Outcomes of long-acting injectable antipsychotics use in pregnancy:A literature review

BACKGROUND Women with a history of serious psychotic disorders are at increased risk of disease relapse during pregnancy.Long-acting injectable(LAI)antipsychotics have been widely used to improve adherence and prevent relapse in patients with various severe psychotic disorders,but there is a lack of high-quality data from previous research on the safety of LAI antipsychotics during pregnancy.AIM To summarize relevant data on maternal,pregnancy,neonatal,and developmental outcomes from published cases of LAI antipsychotic use in pregnancy.METHODS A literature search was performed through November 11,2023,using three online databases:PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus,and Web of Science.Case reports or case series that reported information about the outcomes of pregnancy in women who used LAI antipsychotics at any point in pregnancy,with available full texts,were included.Descriptive statistics,narrative summation,and tabulation of the extracted data were performed.RESULTS A total of 19 publications satisfied the inclusion criteria:3 case series,15 case reports,and 1 conference abstract.They reported the outcomes of LAI antipsychotic use in 74 women and 77 pregnancies.The use of secondgeneration LAI antipsychotics was reported in the majority(n=47;61.0%)of pregnancies.First-generation LAI antipsychotics were administered during 30 pregnancies(39.0%).Most of the women(approximately 64%)had either satisfactory control of symptoms or no information about relapse,while approximately 12%of them had developed gestational diabetes mellitus.A minority of cases reported adverse outcomes such as stillbirth,spontaneous abortion,preterm birth,low birth weight,congenital anomalies,and neurological manifestations in newborns.However,there were no reports of negative long-term developmental outcomes.CONCLUSION Currently available data seem reassuring,but further well-designed studies are required to properly evaluate the risks and benefits of LAI antipsychotic use during pregnancy.

Impacts and Demonstration Effects of Applying Long-acting Slow-release Fertilizer on Economic Yield of Peanut

[Objectives]To study the impacts and demonstration effects of long-acting slow-release fertilizer application on economic yield of peanut.[Methods]The 25,30,35,40,45,50 kg of long-acting slow-release fertilizers were applied to 667 m 2 of peanuts,and different amounts of urea were applied together.[Results]Applying 40 kg of long-acting slow-release fertilizer and 10.45 kg of urea had the best effect.Compared with the application of ordinary compound fertilizers,the plants did not age prematurely,the leaf diseases were mild,the stems and leaves remained dark green when harvested,and the stems and leaves had a longer functional period.Bearing shoots increased by 1.7,single-plant full pods increased by 2.4,double-seed peanuts increased by 3.2,empty pods decreased by 0.5,and single-seed peanuts decreased by 0.7.The experimental demonstration results show that the spring-sowed peanuts had an average yield increase of 29.0-67.2 kg/667 m 2,and the yield increase rate was 7.35%-16.89%,and the difference was extremely significant.[Conclusions]In the high-yield cultivation of peanuts,the application of long-acting slow-release fertilizer can be promoted to improve peanut production.

Factors Influencing the Choice between IUD and Implant among Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive (LARCs) Users in Burkina Faso

Background: Long-acting and reversible contraceptive methods hold great potential as solutions to address the unmet need for contraception and the significant discontinuation rates, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Among these methods, the Implant has gained popularity in sub-Saharan Africa, whereas the utilization of Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) has remained comparatively low, particularly in Burkina Faso. This study aims to evaluate the shifts in IUD and Implant usage from 2010 to 2020 and to pinpoint the factors influencing the choice of IUDs among LARCs users in Burkina Faso. Data and Methods: We conducted an analysis using data from Burkina Faso, drawn from the 2010 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2020 PMA Phase 1 data. The 2010 DHS garnered responses from 17,087 women aged 15 - 49, achieving a response rate of 98.4%. The 2020 PMA data collected responses from 6590 women aged 15 - 49, with a response rate of 95.8%. The final sample of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs) users consisted of 1502 women, including 576 women from the 2010 survey and 926 women from the 2020 survey. Results: The study demonstrates an expansion of IUD usage to include socioeconomically disadvantaged segments among LARC users. However, higher levels of education, older age, and decisions influenced by healthcare providers are correlated with the preference for IUDs over Implants. The choice of IUDs is also connected to a comprehensive understanding of contraceptive methods, suggesting potential biases in the counseling process. Conclusion: Facilitating the broader adoption of IUDs among disadvantaged groups could be achieved by improving the accessibility of IUD products and services in rural areas. Nevertheless, there should be focused initiatives to enhance access to removal services, as this factor could dissuade specific users. Further efforts are required to train healthcare providers, aiming to mitigate biases in delivering Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs). Providers should provide impartial counseling, irrespective of the selected type of LARC.

Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the brain and its involvement in cognitive function

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the secretion of glucoco rticoids in response to environmental challenges.In the brain,a nuclear receptor transcription fa ctor,the glucocorticoid recepto r,is an important component of the hypothalamicpituitary-a d renal axis's negative feedback loop and plays a key role in regulating cognitive equilibrium and neuroplasticity.The glucoco rticoid receptor influences cognitive processes,including glutamate neurotransmission,calcium signaling,and the activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated pathways,through a combination of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms.Protein interactions within the central nervous system can alter the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid receptor,there by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-a d renal axis and stress-related cognitive functions.An appropriate level of glucocorticoid receptor expression can improve cognitive function,while excessive glucocorticoid receptors or long-term exposure to glucoco rticoids may lead to cognitive impairment.Patients with cognitive impairment-associated diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,aging,depression,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,stroke,and addiction,often present with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid receptor expression.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functions of the glucoco rticoid receptor in the hypothalamic-pituitary-a d renal axis and cognitive activities.It emphasizes that appropriate glucocorticoid receptor signaling fa cilitates learning and memory,while its dysregulation can lead to cognitive impairment.This provides clues about how glucocorticoid receptor signaling can be targeted to ove rcome cognitive disability-related disorders.

Shenqi Fuzheng injection alleviates chemotherapy-induced cachexia by restoring glucocorticoid signaling in hypothalamus

Chemotherapy-induced cachexia(CIC)is a debilitating condition characterized by weight loss,muscle atrophy,and anorexia[1].While peripheral mechanisms of cachexia have been extensively studied,the involvement of the central nervous system(CNS)in CIC is often overlooked.Chemotherapeutic drugs cause stress responses and inflammation,which may impact the hypothalamus and disrupt systemic energy and neuroendocrine functions.Understanding hypothalamic roles in regulating these processes can provide insights into CIC's mechanisms and aid in developing novel therapies.

Clinical Efficacy and Incidence of Adverse Reactions of Entecavir Combined with Long-Acting Interferon in Treating Hepatitis B

Objective:To explore and analyze the clinical efficacy and incidence of adverse reactions of entecavir combined with long-acting interferon in treating hepatitis B.Methods:The study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2022,and the research subjects were 69 hepatitis B patients admitted to our hospital.The patients were divided into a research group(n=35)and a control group(n=34).Patients in the control group were treated with entecavir,while patients in the study group were treated with entecavir combined with long-acting interferon.The antiviral efficacy,liver function indicators,clinical effectiveness,and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results:The HBV-DNA negative conversion rate and HBeAg seroconversion rate of the patients in the study group were higher than those of the control group,and the virological breakthrough rate was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05);the alanine transaminase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and total bilirubin(TBIL)levels of the patients in the study group were all lower after treatment.In the control group,the albumin(ALB)level was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).The clinical effective rate of patients in the study group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05);there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:The treatment effect of entecavir combined with long-acting interferon in patients with hepatitis B is significant.It can effectively antiviral and improve the liver function of patients.The incidence of adverse reactions is low and can be promoted and applied.

Comparison of inebilizumab or rituximab in addition to glucocorticoid therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

AIM:To investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of inebilizumab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders(NMOSD).METHODS:A total of 33 patients with NMOSD treated with inebilizumab(Group INB,n=15)or rituximab(Group RTX,n=18)in addition to high-dose glucocorticoids were included.Both groups underwent hormone shock therapy during the acute phase.Subsequently,Group INB received inebilizumab injections during the remission phase,while Group RTX received rituximab injections.A comparison of aquaporins 4(AQP4)titer values,peripheral blood B lymphocyte counts,and visual function recovery was conducted before and 8wk after treatment.Additionally,adverse reactions and patient tolerability were analyzed after using inebilizumab treatment regimes.RESULTS:Following inebilizumab treatment,there was a significantly improvement in the visual acuity of NMOSD patients(P<0.05),accompanied by a notable decrease in AQP4 titer values and B lymphocyte ratio(P<0.05).Moreover,inebilizumab treatment showed a partial effect in preventing optic nerve atrophy(P<0.05).However,there were no significant differences in other therapeutic effects compared to rituximab,which has previously demonstrated substantial therapeutic efficacy(P>0.05).Furthermore,inebilizumab exhibited higher safety levels than that of rituximab injections.CONCLUSION:The combination of inebilizumab and high-dose glucocorticoids proves to be effective.In comparison to rituximab injections,inebilizumab displays better tolerance and safety.Moreover,it demonstrates a partial effect in preventing optic nerve atrophy.Thus,it stands as an effective method to reduce the disability rates and improve the daily living ability of patients with NMOSD.

