Study on the Technology of Supplying Water Safely by Long-Distance Pipeline

The extensively built long-distance water transmission pipelines have become the main water sources for urban areas. To ensure the reliability and safety of the water supply, from the viewpoint of overall management, it would be necessary to establish a system of information management for the pipeline. The monitoring, calculating and analyzing functions of the system serve to give controlling instructions and safe operating rules to the automatic equipment and technician, making sure the resistance coefficient distribution along the pipeline is reasonable; the hydraulic state transition is smooth when operating conditions change or water supply accidents occur, avoiding the damage of water hammer. This paper covered the composition structures of the information management system of long-distance water transmission pipelines and the functions of the subsystems, and finally elaborated on the approaches and steps of building a mathematics model for the analysis of dynamic hydraulic status.

Criterions and Measures of Route Selection of Shallowly Embedded Long-Distance Oil and Gas Pipeline in Mountain Areas

According to the engineering investigation of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, the criterions and measures of route selection are drawn as follows： the flat landform is the first choice in route alignment. The foot of mountain is the first choice when the route passes by the valley. The route should pass by but the shady and deposited slope and not in sunny and erosive slope as possible as it can. The pipeline should be vertical to contour climbing and descending the mountain except steep slope. Tunnel can be used in crossing foothill. Perpendicularly traversing the river is better than beveling; the worst choice is to put the pipeline along the river. Bypass is the best choice in karsts area. The order of route selection should be pre-choosing, investigation, optimization and adjustment.

THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-DISTANCE OILPIPELINE ENGINEERING

The oilfield construction and long-distance oil pipeline engineering has been developed extensively in China. The risk assessment of oil industry will, however, be an important objective to cope with the development of oil industry , The risk assessment of oil industry has many subjects worthy to be studied.The major purpose of the paper is to research the risk cases of long-distance oil pipeline engineering in Ganshu and Shaanxi provinces.

Water hammer protection for diversion systems in front of pumps in long-distance water supply projects

For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention. In this study, a water hammer protection scheme combined with an overflow surge tank and a regulating valve was developed. A mathematical model of the overflow surge tank was developed, and an analytical formula for the height of the overflow surge tank was derived. Furthermore, a practical water supply project was used to evaluate the feasibility of the combined protection scheme and analyze the sensitivity of valve regulation rules. The results showed that the combined protection scheme effectively reduced the height of the surge tank, lessened the difficulties related to construction, and reduced the necessary financial investment for the project. The two-stage closing rule articulated as fast first and then slow could minimize the overflow volume of the surge tank when the power failure occurred, while the two-stage opening rule articulated as slow first and then fast could be more conducive to the safety of the water supply system when the pump started up.

Reduced-order modeling and vibration transfer analysis of a fluid-delivering branch pipeline that consider fluid–solid interactions

The efficient dynamic modeling and vibration transfer analysis of a fluid-delivering branch pipeline(FDBP)are essential for analyzing vibration coupling effects and implementing vibration reduction optimization.Therefore,this study proposes a reduced-order dynamic modeling method suitable for FDBPs and then analyzes the vibration transfer characteristics.For the modeling method,the finite element method and absorbing transfer matrix method(ATMM)are integrated,considering the fluid–structure coupling effect and fluid disturbances.The dual-domain dynamic substructure method is developed to perform the reduced-order modeling of FDBP,and ATMM is adopted to reduce the matrix order when solving fluid disturbances.Furthermore,the modeling method is validated by experiments on an H-shaped branch pipeline.Finally,transient and steady-state vibration transfer analyses of FDBP are performed,and the effects of branch locations on natural characteristics and vibration transfer behavior are analyzed.Results show that transient vibration transfer represents the transfer and conversion of the kinematic,strain,and damping energies,while steady-state vibration transfer characteristics are related to the vibration mode.In addition,multiple-order mode exchanges are triggered when branch locations vary in frequency-shift regions,and the mode-exchange regions are also the transformation ones for vibration transfer patterns.

