Dynamic Optimization of Handover Parameters Adjustment for Conflict Avoidance in Long Term Evolution

In order to achieve dynamical optimization of mobility load balancing,we analyze the conflict between mobility load balancing and mobility robustness optimization caused by the improper operation of handover parameters.To this end,a method of Handover Parameters Adjustment for Conflict Avoidance(HPACA)is proposed.Considering the movement of users,HPCAC can dynamically adjust handover range to optimize the mobility load balancing.The movement of users is an important factor of handover,which has a dramatic impact on system performance.The numerical evaluation results show the proposed approach outperforms the existing method in terms of throughput,call blocking ratio,load balancing index,radio link failure ratio,ping-pong handover ratio and call dropping ratio.

UEs Power Reduction Evolution with Adaptive Mechanism over LTE Wireless Networks

At present, the major drawback for mobile phones is the issue of power consumption. As one of the alternatives to decrease the power consumption of standard, power-hungry location-based services usually require the knowledge of how individual phone features consume power. A typical phone feature is that the applications related to multimedia streaming utilize more power while receiving, processing, and displaying the multimedia contents, thus contributing to the increased power consumption. There is a growing concern that current battery modules have limited capability in fulfilling the long-term energy need for the progress on the mobile phone because of increasing power consumption during multimedia streaming processes. Considering this, in this paper, we provide an offline meaning sleep-mode method to compute the minimum power consumption comparing with the power-on solution to save power by implementing energy rate adaptation(RA) mechanism based on mobile excess energy level purpose to save battery power use. Our simulation results show that our RA method preserves efficient power while achieving better throughput compared with the mechanism without rate adaptation(WRA).

On Coexistence of Vehicular Overlay Network and H2H Terminals on PRACH in LTE

Vehicular ad hoc networks （VANETs） that use the IEEE 802.11p communication standard face a number of challenges, not least when it comes to safety messages on the VANET control channel （CCH） where short delay times and reliable delivery are of pri- mary importance. In this paper we propose a vehicular machine-to-machine （VM2M） overlay network that uses Long Term Evolu- tion （LTE） physical random access channel （PRACH） to emulate VANET CCH. The overlay network uses dedicated preambles to separate vehicular traffic from regular LTE traffic and a cartier sense multiple access with collision avoidance （CSMA-CA） layer similar to the one used in IEEE 802.15.4 to avoid the four step handshake and the overhead it incurs. The performance of the pro- posed overlay is evaluated under a wide range of PRACH parameters which conform to the scenarios with high vehicle velocities and large distances between roadside units （RSUs） that may be encountered in rural areas and on highways.

Robust frame synchronization method for FDD-LTE systems

The primary synchronization signal and the secondary synchronization signal are respectively used to fulfill the subframe and frame synchronization in the long term evolution （LTE） systems. Based on the assumption that the channel frequency response of the primary synchronization signal symbol is nearly the same as that of the secondary synchronization symbol in frequency division duplex-LTE （FDD-LTE）, a new synchronization method is proposed. The frame synchronization success probability is simulated in different wireless channel models and the Mento-Carlo method is used in the simulation. Simulation results show that if the LMMSE channel estimation is adopted, the proposed method is robust at a low signal noise ratio （SNR） scenario and works well when cartier frequency offset and fast Fourier transform （FFT） window timing offset are considered in practical applications. The frame synchronization success probability can still exceed 99% with an SNR of 0 dB when the maximum Doppler shift is very large, which means that this robust frame synchronization method can be applicable in most mobile situations. Simulation results also show that the success probability of the proposed frame synchronization method is higher than that of the method which fulfills the frame synchronization through correlating the received secondary synchronization symbol with local sequences in practical applications.

Modified particle swarm optimization-based antenna tilt angle adjusting scheme for LTE coverage optimization

In order to solve the challenging coverage problem that the long term evolution（ LTE） networks are facing, a coverage optimization scheme by adjusting the antenna tilt angle（ ATA） of evolved Node B（ e NB） is proposed based on the modified particle swarm optimization（ MPSO） algorithm.The number of mobile stations（ MSs） served by e NBs, which is obtained based on the reference signal received power（RSRP） measured from the MS, is used as the metric for coverage optimization, and the coverage problem is optimized by maximizing the number of served MSs. In the MPSO algorithm, a swarm of particles known as the set of ATAs is available; the fitness function is defined as the total number of the served MSs; and the evolution velocity corresponds to the ATAs adjustment scale for each iteration cycle. Simulation results showthat compared with the fixed ATA, the number of served MSs by e NBs is significantly increased by 7. 2%, the quality of the received signal is considerably improved by 20 d Bm, and, particularly, the system throughput is also effectively increased by 55 Mbit / s.

