NEW METHOD OF CALCULATING SHORT CIRCUIT LONG DISTANCE EHV AC TRANSMISSION LINES

In this paper a practical but sufficiently accurate method of calculating transient components in short circuit currents and voltages is proposed. It enables to find the roots of the characteristic equation of high order without forming and solving it. This method is convenient to use especially in case of complicated expansionary power systems.

Novel Double-Damped Tuned AC Filters in HVDC Systems

This paper presents a performance analysis of novel doubledampedtuned alternating current (AC) filters in high voltage direct current(HVDC) systems. The proposed double-damped tuned AC filters offer theadvantages of improved performance of HVDC systems in terms of betterpower quality, high power factor, and lower total harmonic distortion (THD).The system under analysis consists of an 878 km long HVDC transmissionline connecting converter stations at Matiari and Lahore, two major cities inPakistan. The main focus of this research is to design a novel AC filter usingthe equivalent impedance method of two single-tuned and double-dampedtuned AC filters. Additionally, the impact of the damping resistor on the ACchannel is examined. TheTHDof theHVDCsystem with and without currentAC filters was also compared in this research and a double-damped tuned ACfilter was proposed. The results of the simulation represent that the proposeddouble-damped tuned AC filter is far smaller in size, offers better powerquality, and has a much lower THD compared to the AC filters currently inplace in the converter station. The simulation analysis was carried out utilizingpower systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) software.

Broadband IP Stream Transmission Experiments over Global and Long Distance Networks

Super High Definition (SHD) movies were successfully transmitted as streaming contents at about 300 Mbps for the first time over a long distance IP network (more than 3,000 km), in conjunction with the experimental verification of traffic control and scalable multicast technologies.

Volume Transmission and Its Different Forms in the Central Nervous System

Volume transmission （VT） is a widespread mode of intercellular communication that occurs in the extracellular fluid （ECF） and in the cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） of the brain with VI signals moving from source to target cells via energy gradients leading to diffusion and convection （flow）. The VT channels are diffuse forming a plexus in the extracellular space, while in wiring transmission （WT） the channels （axons, terminals） are private. The speed is slow （seconds-minutes） in VT while rapid in the millisecond range in w-r. The extracellular space is the substrate for VT, which is modulated by the extracellular matrix. Extrasynaptic VT is linked to synaptic transmission and likely often takes place due to incomplete diffusion barriers with the synaptic transmitter reaching extrasynaptic domains of the pre-and post-synaptic membrane of the synapse, the astroglia, and even adjacent synapses. Indications exist for the existence of striatal D2-1ike receptor-mediated extrasynaptic form of dopamine （DA） VT at the local circuit level in vivo in the human striatum. Synaptic glutamate via extrasynaptic VT can act on extrasynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors located on the astroglia leading to Ca2~ mediated astrocytic glutamate release into the extracellular space （ECS）. Long distance peptide VT and CSF VT is the major long distance VT with distances more than 1 mm and flow in the CSF. Indications for long distance vr of beta-endorphin and oxytocin are obtained. We propose that monogamy in the female prairie vole may take place through an increase in oxytocin v-r, especially in nucleus accumbens. Release of extracellular vesicles containing receptors, proteins, RNAs and mtDNA from cellular networks in the central nervous system （CNS） into the ECF and CSF may be a fundamental communication in the CNS. It represents a special form of volume transmission, the Roamer subtype of VT. It may greatly contribute to dynamic events of synaptic plasticity but also to spread of pathological proteins in protein conformational disorders. V＇i＂ also occurs in the peripheral nervous system and associated cells. Short and long distance VT may take place in meridian channels via diffusion and flow in the interstitial fluid. Acupuncture can produce VT signals by releasing transmitters and modulators from nerve terminals and mast cells.