Water hammer protection for diversion systems in front of pumps in long-distance water supply projects

For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention. In this study, a water hammer protection scheme combined with an overflow surge tank and a regulating valve was developed. A mathematical model of the overflow surge tank was developed, and an analytical formula for the height of the overflow surge tank was derived. Furthermore, a practical water supply project was used to evaluate the feasibility of the combined protection scheme and analyze the sensitivity of valve regulation rules. The results showed that the combined protection scheme effectively reduced the height of the surge tank, lessened the difficulties related to construction, and reduced the necessary financial investment for the project. The two-stage closing rule articulated as fast first and then slow could minimize the overflow volume of the surge tank when the power failure occurred, while the two-stage opening rule articulated as slow first and then fast could be more conducive to the safety of the water supply system when the pump started up.

Rock mechanical problems and optimization for the long and deep diversion tunnels at Jinping Ⅱ hydropower station

According to site-specific environments such as high water pressures, high in-situ stresses and strong rockbursts, the design scheme of the long and deep diversion tunnels at Jinping II hydropower station was optimized to ensure construction safety. New drainage tunnels were considered. Furthermore, lining structures and grouting pressures were modified during the excavation of tunnels. The construction scheme was updated dynamically based on the complex geological conditions. For instances, the diversion tunnels were first excavated by drilling and blasting method at the first stage of construction, and then by the combination method of tunnel boring machine （TBM） and drilling and blasting, and finally by drilling and blasting method. Through optimized scheme and updated construction scheme, the excavation of diversion tunnel #1 was successfully completed in June, 2011. This paper summarizes the key issues in rock mechanics associated with the construction of the long and deep diversion tunnels at Jinping II hydropower station. The experiences of design and construction obtained from this project could provide reference to similar projects.

Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic characteristics during the diversion closure in a horizontal tunnel

Based on water inrush accident of 1841 working face of Desheng Coal Mine in Wu'an, Hebei province, China, an evaluation model of hydrodynamic characteristics of the project is set up and simulated using Matlab. It is assumed that the pipe flow would transform into seepage flow when the aggregates are plugged into the water inrush channel and the seepage flow would disappear along with grouting process. The simulation results show that the flow velocity will increase with an increase in height of aggregates accumulation body during the aggregates filling process; the maximum seepage velocity occurs on the top of plugging zone; and the water flow decreases with increasing plugging height of water inrush channel. Finally, the field construction results show that the water inrush channel can be plugged effectively by the compacted body prepared with aggregate and cement slurry.

3D Finite Element Analysis of TBM Water Diversion Tunnel Segment Coupled with Seepage Field

In most studies of tunnel boring machine(TBM)tunnelling, the groundwater pressure was not considered, or was simplified and exerted on the boundary of lining structure. Meanwhile, the leakage, which mainly occurs in the segment joints, was often ignored in the relevant studies of TBM tunnelling. Additionally, the geological models in these studies were simplified to different extents, and mostly were simplified as homogenous bodies. Considering the deficiencies above, a 3D refined model of the surrounding rock of a tunnel is firstly established using NURBS-TIN-BRe P hybrid data structure in this paper. Then the seepage field of the surrounding rock considering the leakage in the segment joints is simulated. Finally, the stability of TBM water diversion tunnel is studied coupled with the seepage simulation, to analyze the stress-strain conditions, the axial force and the bending moment of tunnel segment considering the leakage in the segment joints. The results illustrate that the maximum radial displacement, the minimum principal stress, the maximum principal stress and the axial force of segment lining considering the seepage effect are all larger than those disregarding the seepage effect.

Application of the strength reduction FEM to diversion tunnel plug stability

Firstly,the common design principles for diversion tunnel plug are generalized,and two kinds of numerical analysis methods are discussed.Then the strength reduction FEM is introduced in numerical model analysis and the design steps of the plug's length are illustrated.During the progress to determine the plug's length,the equivalent plastic strain on the potential slip surface is assumed as the flag to tell the failure against sliding,and the plug stability is overall estimated from the plastic zone range and connectivity.

