Water hammer protection for diversion systems in front of pumps in long-distance water supply projects

For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention. In this study, a water hammer protection scheme combined with an overflow surge tank and a regulating valve was developed. A mathematical model of the overflow surge tank was developed, and an analytical formula for the height of the overflow surge tank was derived. Furthermore, a practical water supply project was used to evaluate the feasibility of the combined protection scheme and analyze the sensitivity of valve regulation rules. The results showed that the combined protection scheme effectively reduced the height of the surge tank, lessened the difficulties related to construction, and reduced the necessary financial investment for the project. The two-stage closing rule articulated as fast first and then slow could minimize the overflow volume of the surge tank when the power failure occurred, while the two-stage opening rule articulated as slow first and then fast could be more conducive to the safety of the water supply system when the pump started up.

Fiber optic sensing and performance evaluation of a water conveyance tunnel with composite linings under super-high internal pressures

For long-distance water conveyance shield tunnels in operation,the high internal water pressure may cause excessive deformation of composite linings,affecting their structural integrity and serviceability.However,the deformation and failure characteristics of lining structures under internal water pressure are not well investigated in the literature,particularly for three-layer composite linings.This study presents an in situ experimental investigation on the response of two types of composite linings(i.e.separated and combined lining structures)subjected to internal pressures,in which a fiber optic nerve system(FONS)equipped with distributed strain and displacement sensing nerves was employed to monitor the performance of the two composite linings during testing.The experimental results clearly show that the damage of the tunnel lining under different internal pressures was mainly located in the self-compaction concrete layer.The separated lining structure responded more aggressively to the variations in internal pressures than the combined one.Moreover,two evaluation indices,i.e.radial displacement and effective stiffness coefficient,are proposed for describing the changes in the structural bearing performance.The effective stiffness coefficients of the two types of lining structures were reduced by 39.4%and 29.5%,respectively.Considering the convenience of field monitoring,it is suggested that the average strains at different layers can be used as characteristic parameters for estimating the health conditions of lining structures in service.The analysis results provide a practical reference for the design and health evaluation of water conveyance shield tunnels with composite linings.

Study on the Technology of Supplying Water Safely by Long-Distance Pipeline

The extensively built long-distance water transmission pipelines have become the main water sources for urban areas. To ensure the reliability and safety of the water supply, from the viewpoint of overall management, it would be necessary to establish a system of information management for the pipeline. The monitoring, calculating and analyzing functions of the system serve to give controlling instructions and safe operating rules to the automatic equipment and technician, making sure the resistance coefficient distribution along the pipeline is reasonable; the hydraulic state transition is smooth when operating conditions change or water supply accidents occur, avoiding the damage of water hammer. This paper covered the composition structures of the information management system of long-distance water transmission pipelines and the functions of the subsystems, and finally elaborated on the approaches and steps of building a mathematics model for the analysis of dynamic hydraulic status.

3D Finite Element Simulation of Tunnel Boring Machine Construction Processes in Deep Water Conveyance Tunnel

Applying stiffness migration method,a 3D finite element mechanical model is established to simulate the excavation and advance processes.By using 3D nonlinear finite element method,the tunnel boring machine(TBM) excavation process is dynamically simulated to analyze the stress and strain field status of surrounding rock and segment.The maximum tensile stress of segment ring caused by tunnel construction mainly lies in arch bottom and presents zonal distribution.The stress increases slightly and limitedly in the course of excavation.The maximum and minimum displacements of segment,manifesting as zonal distribution,distribute in arch bottom and vault respectively.The displacements slightly increase with the advance of TBM and gradually tend to stability.

Eco-water conveyances applied to control desertification at the lower reaches of the Tarim River

The lower reaches of the Tarim River are one of the areas suffering from most severe sandy desertification in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Irrational utilization of water and land resources results in eco-environmental deterioration in the Tarim River. In May 2000, the local government carried out the water conveyances project in the Tarim River. The influence of water conveyance on desertification reversion is analyzed and discussed according to the monitoring data in the past three years. Based on monitored data of the nine observed sections, along the channel of conveyance, the intensity and scope of desertification reversion in the upper reaches are larger than those in the lower reaches. Dynamic changes of desertification reversion are more obvious from the channel of conveyance to its two sides. However, the range of influence and intensity of desertification reversion is limited at present. It is suggested that the way and range of water conveyances should be adjusted in the future.

