Purpose:.To test the safe clinical application of sufentanil as topical ophthalmic drops by examining treated rabbit eyes for ophthalmic irritation signs or short-time toxic reactions.Methods:.Twenty-four rabbits were...Purpose:.To test the safe clinical application of sufentanil as topical ophthalmic drops by examining treated rabbit eyes for ophthalmic irritation signs or short-time toxic reactions.Methods:.Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into 8groups(n=3): The ocular toxicity at 14 d after eye drop administration was evaluated in groups 1 to 4, and at 30 d postadministration in groups 5 to 8..Groups 1 and 5 were treated with blank vehicle and served as normal controls..The left eyes of rabbits in groups 2 and 6 were exposed to low-dose sufentanil(5 μg, 2 drops within 5 min), groups 3 and 7 received moderate-dose sufentanil.(7.5 μg, 3 drops within 10 min),and groups 4 and 8 received high-dose sufentanil(10 μg,.4drops within 15 min). As self-controls, the right eyes of each rabbit were administered an equivalent amount of sodium chloride(9 g / L) at the same drop intervals. At 14 and 30 d after exposure to sufentanil,.ophthalmic irritation signs were evaluated and corneas were stained with fluorescein and observed by slit-lamp microscopy..Corneal endothelial counts were performed and toxic reactions were evaluated.Results: Multiple parameters were compared in the control and experimental groups by visual inspection and slit-lamp examination at 14 and 30 d after sufentanil administration..No evidence of irritation signs(including corneal opacity,.conjunctival congestion, or edema), eye secretions, iris abnormalities,.or temporal eye closure were noted..Corneal endothelial cell counts did not significantly differ between the control and experimental groups..Light microscopy revealed no pathological or morphological injury to the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, retina, or optic nerve in either group.The same observation outcomes were noted at 14 and 30 d after administration.Conclusion:.Single ocular administration of sufentanil at a dose of 5-10 μg in rabbits yields no ocular irritation or toxic responses at 14 or 30 d following eye drop delivery.展开更多
The effects of acid deposition on pine forest ecosystems in Longli of Guizhou Province, southwestern China are studied using indoor experiments and model simulations. Indoor experiments are designed to explore the alu...The effects of acid deposition on pine forest ecosystems in Longli of Guizhou Province, southwestern China are studied using indoor experiments and model simulations. Indoor experiments are designed to explore the aluminum toxicity on pine seedlings, and the long-term soil acidification model(LTSAM) and a terrestrial biogeochemistry model(CENTURY) are used to simulate the influences of acid deposition on pine forest ecosystems. The indoor experiment results of aluminum toxicity show that aluminum ions in solution limit plant growth and acid deposition enhances this effect by facilitating the release of aluminum ions from the soil. Pine seedling biomass and root elongation decrease as the aluminum concentration increases. The results of model simulations show that the soil chemistry varies significantly with different changes in acid deposition. When the acid deposition increases, the pH value in the soil solution decreases and the soil Al^(3+) concentration increases. The increased acid deposition also has negative impacts on the forest ecosystem, i.e., decreases plant biomass, net primary productivity(NPP) and net CO_2 uptake. As a result, the soil organic carbon(SOC) decreases because of the limited supply of decomposition material. Thus acid deposition need be reduced to help protect the forest ecosystems.展开更多
文摘Purpose:.To test the safe clinical application of sufentanil as topical ophthalmic drops by examining treated rabbit eyes for ophthalmic irritation signs or short-time toxic reactions.Methods:.Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into 8groups(n=3): The ocular toxicity at 14 d after eye drop administration was evaluated in groups 1 to 4, and at 30 d postadministration in groups 5 to 8..Groups 1 and 5 were treated with blank vehicle and served as normal controls..The left eyes of rabbits in groups 2 and 6 were exposed to low-dose sufentanil(5 μg, 2 drops within 5 min), groups 3 and 7 received moderate-dose sufentanil.(7.5 μg, 3 drops within 10 min),and groups 4 and 8 received high-dose sufentanil(10 μg,.4drops within 15 min). As self-controls, the right eyes of each rabbit were administered an equivalent amount of sodium chloride(9 g / L) at the same drop intervals. At 14 and 30 d after exposure to sufentanil,.ophthalmic irritation signs were evaluated and corneas were stained with fluorescein and observed by slit-lamp microscopy..Corneal endothelial counts were performed and toxic reactions were evaluated.Results: Multiple parameters were compared in the control and experimental groups by visual inspection and slit-lamp examination at 14 and 30 d after sufentanil administration..No evidence of irritation signs(including corneal opacity,.conjunctival congestion, or edema), eye secretions, iris abnormalities,.or temporal eye closure were noted..Corneal endothelial cell counts did not significantly differ between the control and experimental groups..Light microscopy revealed no pathological or morphological injury to the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, retina, or optic nerve in either group.The same observation outcomes were noted at 14 and 30 d after administration.Conclusion:.Single ocular administration of sufentanil at a dose of 5-10 μg in rabbits yields no ocular irritation or toxic responses at 14 or 30 d following eye drop delivery.