导流洞双层进水口优化与传统进水口对比研究

为了研究导流洞双层进水口优化体型后的水力特性,并对其与传统进水口布置进行比较,基于某抽水蓄能电站导流洞的设计参数,采用Fluent软件中的VOF水动力模型进行了三维数值模拟.通过改变竖井宽度,即改变水平洞与竖井进口面积比、去除竖井以及采用常规喇叭口进水口3种方案,对双层进水口进行了比较分析.分析重点包括相对流量、水流弗劳德数、相对压强以及水头损失系数等4个方面的特性.研究结果表明:面积比的变化对双层进水口的流量分配和流速分布产生了显著影响.相比于去除竖井的水平进水口,双层进水口在增加泄流量、降低进水口水头损失方面具有明显优势.在孔流流态下,双层进水口的泄流能力已接近单独采用喇叭口泄洪洞.结果显示,双层进水口的泄流主要以竖井下泄为主.在孔流流态时,双层进水口的泄流受下游泄洪洞断面的控制.其独特优势在于能快速对导流期的水平洞进行封堵,并在运行期间迅速进行泄放洞的改建,以便尽快进入运行状态.

基于不同围岩特性的隧洞衬砌厚度优化分析

基于不同围岩特性的隧洞衬砌厚度优化既能实现安全要求又可以降低工程投资。结合某电站引水隧洞,采用有限元分析法对隧洞在不同围岩特性下的受力情况进行数值模拟,计算分析在不同衬砌厚度下的应力、配筋及裂缝宽度情况,综合考虑安全性和经济性对结果进行分析比较,提出了针对不同围岩特性的隧洞衬砌厚度优化方案。研究结果表明,隧洞衬砌在运行期的应力情况是影响衬砌配筋的关键因素,不同围岩特性下衬砌厚度的选择应充分考虑隧洞衬砌应力、所需配筋及裂缝宽度因素影响,当衬砌达到一定厚度后,所需配筋及裂缝宽度趋于稳定。

岩溶隧洞突涌水灾害风险评价研究

受复杂地质条件的影响,岩溶隧洞在施工过程中极易发生突涌水灾害。为准确评估岩溶隧洞突涌水风险等级,将结构方程模型(SEM)与改进的模糊综合评价法(FCEM)相结合,构建岩溶隧洞突涌水风险评价模型。从地形地貌、气象水文、地层因素、地质构造、岩溶水文地质、施工因素6个方面深入研究;利用SEM确定各指标标准化路径系数并求得其权重,运用改进FCEM法对岩溶隧洞突涌水风险等级进行评价;以滇中引水工程昆呈隧洞为应用实例,利用Crystal Ball软件验证模型的有效性。结果表明:昆呈隧洞有90%的几率处于52~73分值区间范围内(Ⅲ级风险),与现场实际情况一致,表明基于SEM-改进FCEM法构建的岩溶隧洞突涌水风险评价模型具有一定的适用性;其中岩溶水文地质、地质构造、气象水文是该隧洞的主要影响因素,施工中应加强对这几方面的监控和量测,避免发生突涌水灾害。研究成果可为类似岩溶隧洞工程提供参考。

基于定额回归法的导流洞工程赶工费用计算

导流隧洞施工受水文、地质、施工环境等不确定性因素影响,常出现工期延误需进行赶工。针对水电站导流洞施工过程中的单一工期延误事件,分析了常见的变更方案及对应的理论延误工期确定方法,提出一种基于定额回归法的导流洞工程赶工费用计算方法,并将该方法应用于白鹤滩水电站导流洞施工中。结果表明,该方法能确定各延误事件与工序影响的对应关系,判别非承包商责任的工期延误和赶工事实,并计算出完整的赶回工期、赶工工序及赶工费用,为工程索赔提供了参考依据。

双洞双弯长陡坡导流隧洞明满交替流水力特性研究

双洞双弯长陡坡导流隧洞内,由于弯道螺旋流的影响,引起明满交替流流量区间增大,加之明满交替流的水力特性为非恒定流,导致洞内明满交替流的界定与导流设计流量的确定难度大幅增加。针对此问题,基于三维数学模型模拟,阐述洞内流态由明流经明满交替流转变为有压流的过程;提出携气有压流归为有压流范畴且作为明满交替流与有压流的分界流态;明确明满交替流的水力特征:上游相对作用水头为1.61~2.40;流态为自由面不连续且随时空变化;同一流量下库水位波动较大,内侧隧洞分流比随之呈正向变化,而外侧隧洞分流比则呈反向变化;沿程压力特性呈现有压流特性与明流特性交替变化,作用压力紊动性强。

基于TBM掘进大数据和特征参数的引水隧洞塌方分析

针对TBM掘进过程中缺乏对围岩质量和塌方风险快捷、精准的预测预警方法,通过对TBM掘进大数据的深入挖掘,结合对实际工程塌方数据的剖析,提出潜在塌方风险的辅助判断依据。首先,对冗杂、连续的原始采集数据进行预处理,获取高质量的分析数据;然后,基于参数的相关性分析提出围岩特征参数的计算方法,并围绕特征参数的合理性和适用性,通过理论推导、室内试验和现场原位掘进试验进行论证;最后,结合实际的TBM塌方案例分析特征参数与围岩地质情况的相关性,提出塌方风险快速判断依据。结果表明:基于TBM掘进数据获取的围岩特征参数在一定程度上反映了围岩质量,其数值与围岩质量正相关,当其数值显著降低、变幅超过69.2%时,当前的掘进循环极大可能存在塌方风险。