Numerical simulation of a gas pipeline network using computational fluid dynamics simulators

This article describes numerical simulation of gas pipeline network operation using high-accuracy computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulators of the modes of gas mixture transmission through long, multi-line pipeline systems (CFD-simulator). The approach used in CFD-simulators for modeling gas mixture transmission through long, branched, multi-section pipelines is based on tailoring the full system of fluid dynamics equations to conditions of unsteady, non-isothermal processes of the gas mixture flow. Identification, in a CFD-simulator, of safe parameters for gas transmission through compressor stations amounts to finding the interior points of admissible sets described by systems of nonlinear algebraic equalities and inequalities. Such systems of equalities and inequalities comprise a formal statement of technological, design, operational and other constraints to which operation of the network equipment is subject. To illustrate the practicability of the method of numerical simulation of a gas transmission network, we compare computation results and gas flow parameters measured on-site at the gas transmission enter-prise.

The CMEKF Method for Sub-Sea Pipeline Monitoring and Leak Detection

A practical approach is discussed for sub-sea pipeline monitoring and leak detection based on the real time transient model . The characteristic method of transient simulation is coupled with the Extended Kalman Filter to estimate the system state where the only observed data are inlet and outlet flow rate and pressure. Because EKF has a time variant track under the non-stationary stochastic process with additive Gaussian noise, the high sensitivity of RTTM to non-stationary operating condition is reduced. A leak location recursion estimation formula is presented based on the real time observed data. The results of 27 groups of test data indicate that the procedure presented is sensitive to a wide range of detectable leak sizes and has a low average relative error of leak location .

基于蜂鸟E203的多级动态分支预测器

近年来,以蜂鸟E203为代表的开源RISC-V微处理器由于功耗低、性能好等优势,受到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注和应用。为提高微处理器性能,降低分支指令造成的流水线停顿,指令分支预测技术成为现代微处理器中广泛应用的重要技术之一。然而,蜂鸟E203现采用的分支预测器是轻量级的静态分支预测器,面临分支预测准确率较低的挑战。由于使用预测准确率较高的动态分支预测器,可以进一步降低由于预测错误导致的重定向取指所产生的开销,因此,针对上述挑战,在原微架构的基础上探索了多种动态分支预测器的实现,提高了分支预测精度并且兼顾了资源开销。实验结果表明,多种动态分支预测器中获得最优结果的是使用静态分支预测结合基于分支历史寄存器BHR的自适应动态分支预测器,在Dhrystone基准测试程序上其分支预测精度可从原来的84.6%最高提升至94.8%,分数从原来的1.296463提高到1.314418,在Coremark基准测试程序上其分支预测精度可从原来的67%提升至78.7%,分数从原来的2.120000提升至2.138008。

基于重参数化和联合分支的城市地下管道缺陷检测

城市地下管道是城市重要的基础设施之一,及时排查管道缺陷对城市的发展起着较为重要的作用,针对目前的管道缺陷检测模型参数量大、实时性较差等问题,提出一种改进的FCOS城市地下管道缺陷检测方法.首先,引入轻量的MobileOne网络,通过结构重参数化将多分支网络转换为单分支网络,减小模型规模;然后引入分类和IoU的联合分支使模型的训练和推理过程保持一致,并利用平衡因子优化QFL损失函数,提升模型分类预测效果.实验结果表明:改进后的FCOS模型相比于基线模型的平均精度提升1.83%,检测速度FPS达到48.6,模型参数量下降17.85 M,有效提升了城市地下管道缺陷检测性能,并且相比于其他优秀的目标检测算法,也具有一定的优势.

五级流水线RISC-V微处理器的研究与设计

针对嵌入式领域低开销、高性能的应用需求,设计一种基于RISC-V开源指令集架构的32 bit微处理器。采用顺序发射、顺序执行、乱序写回的五级流水线结构,实现了整型和乘除法指令集模块组合。为了应对流水线冲突,处理器采用动态分支预测技术,设计数据相关性控制和乱序写回机制。使用Verilog进行设计并采用先进高性能总线(AHB)和高级外围总线(APB)为互联总线协议构建片上系统(SoC)。在仿真环境下通过编写RV32IM汇编指令测试程序,完成对处理器逻辑功能的验证。在Vivado综合工具下添加时序约束和物理约束条件后,对处理器代码进行逻辑综合并分析处理器硬件资源利用情况,最后将综合生成的码流文件下载到Xilinx Artix-7(XC7A200T-2FBG484I)现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)开发板中并以50 MHz的主频运行CoreMark程序,CoreMark跑分达到3.25 CoreMark/MHz。实验结果表明,处理器性能跑分与ARM Cortex-M3系列处理器基本持平,在各项技术对比指标相同的前提下,所设计的处理器跑分均优于RISC-V处理器对比项。所设计的处理器逻辑功能正确,使用较低的硬件开销,取得相对较高的性能指标,适用于成本受限的高性能嵌入式应用领域。