Glucocorticoids-based prodrug design:Current strategies and research progress

Attributing to their broad pharmacological effects encompassing anti-inflammation,antitoxin,and immunosuppression,glucocorticoids(GCs)are extensively utilized in the clinic for the treatment of diverse diseases such as lupus erythematosus,nephritis,arthritis,ulcerative colitis,asthma,keratitis,macular edema,and leukemia.However,longterm use often causes undesirable side effects,including metabolic disorders-induced Cushing's syndrome(buffalo back,full moon face,hyperglycemia,etc.),osteoporosis,aggravated infection,psychosis,glaucoma,and cataract.These notorious side effects seriously compromise patients'quality of life,especially in patients with chronic diseases.Therefore,glucocorticoid-based advanced drug delivery systems for reducing adverse effects have received extensive attention.Among them,prodrugs have the advantages of low investment,low risk,and high success rate,making them a promising strategy.In this review,we propose the strategies for the design and summarize current research progress of glucocorticoid-based prodrugs in recent decades,including polymer-based prodrugs,dendrimer-based prodrugs,antibody-drug conjugates,peptide-drug conjugates,carbohydrate-based prodrugs,aliphatic acid-based prodrugs and so on.Besides,we also raise issues that need to be focused on during the development of glucocorticoid-based prodrugs.This review is expected to be helpful for the research and development of novel GCs and prodrugs.

Study of the Effects of Glucocorticoid on Growth and Adult Final Height in Children with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of growth, as well as factors associated with growth retardation in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and to investigate the effect of glucocorticoid (GC) use duration on growth retardation in these children. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data of 353 PNS children treated at our hospital from July 2014 to June 2015 were collected through the medical record management system. Height, weight, and GC usage were recorded. Follow-up assessments were conducted in August 2022 for the original group, recording height, weight, and GC usage. Height and weight were evaluated using standard deviation scores (SDS). Categorical data were analyzed using chi-square test while continuous measurement data were analyzed using t-test or rank-sum test. Linear regression was used to assess the association between two single independent variables, and logistic regression analysis was used to screen for risk factors related to growth retardation in children with PNS. Results: Among the 353 PNS children enrolled in this study, male-to-female ratio of 2.64:1 (256 males vs 97 females). A total of 119 children exhibited growth retardation, incidence rate of 33.71%. The duration of GC usage among those with growth retardation was significantly longer compared to those without it (762.81 ± 934.50 days vs 263.77 ± 420.49 days;p Conclusion: PNS children treated with GC have a high incidence of growth retardation, and a high proportion of short stature in adulthood, especially in children with growth retardation in childhood, most of them have short stature after grown up. Time of GC usage is a risk factor for growth retardation in children with PNS.

Combination treatment with telitacicept,mycophenolate mofetil and glucocorticoids for immunoglobulin A nephropathy:A case report

BACKGROUND Telitacicept reduces B cell activation and abnormal immunoglobulin A(IgA)antibody production by inhibiting the activity of B lymphocyte stimulator(BLyS)and a proliferation-inducing ligand(APRIL),thereby decreasing IgA deposition in the glomeruli and local inflammatory response.This ultimately protects the kidneys from damage.This mechanism suggests that Telitacicept has potential efficacy in the treatment of IgA nephropathy.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 24-year-old female who was diagnosed with IgA nephropathy due to significant proteinuria and mild renal impairment.Pathologically,she exhibited focal proliferative glomerulonephritis.Treatment with angiotensin II receptor blocker,hormones,and mycophenolate mofetil did not lead to a significant improvement in her condition.However,upon the addition of telitacicept,the patient’s renal function recovered and her proteinuria rapidly reduced.Hormones were swiftly tapered and discontinued,with no occurrence of severe infections or related complications.CONCLUSION Telitacicept combined with hormones and mycophenolate mofetil may be a safe and effective induction therapy for IgA nephropathy.