高压富水硬岩地层双护盾TBM前置式超前注浆堵水技术研究

晋中引黄输水隧洞双护盾TBM施工穿越高压富水裂隙,掌子面高压大流量突涌水严重,采用常规后置式超前注浆技术对掌子面突涌水进行超前处置效果不佳,主要原因是受外插角影响,采用常规后置式超前注浆存在注浆目标区域受限、钻探效率低、超前注浆控制难度大等问题,难以形成有效的止水帷幕结构。对隧洞水文地质条件、突涌水情况及超前注浆技术进行系统研究分析,提出双护盾TBM前置式超前注浆堵水工艺,通过优化注浆设备,在掌子面处实施超前注浆堵水。开展现场注浆试验,对坚硬岩面钻孔施工、注浆材料、注浆参数控制及注浆段长优化等技术进行研究,并根据现场试验信息,不断优化注浆设备及工艺。通过对晋中引黄输水隧洞实施前置式超前注浆堵水技术,洞内平均出水量降至3 702m~3/d,降幅达75.9%,同时在一定程度上提高了TBM施工效率。实践证明该技术方法有效。

导流洞复合式出口消能体型的研究与应用

狭窄河谷中高水头、大流量、复杂地质条件的工程前期导流工程面临高速水流泄洪问题,对消能体型要求较高。基于水工物理模型试验对某水利枢纽导流洞出口消能体型进行优化探索,先后提出右岸导向、洞线偏移、左岸分流、强迫消能+左岸分流4种布置方案,通过对水流流态、流速和冲刷特性等水力参数进行测定和比选,最终推荐强迫消能+左岸分流的复合式消能体型,并对推荐体型对大小流量工况的适应性进行导流全过程试验分析。结果表明:复合式消能体型在各工况下消能效率较高,围堰及左岸近岸流速明显降低,分散水流能有效封堵回流,水面波动强度减弱,主流顺利归槽,冲淤情况良好,保护左岸免受冲刷。该复合式消能体型能够满足工程消能及安全稳定要求,可为具有类似特点的导流洞工程的出口设计提供参考。

TBM引水隧洞施工模拟管片力学特性影响因素分析

为探究不同影响因素对引水隧洞施工过程管片位移和应力的影响,以榕江-关埠引水隧洞工程典型区间段为例,建立“围岩-管片-内张钢圈”组合结构的三维精细化有限元模型,模拟引水隧洞工程的施工开挖过程,研究隧洞埋深、围岩类型和注浆体刚度3个因素对施工期管片力学特性的影响。结果表明:TBM引水隧洞施工开挖过程中管片位移随着开挖环数增加而逐渐增大,减小隧洞埋深、增强围岩类型(Ⅴ类→Ⅱ类)和增强注浆属性将会降低管片的位移,其最大值分别为1.670 mm、1.406 mm和1.863 mm;管片压应力随开挖环数增加而逐渐增大,拉应力呈先减小后增加的趋势;增大隧洞埋深、降低围岩类型(Ⅱ类→Ⅴ类)和削弱注浆属性将会增加管片的应力,其中管片压应力最大值分别为5.765 MPa、4.833 MPa和6.165 MPa,均满足规范要求。在实际工程中,建议对埋深大和围岩质量差的隧洞工程重点监测,研究结果可为类似的引水隧洞工程提供参考。

The variation of DOM during long distance water transport by the China South to North Water Diversion Scheme and impact on drinking water treatment

In this study,samples were taken from three locations,upstream to downstream,along the central route project of the China South to North Water Diversion(SNWD)scheme in summer and winter.These were used to reveal the variations of dissolved organic matter(DOM)during the water transfer process,and the effects of these variations on drinking water treatment and disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPs-FP).The results showed that polysaccharides accumulate in summer and reduce in winter with flow distance,which has an important effect on the overall properties of DOM,as well as on the performance of coagulation,ultrafiltration,and the formation of DBPs.Humic substances,and their hydrophilic content,also increased in summer and decreased in winter with flow distance.In contrast,the concentration of small organic substances(MW⩽1000 Da)increased in both summer and winter with flow distance,which affected both nanofiltration(NF)membrane fouling and DBPs-FP.The results provide a useful case study of spatial and temporal changes in raw water DOM during long distance water transfer and their impact on the treatment and quality of drinking water from the SNWD.