Land use/land cover change responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin.However,excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources,particularly water resources,have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems,such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river,deterioration of water quality,drying up of downstream rivers,degradation of vegetation,and land desertification.In this study,the land use/land cover change(LUCC)responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI(Environment for Visualizing Images)and GIS(Geographic Information System)data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018.Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used.The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km^(2) during this period,accounting for 15.79%of the total study area.From 1990 to 2018,wetland,farmland,forestland,and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km^(2)(216.77%),446.68 km^(2)(123.66%),284.55 km^(2)(5.67%),and 57.51 km^(2)(217.96%),respectively,whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types,such as Gobi,bare soil,and deserts,decreased by 103.34 km2(14.31%)and 1218.83 km2(11.75%),respectively.Vegetation area decreased first and then increased,with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018.LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation,irregularity,and complexity.By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018,we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River.This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.

Predictive analysis of stress regime and possible squeezing deformation for super-long water conveyance tunnels in Pakistan

The prediction of the stress field of deep-buried tunnels is a fundamental problem for scientists and engineers. In this study, the authors put forward a systematic solution for this problem. Databases from the World Stress Map and the Crustal Stress of China, and previous research findings can offer prediction of stress orientations in an engineering area. At the same time, the Andersonian theory can be used to analyze the possible stress orientation of a region. With limited in-situ stress measurements, the Hoek–Brown Criterion can be used to estimate the strength of rock mass in an area of interest by utilizing the geotechnical investigation data, and the modified Sheorey's model can subsequently be employed to predict the areas' stress profile, without stress data, by taking the existing in-situ stress measurements as input parameters. In this paper, a case study was used to demonstrate the application of this systematic solution. The planned Kohala hydropower plant is located on the western edge of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.Three hydro-fracturing stress measurement campaigns indicated that the stress state of the area is SH>-Sh> SVor SH> SV> Sh. The measured orientation of SHis NEE(N70.3°–89°E), and the regional orientation of SHfrom WSM is NE, which implies that the stress orientation of shallow crust may be affected by landforms. The modified Sheorey model was utilized to predict the stress profile along the water sewage tunnel for the plant. Prediction results show that the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses of the points with the greatest burial depth were up to 56.70 and 40.14 MPa, respectively, and the stresses of areas with a burial depth of greater than 500 m were higher. Based on the predicted stress data, large deformations of the rock mass surrounding water conveyance tunnels were analyzed. Results showed that the large deformations will occur when the burial depth exceeds 300 m. When the burial depth is beyond 800 m, serious squeezing deformations will occur in the surrounding rock masses, thus requiring more attention in the design and construction. Based on the application efficiency in this case study, this prediction method proposed in this paper functions accurately.

离心泵变频调速在长距离输水工程中的应用与研究

介绍了南水北调大兴支线工程输水管道系统,特别是在处理水锤现象和保证安全输水方面的应对措施。对整个输水系统建立数学模型,阐述数学模型在供水系统瞬变流数值计算中的应用,对比离心泵启动及停止瞬态过程中工频与变频的变化对整个系统安全运行的影响,并提出了大兴支线输水工程过渡过程计算分析结果。通过建立合理的数学模型和设置边界条件,可有效解决供水系统瞬变流产生的问题,保证输水管道系统的安全稳定运行,为长距离输水工程设计及运行管理提供参考依据。

湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构施工风险评估

为了提高针对湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构法施工安全评估的可靠性,从人员管理、机械材料、施工技术、施工环境4个方面构建较为完善的施工安全风险评估指标体系;利用灰色-DEMATEL方法对中心度进行处理得到风险指标权重;以风险发生概率和风险损失程度两个维度为基础构建二维云评估模型,其中发生概率由主、客观方法相结合来确定,损失程度通过改进雷达图法从人员伤亡、经济损失、工期延误、功能缺陷和环境影响5个方面来综合确定。将该评估模型运用到引汉济渭工程X输水隧洞盾构法施工项目的安全评估中。结果表明:该项目施工风险评估等级为Ⅱ级,施工安全风险程度较小,评价结果符合工程实际,验证了该评估模型的可行性和有效性。研究成果可为湿陷性黄土区类似输水隧洞盾构法施工安全风险评估提供借鉴和参考。

长距离输水管道工程超大跨径托管桥方案比选研究

输水管道跨越沟渠、河道、山谷常采用桁架跨越、拱桥跨越、悬索跨越、斜拉索跨越等形式,但各种跨越形式均存在一定的问题。文章介绍准东供水工程长距离输水管道跨越渠道采用变截面连续钢箱梁桥,最大单跨跨径150m,为国内规模最大的同类型托管结构,其设计荷载为1.8m直径有压输水管,每延米水管及满管水重与3车道汽车满载相近。通过对悬索桥、拱桥、混凝土连续梁桥及变截面连续钢箱梁桥四种桥型从施工工期、经济性、抗震性能及抗风性能等多方面进行综合分析,最终选择了受冬期影响最小(施工期最短)且造价最低的80m+150m+80m变截面连续钢箱梁桥方案。输水管桥具有大跨径、窄桥面、风荷载大等特点,文中介绍的设计理念、计算方法、施工方案,可为类似工程提供借鉴。