Progress in the Use of Glucocorticoids and Biological Agents in Non-Infectious Uveitis

One of the main immune-mediated diseases that lead to avoidable blindness is non-infectious uveitis. Glucocorticoids are the first-line therapy choice for noninfectious uveitis;however, biologics are also showing promise in the management of this condition. The description of glucocorticoid and biologic usage in non-infectious uveitis is the main topic of this paper.

Glucocorticoid therapy in pancreatic portal hypertension associated with autoimmune pancreatitis:A case report

BACKGROUND Autoimmune pancreatitis(AIP)is a chronic form of pancreatitis characterized by diffused enlargement of the pancreas and irregular stenosis of the main pancreatic duct.Some studies have reported that AIP can cause hemorrhage of gastric varices(GV)related to portal hypertension(PH).However,such cases are rare.In addition,the association of PH with AIP is unclear.At the same time,the efficacy and duration of glucocorticoid therapy is also controversial.CASE SUMMARY In this case,we reported a case of GV in pancreatic PH associated with AIP.Enhanced abdominal computed tomography(CT)suggested splenic vein(SV)and superior mesenteric vein(SMV)thromboses.The patient received a long-term glucocorticoid therapy,that the initial dose of 40 mg is reduced weekly by 5 mg,and then reduced to 5 mg for long-term maintenance.CT and gastroscopic examination after 8 mo of treatment indicated that SV and SMV were recanalized,pancreatic stiffness and swelling were ameliorated,and the GV almost completely disappeared.CONCLUSION Long-term glucocorticoid therapy can alleviate the development of GV in patients with AIP and has potential reversibility.

Home-Nebulized Inhaled Glucocorticoid Therapy in Pediatric Respiratory Diseases

Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of home-nebulized inhaled glucocorticoid therapy in pediatric respiratory diseases.Methods:60 cases of children with respiratory diseases admitted between October 2022 and October 2023 were selected as study subjects and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group,30 cases each.The control group was provided with conventional treatment only,while the observation group was provided with home-nebulized inhalation glucocorticosteroid treatment,and the treatment effects,clinical symptom relief time,disease recurrence rate,and treatment satisfaction of the children’s families were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results:A comparison of the two groups in terms of gender and age showed that the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05).In terms of clinical efficacy,the total effective rate of the observation group was 90.00%,which was significantly higher than that of the control group of 66.67%(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the disappearance time of the clinical symptoms of the observed group was significantly shortened(P<0.05).In addition,the satisfaction scores of the families of the children in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Home-nebulized inhalation glucocorticoid therapy shows significant clinical efficacy in pediatric respiratory diseases,significantly reduces the time of disappearance of clinical symptoms,and improves the satisfaction of patients’families,which provides an effective treatment option for children.

Intra-Articular injection of acid-sensitive stearoxyl-ketal-dexamethasone microcrystals for long-acting arthritis therapy

Despite advances in treatment of chronic arthritis,there is still a strong need for the development of long-acting formulations that can enable local and sustained drug release at the inflamed tissues.In this work,we fabricated microcrystals of an acid-sensitive stearoxyl-ketal-dexamethasone prodrug for treatment of arthritis.Microcrystals of the prodrug with two sizes were successfully engineered and showed pH-dependent hydrolysis kinetics in vitro.In a collagen-induced arthritis rat model,we evaluated the influence of particle size and injection dose on anti-inflammatory effect after intra-articular injection.Such prodrug demonstrated long-acting anti-arthritis effects with good safety.Our results indicate ketal-based prodrugs are promising for the development of long-acting injectables and may stimulate the development of new treatments for chronic diseases.

