Design of the upstream decay pipe window of the long baseline neutrino facility

The beam windows of high-energy beam lines are important,and it is sometimes difficult to design because it is necessary to ensure particle propagation with minimum disturbance and fulfill mechanical requirements at the same time.The upstream decay pipe window of the long baseline neutrino facility at Fermilab has an extremely large diameter(1.8 m),with a thickness of only 1.5 mm to separate the helium atmosphere in the decay pipe and the nitrogen atmosphere on the other side.Furthermore,the center of this dish-shaped window is expected to be a200-mm-diameter beryllium dish welded to the outside aluminum alloy A6061,and this welded combination must withstand extreme conditions of a 2.4-MW,high-energy proton beam without leakage.These severe conditions make the design of this window an unprecedented challenge.This paper describes the static thermal-structural analyses based on which the structure has been optimized,as well as dynamic analyses for understanding the shockwave effects originating in the beam.After optimization,the maximum von Mises stresses in the window decreased significantly in both normal operation and accident cases,making our design very reasonable.

Imaging supermassive black hole shadows with a global very long baseline interferometry array

The imaging of two supermassive black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration proved to a new level the correctness of Einstein's general relativity,regarding its prediction of black hole shadows in the highly curved spacetime regime.

Estimation of free core nutation parameters and availability of computing options

The Earth’s Free Core Nutation(FCN) causes Earth tides and forced nutation with frequencies close to the FCN that exhibit resonance effects.High-precision superconducting gravimeter(SG) and very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) provide good observation techniques for detecting the FCN parameters.However,some choices in data processing and solution procedures increase the uncertainty of the FCN parameters.In this study,we analyzed the differences and the effectiveness of weight function and ocean tide corrections in the FCN parameter detection using synthetic data,SG data from thirty-one stations,and the 10 celestial pole offset(CPO) series.The results show that significant discrepancies are caused by different computing options for a single SG station.The stacking method,which results in a variation of0.24-5 sidereal days(SDs) in the FCN period(T) and 10^(3)-10^(4) in the quality factor(Q) due to the selection of the weighting function and the ocean tide model(OTM),can effectively suppress this influence.The statistical analysis results of synthetic data shows that although different weight choices,while adjusting the proportion of diurnal tidal waves involved,do not significantly improve the accuracy of fitted FCN parameters from gravity observations.The study evaluated a series of OTMs using the loading correction efficiency.The fitting of FCN parameters can be improved by selecting the mean of appropriate OTMs based on the evaluation results.Through the estimation of the FCN parameters based on the forced nutation,it was found that the weight function P_(1) is more suitable than others,and different CPO series(after 2009) resulted in a difference of 0.4 SDs in the T and of 103 in the Q.We estimated the FCN parameters for SG(T=430.4±1.5 SDs and Q=1.52×10^(4)±2.5×10^(3)) and for VLBI(T=429.8±0.7 SDs,Q=1.88×10^(4)±2.1×10^(3)).

TOA positioning algorithm of LBL system for underwater target based on PSO

For the underwater long baseline(LBL)positioning systems,the traditional distance intersection algorithm simplifies the sound speed to a constant,and calculates the underwa-ter target position parameters with a nonlinear iteration.However,due to the complex underwater environment,the sound speed changes with time and space,and then the acoustic propagation path is actually a curve,which inevitably causes some errors to the traditional distance intersection positioning algorithm.To reduce the position error caused by the uncertain underwater sound speed,a new time of arrival(TOA)intersection underwater positioning algorithm of LBL system is proposed.Firstly,combined with the vertical layered model of the underwater sound speed,an implicit positioning model of TOA intersection is constructed through the constant gradient acoustic ray tracing.And then an optimization function based on the overall TOA residual square sum is advanced to solve the position parameters for the underwater target.Moreover,the particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is replaced with the tra-ditional nonlinear least square method to optimize the implicit positioning model of TOA intersection.Compared with the traditional distance intersection positioning model,the TOA intersec-tion positioning model is more suitable for the engineering practice and the optimization algorithm is more effective.Simulation results show that the proposed methods in this paper can effectively improve the positioning accuracy for the underwater target.

Effect of lunar gravity models on Chang'E-2 orbit determination using VLBI tracking data

The precise orbit determination of Chang'E-2 is the most important issue for successful mission and scientific applications,while the lunar gravity field model with big uncertainties has large effect on Chang'E-2 orbit determination.Recently,several new gravity models have been produced using the latest lunar satellites tracking data,such as LP165 P,SGM150J,GL0900 D and GRGM900 C.In this paper,the four gravity models mentioned above were evaluated through the power spectra analysis,admittance and coherence analysis.Effect of four lunar gravity models on Chang'E-2 orbit determination performance is investigated and assessed using Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI) tracking data.The overlap orbit analysis,the posteriori data residual,and the orbit prediction are used to evaluate the orbit precision between successive arcs.The LP165 P model has better orbit overlap performance than the SGM150 J model for Chang'E-2100 km ? 100 km orbit and the SGM150 J model performs better for Chang'E-2100 km ? 15 km orbit,while GL0900 D and GRGM900 C have the best orbit overlap results for the two types of Chang'E-2 orbit.For the orbit prediction,GRGM900 C has the best orbit prediction performance in the four models.

The Precision Analysis of the Chinese VLBI Network in Probe Delay Measurement

We propose a Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI)precision evaluation method for probe delay measurement,so as to investigate the error contributions from different components in the Chinese VLBI Network(CVN).This method takes the idea of traditional closure delay analysis for distant radio sources.It focuses on the VLBI closure delay only and therefore excludes the influence of probe orbit determination,which makes it very suitable to evaluate the capability of VLBI probe delay measurement.In this paper,we first introduce the principles of closure delay analysis.Then the statistical results of typical CE5(Chinese Chang’e 5 lunar exploration mission)and HX1(Chinese Mars exploration mission)observations are presented,including the comparison of the closure delay precisions between CE5 and HX1 for four closed baseline triangles in CVN.According to the result,we realize that the precision discrepancy between CE5 and HX1 in the closure delay analysis is less than that of residual delay after orbit determination,which reflects the precision level of the VLBI delay measurement.

VGOS超宽带观测的首次UT1测量数据处理及分析

在国际甚长基线干涉测量(very long baseline interferometry,VLBI)大地测量与天体测量服务组织协调下,首次利用隶属于VLBI全球观测系统(VLBI global observing system,VGOS)的美国Kokee和德国Wettzell观测站及并置的传统VLBI观测站开展了世界时(universal time,UT1)联合测量试验,观测数据在上海VLBI中心进行了干涉处理。结果表明,VGOS超宽带观测系统的UT1测量精度约为7μs,并置基线的传统S/X双频系统测量精度约为14μs,VGOS系统的UT1解算结果优于S/X系统。通过试验建立了从相关处理、相关后处理到UT1参数解算的完整数据处理流程,验证了上海VLBI相关处理机的VGOS数据处理能力,为承担国内和国际VGOS观测数据的相关处理任务奠定了基础。