塔里木河干流生态系统变化与生态效益分析

以提取1990—2020年植被覆盖度、遥感生态指数、人类干扰指数等遥感生态指标来反映塔里木河干流生态输水工程实施前后,生态状况变化趋势。将遥感生态指标作为驱动因子,提出一种改进的生态系统服务价值计算法,量化供给、调节、支持、文化功能的生态系统服务价值,分析各功能间权衡和协同效应的动态演变关系,对1990—2020年累积生态效益进行估算。结果表明:(1)生态输水以来,干流有近1/3的区域植被覆盖度增加,较低、中、较高、高植被覆盖度面积占比分别增加17%、5%、2%、2.9%。(2)上游生态系统服务价值先增加后渐趋稳定,中、下游生态系统服务价值先增加后减小再增加,表明中、下游对生态输水的响应存在一段滞后期,且受来水水量影响较大。(3)调节和支持功能之间存在协同效应,供给与调节和支持功能之间存在权衡效应。(4)生态输水后期,干流上、中、下游累积生态效益均表现出“边际效益递减规律”,据此从生态修复角度出发,给出断面年径流量的适宜范围,上游不超过42.5×10^(8)m^(3),中游不超过21.5×10^(8)m^(3),下游不超过3.5×10^(8)m^(3)。研究结果可为优化生态水水量配置提供科学指导。

南水北调中线工程输水建筑物整流累积效应研究

为分析输水建筑物整流对南水北调中线工程输水能力的影响,以陶岔渠首闸至十二里河渡槽渠段为例,建立一二维耦合水动力模型,其中渠道段采用一维模型,4个输水建筑物段(刁河渡槽、湍河渡槽、严陵河渡槽和淇河倒虹吸)采用二维模型,利用多年实测数据对耦合模型进行率定。分别对无整流方案和15种整流方案进行模拟计算,分析不同整流方案对上下游的影响,进而确定水头损失最小的整流方案。结果表明:单体整流影响范围为建筑物上下游3~5 km,多个建筑物整流的累积效果小于单个建筑物整流效果的线性叠加;对渠段中间2个输水建筑物(湍河渡槽、严陵河渡槽)进行整流的效果优于对上下游2个输水建筑物(刁河渡槽、淇河倒虹吸)进行整流的效果。

新形势下南水北调中线工程智慧调度的研究框架思考

南水北调中线工程智慧调度是新形势下实现精确精准调水、支撑工程高质量发展的重要途径。系统分析了南水北调中线工程通水以来的运行条件变化,提出了新形势下中线工程智慧调度需解决的关键科学技术问题,并提出了未来重点研究内容:要在研究复杂调水系统多水源多用户水资源均衡调配方法基础上,研发中线工程多场景输水智慧调控技术、事故智能预警与精细控制技术体系、决策支持平台,形成中线工程调度的科学决策管理模式,为国家水网重大工程智慧调度管理提供科学应用范式。

显式算法中三维黏弹性人工边界应用及输水隧洞动力响应分析

为确保大型复杂三维有限元模型动力响应分析的稳定性及高效性,结合二维黏弹性边界理论及其在动力显式分析中稳定性的改善方法,提出了一种适用于ABAQUS/Explicit模块的三维黏弹性人工边界方法,并依托某输水隧洞与临近高铁隧道的立交工程,在设有三维黏弹性边界的基础上研究高速列车振动荷载对既有水工隧洞的振动影响特性。结果表明,采用动力显式分析时,稳定性改善后的黏弹性人工边界具有良好的吸能效果,满足远域地基的回弹性能;振动荷载对输水隧洞的动力影响随着作用距离的增大而减小,且各断面的动力响应极值均出现在底板中心。

闸墙长廊道侧支孔输水系统出流均匀性分析与布置优化

针对船闸分散式输水系统前后段支孔出流流量及出流时间不同的问题,依托国内某已建船闸,建立数学模型,通过计算数据与实测资料的耦合,验证模型适用性。在模型基础上修改支孔面积,模拟不同支孔面积比下各支孔的出流量,并利用方差和均匀性系数评价不同工况的出流均匀性。结果表明:1)支孔出流量前端支孔出流较早,输水中期和后期的流量较小;末端支孔出流较晚,但由于管道末端的压力较大,输水中期和后期的流量较大。2)支孔出流均匀性随前后支孔面积比的增大呈现先提高后降低的趋势。3)本工程前后支孔面积比情况良好。