LTE系统中多类别业务的调度算法研究

本文针对目前算法处理多类别业务时低优先级业务带宽不足,影响整体服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)的问题,提出用于多类别业务的新的调度算法,包括用于eNodeB的多类别业务调度算法和用于UE的多类别业务优先级调整算法。通过本文算法,能保证紧急要求的UE总是被优先调度,能够最大化MAC层吞吐量,同时能满足最小QoS约束,并进一步改善低优先级业务的资源不足的问题。实验表明本文算法能显著改善LTE上行链路性能。

Schedule algorithm for mitigating inter-cell interference based on orthogonal complement space

In order to avoid severe performance degradation led by the inter-cell interference (ICI) in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems with a frequency reused factor (FRF) of 1,distributed schedule algorithm (DS-OCS) and distributed proportional fairness schedule algorithm (DPFS-OCS) based on orthogonal complement space (OCS) were proposed. The first right and left singular vectors of the channel that the user experienced were selected as the transmitting and receiving beamforming vectors. An interference space was spanned by the left singular vectors of the entire interference users in the same channel. The most suitable user lay in the OCS of the interference space was scheduled to avoid suffering interference from neighboring cells based on the criterion of system capacity maximizing and proportional fairness. The simulation results show that the average system capacity can be improved by 2%-4% compared with the DS-OCS algorithm with the Max C/I algorithm,by 6%-10% compared with the DPFS-OCS algorithm with the PF algorithm.

Quality of experience based scheduling algorithm in LTE network with various traffics

Quality of experience （ QoE ） based scheduling algorithm of long term evalution （ LTE ） network with various traffics is studied. Utility functions are adopted to estimate mean opinion score （MOS） for different traffics and a new MOS metric called normalized MOS is defined. A scheduling algorithm based on normalized MOS and greedy algorithm is proposed, aiming at maximizing the entirety MOS level of the whole users in the cell. We compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with other typical scheduling algorithms and the simulation results show that the algorithm pro- posed outperform other ones in term of QoE and fairness.

Elite Opposition Based Metaheuristic Framework for Load Balancing in LTE Network

In present scenario of wireless communications,Long Term Evolution(LTE)based network technology is evolved and provides consistent data delivery with high speed andminimal delay through mobile devices.The traffic management and effective utilization of network resources are the key factors of LTE models.Moreover,there are some major issues in LTE that are to be considered are effective load scheduling and traffic management.Through LTE is a depraved technology,it is been suffering from these issues.On addressing that,this paper develops an Elite Opposition based Spider Monkey Optimization Framework for Efficient Load Balancing(SMO-ELB).In this model,load computation of each mobile node is done with Bounding Theory based Load derivations and optimal cell selection for seamless communication is processed with Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm.The simulation results show that the proposed model provides better results than exiting works in terms of efficiency,packet delivery ratio,Call Dropping Ratio(CDR)and Call Blocking Ratio(CBR).

Complexity Effective Frequency and Sidelink Synchronization Algorithm for LTE Device-to-Device Communication Systems

Device-to-device(D2D)communication is considered as a major challenge in the long term evolution(LTE)network wherein devices directly communicate with each other.One of the key challenges in D2D sidelink is reliable and reduced-complexity synchronization.To address this issue,a computationally efficient sequential detection scheme for integer carrier frequency offset and sidelink identity is proposed in the LTE-D2D system.To perform the frequency offset detection without retrieving the sidelink identity,the conjugate relation between two primary sidelink synchronization sequences is exploited,which facilitates the detection tasks of frequency offset and sidelink identity to be decoupled.It is demonstrated from simulation results that the inherent property of the sidelink synchronization sequences is effectively used for joint detection of frequency offset and sidelink identity with significantly reduced complexity,compared to existing estimation schemes.

ENERGY-SAVING SCHEDULING FOR LTE MULTICAST SERVICES

In the Long Term Evolution(LTE)downlink multicast scheduling,Base Station(BS)usually allocates transmit power equally among all Resource Blocks(RBs),it may cause the waste of transmit power.To avoid it,this paper put forward a new algorithm for LTE multicast downlink scheduling called the Energy-saving based Inter-group Proportional Fair(EIPF).The basic idea of EIPF is to calculate an appropriate transmitting power for each group according to its data rate respectively,and then follow the inter-group proportional fair principle to allocate RBs among multicast groups.The results of EIPF simulation show that the proposed algorithm not only can reduce the transmit power of BS effectively but also improve the utilization rate of energy.