综合管廊电力分支舱与市政管线施工优化研究

城市综合管廊是指在城市地下建造一个隧道空间,将电力、通信、热力、给水等各类工程管线集于一体,地上附着物为出线口及通风口等设施,是保障城市运行的重要基础设施和“生命线”。综合管廊能够有效避免不同种类的市政管线在运行过程中彼此产生交互影响,减少城市地面空间的使用,并且在后续开展保养维护工作的过程中也能够有效提高工作效率。通过研究综合管廊电力分支舱与市政管线有效结合施工,通过调整管廊及电力分支结构及相交管线的结合方案,在保证管线布设的安全与质量的前提下,又能大幅提高管廊及电力舱的实用性。

空气源热泵空调除霜模式瞬态冲击与减振方法研究

某特定型号空气源热泵空调在北方0℃至-20℃低环境温度下运行2至5个制热季后,会出现冷凝器支管泄漏的不良问题,经排查发现冷凝器支管与冷凝器管板接触的位置发生磨损,导致制冷剂泄漏。采用西门子振动测试设备对发生制冷剂泄漏的热泵空调进行振动数据采集,结合有限元分析,发现导致冷凝器支管磨漏的原因是热泵空调除霜工况下四通阀切换时产生的振动冲击,经铜管传递至冷凝器支管,冷凝器支管与冷凝器管板翻遍孔过盈配合处产生相对振动。寒冷冬季情况下,冷凝器结霜速率快,热泵空调频繁进入除霜工况,四通阀频繁切换加速了冷凝器支管的磨损,最终发生泄漏。针对该问题,设计了新的减振胶块,将胶块安装在集气管和冷凝器支管振幅最大的位置,减轻四通阀冲击引起的支管振动,经试验测试,振幅降低50%以上,整改前,一个制热季冷凝器支管泄漏引起的售后为767起,直接损失金额为900500元;次年整改后,一个制热季冷凝器支管泄漏引起的售后为58起,直接损失金额66400元,整改后的售后件数降幅约为92%。

高落差多分支管路结构对多联式空调系统能力影响的快速仿真

大型高层建筑所采用的多联式空调系统中,室外机与室内机之间存在高落差、管路结构中存在众多分支,导致室内机能力的衰减。为了提高大型高层建筑中多联式空调系统室内机的能力,需要开发可以快速评估管路分支与落差对于室内机能力影响的仿真软件。本文建立了管路分布参数模型和基于流体网络理论的系统流量分配模型,以准确反映管路内制冷剂的流动特性;建立了室内机换热器分相模型和电子膨胀阀脉冲数快速计算模型,以快速反映室内机的运行状态;开发了分层迭代的求解算法,以提高软件计算的速度。同时采用已有数据进行模型验证,结果表明:各模型的误差均在±12%范围内;常见的多联机结构形式下仿真的计算时间均在1 min范围内。利用仿真软件的算例分析得到:室内机与室外机间的落差每增加20 m,室内机能力衰减2.7%~11.9%;管路中经过的分支个数每增加1个,室内机能力衰减0.4%~9.7%。

垂直支管位置对等径三通管内爆炸气流及流场的影响分析

三通管支管位置变化影响管内爆炸气流分布及爆炸后果,为研究其影响规律,构建等径垂直支管三通管道模型,通过数值模拟和试验测试,计算和分析爆炸气流传播、流场变化、速度峰值及压力峰值规律。结果表明:在垂直支管B与水平支管C长度相同的工况下,C内的速度峰值整体大于B,两支管内的最大气流速度峰值均出现在分岔处,为228 m/s,比A管小26.7%;初次点火正向气流传播和末端反射的正向传播气流均会导致三通处流场气流旋涡、强湍流动能区域和速度峰值;支管位置不同工况下,三通管内气流速度峰值最大值均出现在水平管内;垂直支管内气流速度峰值随监测点距离增加均呈下降趋势,垂直支管内速度峰值与压力峰值呈现明显的反比关系。