TBM有压输水隧洞内张钢圈-管片-围岩组合结构联合承载力学特性分析

为探究全断面隧道岩石掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)有压输水隧洞内张钢圈-管片-围岩组合结构的受荷状态,以榕江―关埠引水工程中Ⅴ类围岩TBM有压输水隧洞段为研究对象,建立内张钢圈-管片-围岩组合结构三维精细化有限元模型,研究内水压力、围岩类型对组合结构力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:采用内张钢圈加固隧洞结构能有效控制隧洞变形,减小管片拉应力及受拉区范围,提高组合结构的承载能力;内水压力作用下管片压应力、竖向变形、接缝张开度、连接螺栓应力、内张钢圈应力、锚杆应力均较无内水压力作用下有所减小,但管片拉应力和接缝错台分别增大了19.68%、39.25%,其主要原因为内水压力作用致使隧洞结构整体呈现向外膨胀,在充水运营期间应加强内水压力作用下的安全监测;在外部水土压力和内水压力共同作用下,围岩类型的改变使组合结构中连接螺栓应力、管片接缝错台、锚杆应力分别提高37.11%、15.29%、14.75%,其主要原因为围岩岩性越差承担荷载能力越弱,在围岩类型的过渡区域应进行重点监测;此外,在外部水土压力和内水压力共同作用下,组合结构中围岩、管片、内张钢圈、锚杆的荷载分担率分别为21.38%、43.08%、24.01%和11.53%,内张钢圈荷载分担率较无内水压力作用提高了34.06%,内水压力作用提高了内张钢圈分担荷载的效果;组合结构中围岩的分担率随围岩类型(Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类)的增加而减小,相同荷载下Ⅲ类围岩的荷载分担率较Ⅴ类围岩提高了16.96%。该研究成果可为类似隧洞工程的衬砌设计及后期加固措施提供理论参考。

船闸单侧闸墙主廊道输水系统岔管水动力特性研究

船闸单侧闸墙主廊道输水系统具有结构简单、开挖量小、工程投资省等优点,在河谷狭窄、边坡陡峭等地形受限地区具有明显的技术优势,但工程应用难点之一在于如何保证廊道内断面流速的均匀性,避免出现严重的偏流、脱流现象。依托嘉陵江草街二线船闸工程,采用通用CFD软件FLUENT,对船闸单侧闸墙主廊道双阀门输水系统布置中的岔管水动力特性进行较为详细的研究,探讨岔管分岔角、墩头曲线形式以及外壁曲线形式对岔管水力特性的影响,提出外壁采用正弦曲线,内壁采用圆弧-直线-圆弧形曲线的单侧输水廊道阀门段岔管布置体形,可为类似工程设计提供参考。

跨河输水管桥施工技术研究

输水管桥施工质量是保障其安全运营的基础,本文以渭河管桥主桥部分施工为例,结合相应的地质勘察资料,对该工程施工进行深入分析研究,所得结论如下:(1)该工程工期紧、任务重,应在进场前做好充足的调研和准备。(2)应针对施工区地质和水文情况,因地制宜地设计施工方案,并提前做好调度安排。(3)施工以工程设计要求为基准,根据工程实际情况进行实时的计算与调整,以确保管桥各结构受力符合要求。(4)针对输水管道安装的特殊性,提出相应的施工方案,以保证施工质量与运营安全。

穿越活动断层输水隧洞病害研究进展

穿越活动断裂带及大型城镇的输水隧洞,具有洞线长、埋深大、地质条件复杂等特点。为研究穿越活动断裂带的输水隧洞病害,归纳总结了关于穿越活动断裂带的隧洞结构变形、应力和损伤特征等方面的研究成果,对汶川地震和台湾集集地震灾区位于活动断裂带影响范围内的隧洞结构破坏统计数据进行系统整理,分析隧洞病害的主要特点、产生原因、破坏机理与案例病害类型,并将病害等级分成无病害、轻度病害、中度病害和严重病害4级。最后对隧洞病害处理措施进行归纳,并提出相应处置建议。研究结果可为输水隧洞病害的归类与处置提供参考。

山区灌区输水线路的输水方式比选

以云南省某灌区工程为例,结合工程实际地形地质等条件,选择具有代表性的输水线路进行无压与有压输水方式比选,从投资、施工、征占地等方面综合对比分析确定合理的输水方式,以供类似工程参考借鉴。