Improved time-interleaved error feedback delta sigma modulator for digital transmitter application

Time-interleaved structure can promote the equivalent processing speed of a digital signal processing system. An improved time-interleaved error feedback delta sigma modulator( TI-EF-DSM)for digital transmitter application is presented in this paper. Two TI-EF-DSMs are compared,one is a conventional directly implemented and the other is the improved. The processing speed of the proposed two-channel improved time-interleaved error feedback delta sigma modulator( ITI-EF-DSM) is higher than the conventional directly implemented TI-EF-DSM for shortened critical path. A digital transmitter based on the ITI-EF-DSM is implemented on field progrmmable gate array( FPGA). The long term evolution( LTE) signals with different bandwidths of 5 MHz,10 MHz and 20 MHz are used as the signal source to evaluate the transmitter. The achieved SNR is 41 dB for the 20 MHz LTE signal with the processing clock of only 184 MHz.

Parameter analysis for the coexistence of cognitive LTE and spectrum authorized systems

In order to realize the coexistence between the LTE system and the spectrum authorized systems over 700MHz frequency band,the geographical position and operation band location between long term evolution(LTE)base stations and digital tevevision transmission tower should satisfy certain constraints,which are analyzed and deduced in this paper.Under the concluded constraints,the interference to each other is lower than their interference tolerances,so that the coexistance between the two types of systems is performed.Based on the constraints for both LTE and spectrum authorized systems,numerical results of the geographical position interval and operation band location interval are obtained,which have significant practical value for the LTE base station placement,network planning and operation band selection.

TCP TRAFFIC PERFORMANCE IMPROVING IN LTE-A NETWORKS

This paper presents a novel way to improve Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) performance of the users at the edge areas of the macro cells in Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) systems. Previous works on improving wireless TCP performance are reviewed and current considerations on TCP in LTE-A are explained. However, those solutions are neither too complex nor limited to some presuppositions which are too restricting for the deployment of LTE-A networks. In this paper a substituted TCP acknowledgement transmission scheme based on Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) information in layer 2 is proposed. The simulation result shows that the proposed method can reduce the delay and improve the throughput of the edging users of the cell, as well as reducing radio resources in LTE-A macro cells.

Triple-Polarized Multi-User Mimo-Idma System under Correlated Fading Channel

A multiple-input multiple-output interleave division multiple access (MIMO-IDMA) system with Triple Polarized Division Multiplexing (TPDM) is presented in this paper. The present methodology replaces three independent linearly polarized antennas with a single triple polarized antenna at both the transmitter and receiver. The users in the communication link are accommodated and separated using a user-specific interleaver combined with low rate spreading sequence. To eliminate the effects of multi-stream interference (MSI), minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithm based on successive interference cancellation (SIC) Multi-user detection (MUD) technique is employed at the receiver. Furthermore, log-maximum a posteriori probability (MAPP) decoding algorithm is implemented at the mobile stations (MSs) to overcome the effects of multi-user interference (MUI) effects. The paper also evaluates the effects of coded MIMO-IDMA in the downlink communication by adopting the Stanford University Interim (SUI) and Long-term Evolution (LTE)channel model specifications. In comparison with the traditional uncoded system, the present solution considering turbo coded triple-polarized MIMO-IDMA system with iterative decoding algorithm provides better bit error rate (BER) with reduced signal to noise ratio (SNR). The simulation results also show that though the SNR requirement is higher for the proposed technique compared to the conventional uni-polarized antenna based MIMO-IDMA system, it gives the advantages of achieving higher data rate with reduced cost and space requirements in the context of a downlink (DL).

Design of broadband class-F power amplifier for multiband LTE handsets applications

A broadband class-F power amplifier for multiband LTE handsets applications is developed across 2.3- 2.7 GHz. The power amplifier maintains constant fundamental impedance at the output matching circuit which is operating for broadband. The nearly zero of second harmonic impedance and nearly infinity of third harmonic impedance are found for highly efficient class-F PA. The harmonic control circuits are immersed into the broad- band output matching for fundamental frequency. For demonstration, the PA is implemented in InGaP/GaAs HBT process, and tested across the frequency range of 2.3-2.7 GHz using a long-term evolution signal. The presented PA delivers good performance of high efficiency and high linearity, which shows that the broadband class-F PA supports the multiband LTE handsets applications.