Thermal stability and long-acting antibacterial activity of phosphonium montmorillonites

Na-montruorillonite （Na-MMT） was exchanged with three quaternary atkylphosphonium salts： decyl tributylphosphonium bromide （DTBPBr）, dodecyl tributylphosphonium bromide （DDTBPBr） and hexadecyl tributylphosphonium bromide （HDTBPBr）, to investigate the effects of phosphonium salts species and relative molecular mass on the characteristics, morphology, thermal stability and long-acting antibacterial property of phosphonium montmorillonites. The resulting modified montmorillonites were characterized by the FTIR, XRD, TEM, and TG/DTG techniques. And minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） was used to investigate antibacterial activity. The results show that the phosphonium salts are intercalated into Na-MMT, and the basal spacing of P-MMTs is enlarged with the increase of phosphonium salt content or the growth of alkyl chain length. DDTBP-MMT-3 with 19.83% （mass fraction of dodecyl tributylphosphonium salts, displays excellent thermal stability and long-acting antibacterial activity.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Long-Acting Injectable Formulation of Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) for Opioid Relapse Prevention: A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial

Objective: To determine the efficacy and tolerability of a long-acting intramuscular formulation of Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) for the treatment of opioid-dependent patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: A 12 weeks, open-label, randomised controlled trial conducted between June 2009-July 2011, at 14 Hospital-based drug clinics, in the 12 countries. Participants were 18 years or older, had Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 opioid use disorder. Of the 3200 individuals screened, 3000 (93.7%) adults were randomized 1500 participants to receive injections of Long-acting depot formulations ofNalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) given intramuscularly once in 12 weeks and 1500participants to receive extended-release Naltrexone (Vivitrol 380 mg), administered intramuscularly every fourth week for 12 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary endpoints (protocol) were: Confirmed Opioid abstinence (percentage i.e. the number of patients who achieved complete abstinence during week 12). Confirmed abstinence or “opioid-free” was defined as a negative urine drug test for opioids and no self-reported opioid use. Weeks 1 - 4 were omitted from this endpoint to allow for stabilization of abstinence. Secondary end points included a number of days in treatment, treatment retention and craving. The study also investigated, on 275 participants, degree and time course of mu-opioid receptor occupancy following single doses of Nalmefene extended-release injection (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) as well as the plasma concentration of Nalmefene and Nalmefene-3-O-glucuronide. Safety was assessed by adverse event reporting. Results: Of 3000 participants, mean (SD) age was 27.1 (±4.8) years and 831 (27.7%) were women. 1500 individuals were randomized to receive injections of Long-acting depot formulations of Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) and 1500 to receive injections of extended-release Naltrexone (Vivitrol 380 mg);2088 participants (69.6.0%) completed the trial. Primary endpoints: Confirmed Opioid Abstinence: Complete abstinence was sustained by 86% (n = 1290) of Nalmefene patients (patients treated with Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg, long-acting depot formulations) compared with 43% (n = 645) of patients treated with extended-release Naltrexone 380 mg (Vivitrol), during weeks 5 - 12 (χ2 = 672.34, P Secondary Endpoint: Craving: A statistically and clinically significant reduction in opioid craving was observed with Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg, long-acting depot formulations) vs. Naltrexone (extended-release Naltrexone, Vivitrol 380 mg) by week 4 (P =0.0048), which persisted every week through 12 (P < 0.0001). Patients given Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg, long-acting depot formulations) had a 75% decrease in craving from baseline to week 12. Patients given a Naltrexone (extended-release Naltrexone, Vivitrol 380 mg) had a 3% increase in craving from baseline to week 12 (Mean change in self-reporting craving). Secondary Endpoint: Treatment Retention: Long-acting intramuscular formulation of Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) helped significantly more patients complete 12 weeks treatment (n = 1245, 83%) compared with extended-release Naltrexone (Vivitrol 380 mg) (n = 570, 38%) (χ2 = 635.53, P < 0.0001). Patients on long-acting intramuscular formulation of Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) had longer treatment retention than patients on extended-release Naltrexone (Vivitrol 380 mg). Concentrations of Nalmefene and Nalmefene-3-O-Glucuronide in Plasma: Analyses were made of 275 study sample. There was no statistically significant difference for plasma nalmefene concentrations between days 2 and 84 (p = 0.416). The plasma concentration of Nalmefene were 20.3 and 28.5 ng/ml and concentrations of nalmefene-3-O-glucuronide were 2.1 and 4.1 ng/ml, respectively. Plasma levels of Nalmefene remained above 20 ng/ml for approximately 12 weeks after administration of Nalmefene, long-acting depot formulations (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg). PET Assessments: Very high mu-opioid receptor occupancy by Nalmefene was detected 1 day after treatments at which time point the occupancy was 100.0% after Nalmefene injection (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg). Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg injection (long-acting intramuscular formulation of Nalmefene) led to a very high occupancy ofmu-opioid receptors in all brain areas examined;the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and frontal cortex. Depending on the brain area mu-opioid receptor occupancy varied between 83.0% and 85.8% 84 days after dosing. Adverse Reactions: Adverse events were similar in opioid-dependent patients treated with long-acting intramuscular formulation of Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) vs. patients treated with extended-release Naltrexone (Vivitrol 380 mg). Conclusions and Relevance: Long-acting depot formulations of Nalmefene (Nalmefene Consta 393.1 mg) was more effective then extended-release Naltrexone (Vivitrol 380 mg) in maintaining short-term abstinence from heroin and should be considered as a treatment option for opioid-dependent individuals.