湖南省桂阳抽水蓄能电站高压引水隧洞稳定性分析

为研究湖南桂阳抽水蓄能电站高压引水隧洞稳定性,在工程区开展了高压压水试验和地应力测试,定量描述了隧洞围岩在高内水压力作用下的渗透特性,分析了整个工程区特别是重要工程部位的岩体应力状态,在此基础上根据围岩条件、抗抬理论准则、最小主应力准则、渗透准则评价了高压引水隧洞的渗透稳定性。结果表明:(1)工程区水平主应力大小总体上随深度的增加而增大,3个主应力之间的关系为SH>SZ>Sh,属于走滑型应力状态,钻孔附近地壳浅表层的最大水平主应力方位平均为NW32°,高压岔管及厂房区域属中等-低地应力区。高压压水试验结果显示隧洞围岩属于弱至微透水岩体;(2)高压引水隧洞各洞段具有足够的埋深条件,满足抗抬理论准则,同时隧洞围岩的抗渗透能力及抗水力劈裂能力均较好,基本满足钢筋混凝土衬砌方案的要求。

跨活断层隧洞抗错断技术模型试验研究

长大隧洞工程不可避免地要跨越活动断裂带及其影响区域,为减少因断层错动而导致的隧洞结构破坏,抗错断设计是隧洞设计的重要内容。以滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞为背景,对包括铰接设计、扩挖-缓冲层设计以及铰接-扩挖-缓冲层在内的3种抗错断措施进行模型试验研究;从衬砌内部破坏、隧洞整体破坏、衬砌应变方面,对上述3种抗错断措施抗断效果进行了验证评估。研究结果表明:(1)从隧洞衬砌结构内部破坏特征来看,铰接设计与扩挖-缓冲层设计都可以对衬砌起到保护作用。(2)从隧洞整体变形和裂纹分布来看,使用铰接设计增大了隧洞在断层带区域的变形程度,但减小了衬砌本身的破坏;使用扩挖-缓冲层设计不仅减小了隧洞在断层带区域的变形,同时也相对减小了对衬砌本身的破坏,经铰接-扩挖-缓冲层设计的隧洞变形几乎只出现在铰接处,衬砌破坏更小。(3)从隧洞纵向应变分布规律来看,扩挖设计和铰接设计都减小了衬砌的应变,其中铰接设计对衬砌应变的减弱最为突出。相关研究成果可为跨活断裂隧洞实际工程中抗错断方案的选用提供参考。

引水隧洞三岔口平面布置设计与施工稳定性研究

【目的】为解决龙潭隧洞2#施工支洞与主洞交叉口地形狭窄、物流组织复杂和施工时相互干扰大,受力复杂,围岩稳定性较差等问题。【方法】提出在主支洞交叉口设置井底转渣车场,详细阐述了井底下沉式无轨有轨立体转换渣场布置总体方案,并通过数值模拟确定施工不利影响区域和应重点关注的工序。【结果】该方案促进了三岔口的安全快速施工,并有效提高了后续隧洞施工的出渣及物料运输效率。【结论】在设有大坡度斜井的隧洞施工中,合理进行井底渣场设置能够解决隧洞施工时物料运输的物流组织问题。隧洞施工时,三岔口隧道围岩变形量较大,故应重点关注三岔口的挑顶施工,并加强对三岔口围岩的支护。

两机一洞尾水调压室阻抗损失系数模型试验研究

水电站引水发电系统中调压室的阻抗损失系数是影响机组过渡过程计算结果的重要因素,目前阻抗损失系数一般在行业规范推荐的范围内进行取值,往往与试验值有所偏差,不利于调压室体型的优化设计。通过采用大比尺的调压室水工模型,对两机一洞型式的水电站阻抗式尾水调压室进行大流量条件下的水力学试验,研究不同水流流态和分流比对调压室阻抗损失系数的影响,分析控制工况下调压室的流入和流出阻抗损失系数,给出了调压室阻抗损失系数与分流比的拟合公式和关系曲线。研究结果填补了两机一洞型式的水电站尾水调压室阻抗损失系数试验的空白,可为此类调压室的水力计算分析提供依据。

驮英水库泄洪隧洞方案比选

驮英水库泄洪隧洞方案选用“龙抬头”连接型式(不共用进水口布置方案)与短斜坡连接型式(共用进水口布置方案)等两种方案。本文从结构安全、运行调度、工程施工、工程投资等方面进行比选,推荐短斜坡连接型式(共用进水口布置)方案为实施方案。