Random access preamble design based on time pre-compensation for LTE-satellite system

Because of the integration of long term evolution （LTE） technology and mobile satellite communication systems, uplink access technology for LTE-based geo-stationary earth orbit （GEO） satellite has become a popular research topic for satellite system. In order to solve the problem of unreasonable design for physical random access channel （PRACH） signal structure and reduce the effect of time uncertainty, this paper proposes a novel random access preamble based on time pre-compensation （TPC） for LTE-Satellite （LTE-S） system. In this scheme, by applying the method of non-linear least squares, the user terminal （UT） can use and based on the transmission delay the receiving power to estimate the communication round trip delay （RTD） of the beam center and the satellite, RTD can be compensated before transmission. Therefore, the preamble length and duration can be reduced without related to the maximum of RTD. In order to verify the performance of the scheme, the MATLAB is used to build a test system. The simulation results show that the proposed preamble satisfies the requirements of LTE-S system, and the better performance than previous researches is obtained.

A high linearity downconverter for SAW-less LTE receivers

This paper presents a high linearity downconverter implemented in a 0.18μm CMOS process for long term evolution（LTE） receivers without a surface acoustic wave（SAW） filter.The proposed downconverter is composed of a transconductance（Gm） stage,a passive mixer,a current buffer,a transimpedance（TIA） stage,and a DC-offset cancellation（DCOC） loop.The current buffer is utilized to provide very low load impedance for the passive mixer at high frequencies and reduce the output voltage swing induced by out-of-band blockers.This technique improves the input referred third-order intercept point（IIP3） and second-order intercept point（IIP2） of the down-converter by 4.5 dB and 11 dB,respectively.The measured results show that the proposed downconverter achieves a voltage conversion gain of 29.5 dB,double sideband noise figure of 12.7 dB,out-of-band IIP3 of 13 dBm and IIP2 of more than 62 dBm.

QoS-priority based load balancing algorithm for LTE systems with mixed users

Focusing on the load balancing problem among multi-cells in long term evolution （LTE） networks with mixed users, a new multi-objective optimization modeling strategy, which integrates the guaranteed bit rate （GBR） and the best effort （BE） users, was proposed. In consideration of quality of service （QoS） priorities of different users, a decomposition method was presented to solve the original model. Derivations such as applying Lagrange multiplier method, sub-optimal solutions for mixed users were deduced. Based on derived solutions, including resource allocation schemes, a practical multi-objective load balancing algorithm jointly dealing with mixed users was given. Simulation shows a significant improvement of GBR users＇ satisfaction level and BE users＇ throughput in LTE networks by using the proposed algorithm.

OpenMDSP:Extending OpenMP to Program Multi-Core DSPs

Multi-core digital signal processors （DSPs） are widely used in wireless telecommunication, core network transcoding, industrial control, and audio/video processing technologies, among others. In comparison with general-purpose multi-processors, multi-core DSPs normally have a more complex memory hierarchy, such as on-chip core-local memory and non-cache-coherent shared memory. As a result, efficient multi-core DSP applications are very difficult to write. The current approach used to program multi-core DSPs is based on proprietary vendor software development kits （SDKs）, which only provide low-level, non-portable primitives. While it is acceptable to write coarse-grained task-level parallel code with these SDKs, writing fine-grained data parallel code with SDKs is a very tedious and error-prone approach. We believe that it is desirable to possess a high-level and portable parallel programming model for multi-core DSPs. In this paper, we propose OpenMDSP, an extension of OpenMP designed for multi-core DSPs. The goal of OpenMDSP is to fill the gap between the OpenMP memory model and the memory hierarchy of multi-core DSPs. We propose three classes of directives in OpenMDSP, including 1） data placement directives that allow programmers to control the placement of global variables conveniently, 2） distributed array directives that divide a whole array into sections and promote the sections into core-local memory to improve performance, and 3） stream access directives that promote big arrays into core-local memory section by section during parallel loop processing while hiding the latency of data movement by the direct memory access （DMA） of a DSP. We implement the compiler and runtime system for OpenMDSP on PreeScale MSC8156. The benchmarking results show that seven of nine benchmarks achieve a speedup of more than a factor of 5 when using six threads.