Control Effect of Slow-release, Long-acting and Multi-functional New Pesticides on Sugarcane Borders and Woolly Aphids

In order to select the long-acting,low toxic,low-risk and multi-functional new pesticides for the control of sugarcane borders and woolly aphids and precise and efficient application technology,the control effect of 10% monosultap · thiamethoxam granular formulation and 1% Bt · clothianidin granular formulation on sugarcane borders and woolly aphids were studied.The results showed that 10% monosultap·thiamethoxam GR and 1% Bt·clothianidin GR had good control effects on sugarcane borders and woolly aphids.They were ideal slow-release,long-acting,low toxic and multi-functional new pesticides used to control sugarcane borders and woolly aphids.They could be used alternately with other pesticides to delay the emergence and development of pest resistance to pesticides.The best dosage of the two pesticides in the field was 45 kg/hm^2.They could be mixed with fertilizer( 1200-1800 kg/hm^2),scattered in sugarcane ditches or at the base of sugarcane plants,and covered with soil or film from January to July.The control effect on dead heart seedlings damaged by borers could be up to above 79.2%,and the control effect on sugarcane woolly aphids could reach more than 98.8%.In comparison with the control group,the actual yield and sugar content of sugarcane increased by above 41 555 kg/hm^2 and 6.5% respectively.The application of slow-release,long-acting,strong systemic and multi-functional new agents with fertilizer around roots is convenient,precise and efficient,labor-saving,time-saving and environmentally friendly,and is worthy of being widely applied in sugarcane areas.

Role of Peripheral Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Patients with Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy During Systemic Glucocorticoid Treatment:A Prospective Observational Study

Objective Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an autoimmune disorder involving the orbital tissue.This study aimed to understand the role of regulatory T cells(Tregs)in TAO during 12-week systemic glucocorticoid(GC)treatment.Methods Thirty-two moderate-severe TAO patients with a clinical activity score(CAS)≥3/7 or with prolonged T2 relaxation time(T2RT)on at least one side of extraocular muscle(EOM)were enrolled.The percentage of the peripheral CD4+CD25(high)CD127(−/low)Tregs was analyzed using flow cytometry before and after the GC treatment.The activity and severity of TAO,T2RT,and the clinical outcomes after the GC treatment were assessed.Their correlation with the peripheral Tregs was investigated.Results There was no significant association between the baseline Treg fraction and the activity and severity of TAO or the treatment response.A significant reduction of Tregs was observed after the GC therapy merely in patients without any clinical improvement.Conclusion Treg reduction after systemic GC therapy is indicative of a poor therapeutic response.Accordingly,dynamic alterations of Tregs could help to evaluate the effectiveness of the GC treatment.

Hypercalcemia Appeared in a Patient with Glucagonoma Treated with Octreotide Acetate Long-acting Release

PABCREATIC neuroendocrine tumours are uncommon neoplasms of the pancreas.They may cause a clinical syndrome due to hormone overproduction.Glucagonoma is a rare kind of pancreatic tumors. Here we report a case of glucagonoma. Hypercalcemia occurred when the patient underwent octreotide acetate long-acting release.

Study on Organic Long-acting Fertilizer of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and Preliminary Report on its Application Effect

This paper studied the fertilizer requirement and soil fertility supply capacity of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.,discussed the application effects of organic fertilizer in Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.The results showed that the yield of Trichodanthes kirilowii Maxim.at Jinjing site by applying special organic longacting fertilizer increased by 11.3%and earnings by 3.6%,the yield at Ansha site increased by 17.4%,and earnings by 9.2%.It was pointed out that high-yielding fertilization of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.was achieved by first applying organic fertilizer to ensure good soil structure,and then by ensuring an effective supply of nitrogen,potassium,boron,molybdenum and zinc fertilizers.