基金Under the auspices of National Basic Research Program of China(No.2010CB951802,2005CB422207)Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-YW-219)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2009AA122104)
文摘The effects of acid deposition on pine forest ecosystems in Longli of Guizhou Province, southwestern China are studied using indoor experiments and model simulations. Indoor experiments are designed to explore the aluminum toxicity on pine seedlings, and the long-term soil acidification model(LTSAM) and a terrestrial biogeochemistry model(CENTURY) are used to simulate the influences of acid deposition on pine forest ecosystems. The indoor experiment results of aluminum toxicity show that aluminum ions in solution limit plant growth and acid deposition enhances this effect by facilitating the release of aluminum ions from the soil. Pine seedling biomass and root elongation decrease as the aluminum concentration increases. The results of model simulations show that the soil chemistry varies significantly with different changes in acid deposition. When the acid deposition increases, the pH value in the soil solution decreases and the soil Al^(3+) concentration increases. The increased acid deposition also has negative impacts on the forest ecosystem, i.e., decreases plant biomass, net primary productivity(NPP) and net CO_2 uptake. As a result, the soil organic carbon(SOC) decreases because of the limited supply of decomposition material. Thus acid deposition need be reduced to help protect the forest ecosystems.
文摘三氯生(triclosan,TCS)和三氯卡班(triclocarban,TCC)是2种高效广谱抗菌剂,均具有胚胎毒性、内分泌干扰性和生殖毒性,并可能引发癌症、DNA损伤和不良妊娠结局等,是目前一类广泛关注的新污染物。美国食品与药品监督管理局(US FDA)于2016年已禁止含有TCS和TCC等抑菌剂的非处方抗菌洗浴产品进入市场,而目前在我国其为化妆品准用防腐剂,允许限量使用,且皂类产品不在限制范围内。TCS和TCC作为新兴的外源性化学污染物能够随生活污水的排放进入自然环境,对我国本土水生生物、生态安全和人身健康构成了潜在威胁。为探究TCS和TCC对我国本土鱼种稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)长期暴露及4个不同发育阶段(胚胎期、卵黄囊吸收阶段、仔鱼及幼鱼阶段)的毒性效应,本研究将稀有鮈鲫的受精卵暴露于TCS和TCC中,直至孵化后60 d(60 days post hatch,60 dph),试验过程中监测胚胎期的孵化率,卵黄囊吸收阶段、仔鱼及幼鱼阶段的成活率,长期暴露过程中的生长情况、性分化及内分泌干扰效应等多个指标。研究结果显示,在胚胎期,6.25~100μg·L^(-1)的TCS和0.938~15μg·L^(-1)的TCC对稀有鮈鲫的胚胎孵化率没有显著的毒性效应。在仔鱼阶段,6.25~100μg·L^(-1)的TCS和0.938~15μg·L^(-1)的TCC暴露组30 dph成活率的最高无可观察效应浓度分别为100μg·L^(-1)和0.938μg·L^(-1),根据我国国家标准,TCC对水生环境的危害可判定为长期慢性类别1,而TCS由于试验中的最高浓度未达到1 mg·L^(-1),无法作出明确的判断,但能判断其对水生环境的危害为非长期慢性类别1。在幼鱼阶段,6.25~100μg·L^(-1)的TCS和0.938~15μg·L^(-1)的TCC均对雌性及雄性稀有鮈鲫体内卵黄蛋白原具有一定的诱导作用,但在性分化上没有显著影响。在胚后发育过程中,通过长期暴露,6.25~100μg·L^(-1)的TCS对稀有鮈鲫体质量有显著毒性效应,随TCS浓度的升高,稀有鮈鲫体质量逐渐降低,TCS对稀有鮈鲫体质量具有抑制作用;0.938~15μg·L^(-1)的TCC对稀有鮈鲫体质量及体长等生长均无显著影响。此外,研究发现稀有鮈鲫在不同发育阶段的毒性效应存在差异,稀有鮈鲫胚胎期的耐受力明显高于胚后发育阶段,卵黄囊吸收阶段及仔鱼阶段的耐受力低于幼鱼阶段。可见,当更多的生命阶段被包括在一个测试中,能够通过较少的试验动物,获得较多的毒性终点,且测试中不同生命阶段的毒性效应来自同一批试验动物,使不同生命阶段的试验结果更具可比性。
