,使得乡村社会的发展认知由“底线思维”向“发展思维”转变,村民需求由“生存型”向“品质型”转变。加之近年来国家关于公共服务均等化政策的落实与深化,乡村公服设施建设的“量与质”都有了较大提升,但由于忽视了村庄的地域特征、人口发展、村民需求等因素,使得现有乡村公服设施配置出现使用效率低下、空间品质不佳、功能关联性较差等问题。基于此,本文通过陕西省榆林市子洲县乡村公服设施空间布局分析,采用田野调查、POI数据分析等方法进行深入研究,总结子洲县公服设施问题主要体现在需求供给错配、空间布局错位,功能行使错用三方面。最后基于人地关系视角,探寻人口流动与地理空间对公服设施配置的影响,并提出黄土高原丘陵沟壑区乡村公服设施优化布局策略,以期为提高我国乡村地区的发展能力,推进城乡一体化建设,早日实现乡村振兴提供参考。

宁南黄土丘陵区侵蚀沟不同部位植物多样性与土壤养分

[目的]探明宁南黄土丘陵区侵蚀沟不同部位植物多样性与土壤养分的关系,为侵蚀沟的水土保持及防护提供依据。[方法]以宁夏彭阳县玉洼流域3个稳定侵蚀沟的沟头、沟床、沟岸为对象,通过野外植被调查,同时采集0—10,10—25,25—40,40—55,55—70 cm土样,在室内测定土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤全磷含量,分析了侵蚀沟不同部位(沟头、沟床、沟岸)的植物多样性及土壤养分特征。[结果]侵蚀沟沟头植物隶属3科6属,禾本科4属4种,伞形科和豆科各1属1种;沟床植物隶属5科12属,禾本科4属4种,菊科5属5种,豆科、茜草科和伞形科各1属1种;沟岸植物隶属3科7属,禾本科4属4种,豆科2属2种,伞形科1属1种。侵蚀沟各部位植物种数表现为:沟床>沟岸>沟头,均以禾本科植物为主。生活型上,各部位均以多年生草本植物搭配一、二年生草本植物为主。侵蚀沟的地上生物量、Shannon-Wiener指数、Patrick指数和Margalef指数均表现为:沟床>沟岸>沟头;Simpson指数表现为:沟头>沟床>沟岸;Pielou指数表现为:沟头>沟岸>沟床。侵蚀沟各部位平均土壤有机质、土壤全磷和土壤全氮含量均表现为:沟床>沟岸>沟头,且主要集中在0—10 cm和55—70 cm。侵蚀沟沟头和沟岸的地上生物量与土壤有机碳呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)、与土壤全磷呈显著正相关(p<0.05);侵蚀沟沟床的Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤全磷呈显著负相关(p<0.05),地上生物量与土壤有机碳呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。[结论]侵蚀沟沟头易崩塌且土壤养分条件较差,应配置根系发达、茎干粗壮、耐冲性强的乡土树种,沟床、沟岸养分较高可优先配置碳、氮、磷含量需求较大的草本或灌木。