环枝状集输管网布局拓扑优化研究

为提高环枝状集输管网的布局结构,降低初期产能投资和后期运行费用,在考虑井式约束、集输半径约束、节点隶属约束、处理量约束、节点流量平衡约束和双层布局约束的基础上,以总投资费用最小为目标函数,建立了适合环枝状集输管网优化的混合整数非线性规划模型,考察了不同约束条件、优化条件和优化算法对优化结果的影响,并通过实例分析验证本算法的有效性。结果表明:不同约束条件下,阀组和中央处理厂的位置及管网结构有所差异,优化的管网结构均为上层枝状、下层环状;集输半径约束对投资费用的影响远大于井式约束和处理量约束;整体优化较分层优化结果更加合理。果蝇优化算法的收敛迭代次数为35,计算时间12.13 s,与其余求解算法进行对比,在求解稳定性和收敛速度上具有一定的优越性。研究结果可为油气田地面工程的优化设计提供理论依据。

江西一期管网支线清管内检测作业实施过程分析

目前天然气支线管道清管作业经常会面临气体流速偏低、需要保障下游用户用气的问题,在实际清管作业前需要充分研讨分析,保证作业期间的管道运营安全。对江西一期管网余江站至鹰潭站和新建站至南昌站两条支线清管作业过程进行分析,从管网概况、用户供气量分析、气体流速调节、清管监听、作业安全等方面入手,开展了省级管网支线清管作业实践。作业前通过TGNET软件模拟在不同工况下清管器的运行速度,通过调整工艺流程,使管道气体流速符合清管要求。

分岔管道内瓦斯爆炸火焰传播规律实验及数值模拟

为了研究煤矿井下瓦斯爆炸火焰在分岔巷道内的传播规律,自制45°分岔管道实验装置开展甲烷体积分数为9.5%的瓦斯爆炸火焰传播实验,用Fluent 16.0软件模拟分岔管道内瓦斯爆炸火焰传播过程。对比分析实验数据与模拟结果,得到分岔管道瓦斯爆炸火焰传播的变化规律。研究结果表明:1)分岔管道内瓦斯爆炸火焰在分岔处产生漩涡,加速管道内爆炸火焰湍流化,火焰冲击反射现象明显;2)分岔支管截面处爆炸火焰温度、传播速度、冲击波超压与离子电流峰值最大;3)瓦斯爆炸火焰传播的模拟结果与实验数据在数值上存在一定差异,但各参量总体变化趋势相同。研究结果为深入认识井下瓦斯爆炸传播机制和在巷道分岔处采取瓦斯爆炸火焰传播抑制措施提供一定参考。

用于海底管道维修的组合式机械三通研制

组合式机械三通是海底管道维修的重要设备,主要由上半瓦、下半瓦、轴向密封条、径向密封条、半瓦锥塞以及联接螺栓等组成。由于采用螺栓联接,避免了焊接质量差的水下焊接,可直接用于海底管道维修。该组合式机械三通密封的特殊设计使之能配合开孔机开出与管道内径相等的孔;组合式机械三通两端设置的半瓦锥塞具有紧紧咬住管道的能力,使之在工作过程中具有防止其本身及相连设备翻倒的功能。

高温高压蒸汽管道应变测量及应力分析

火力发电厂蒸汽管道是一个庞大复杂的结构体系,运行数年后,由于高温引起的安装应力使管道支吊架松驰,管道结构发生变形,导致非计划性停机检修,影响电网经济和安全运行。为找出管道的最大应力及应力分布,提出了用高温应变测量分析方法,对高温压力下的蒸汽管道进行现场应力测试,通过重新合理调整支吊架,大幅降低了管道结构应力并达到延寿的目的,实际验证表明该方法具有良好的降应力效果。

两种流道形式三通内部流场数值模拟

应用数值计算软件对T形结构和优化型结构流道形式三通管道的湍流流动进行了分析计算,采用Segre-gated隐式解法应用标准k-ε双方程模型计算湍流粘度得到了三通管内部的流场分布,并对三通管道内流动的特性进行分析,得出三通管道湍流流动的计算结果。对比两种不同流道形式的三通管道内流动的特性,得出了两种三通管道湍流流动的计算结果和较小局部水头损失的流道形式。