Water hammer protection for diversion systems in front of pumps in long-distance water supply projects

For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention. In this study, a water hammer protection scheme combined with an overflow surge tank and a regulating valve was developed. A mathematical model of the overflow surge tank was developed, and an analytical formula for the height of the overflow surge tank was derived. Furthermore, a practical water supply project was used to evaluate the feasibility of the combined protection scheme and analyze the sensitivity of valve regulation rules. The results showed that the combined protection scheme effectively reduced the height of the surge tank, lessened the difficulties related to construction, and reduced the necessary financial investment for the project. The two-stage closing rule articulated as fast first and then slow could minimize the overflow volume of the surge tank when the power failure occurred, while the two-stage opening rule articulated as slow first and then fast could be more conducive to the safety of the water supply system when the pump started up.

Fiber optic sensing and performance evaluation of a water conveyance tunnel with composite linings under super-high internal pressures

For long-distance water conveyance shield tunnels in operation,the high internal water pressure may cause excessive deformation of composite linings,affecting their structural integrity and serviceability.However,the deformation and failure characteristics of lining structures under internal water pressure are not well investigated in the literature,particularly for three-layer composite linings.This study presents an in situ experimental investigation on the response of two types of composite linings(i.e.separated and combined lining structures)subjected to internal pressures,in which a fiber optic nerve system(FONS)equipped with distributed strain and displacement sensing nerves was employed to monitor the performance of the two composite linings during testing.The experimental results clearly show that the damage of the tunnel lining under different internal pressures was mainly located in the self-compaction concrete layer.The separated lining structure responded more aggressively to the variations in internal pressures than the combined one.Moreover,two evaluation indices,i.e.radial displacement and effective stiffness coefficient,are proposed for describing the changes in the structural bearing performance.The effective stiffness coefficients of the two types of lining structures were reduced by 39.4%and 29.5%,respectively.Considering the convenience of field monitoring,it is suggested that the average strains at different layers can be used as characteristic parameters for estimating the health conditions of lining structures in service.The analysis results provide a practical reference for the design and health evaluation of water conveyance shield tunnels with composite linings.

Study on the Technology of Supplying Water Safely by Long-Distance Pipeline

The extensively built long-distance water transmission pipelines have become the main water sources for urban areas. To ensure the reliability and safety of the water supply, from the viewpoint of overall management, it would be necessary to establish a system of information management for the pipeline. The monitoring, calculating and analyzing functions of the system serve to give controlling instructions and safe operating rules to the automatic equipment and technician, making sure the resistance coefficient distribution along the pipeline is reasonable; the hydraulic state transition is smooth when operating conditions change or water supply accidents occur, avoiding the damage of water hammer. This paper covered the composition structures of the information management system of long-distance water transmission pipelines and the functions of the subsystems, and finally elaborated on the approaches and steps of building a mathematics model for the analysis of dynamic hydraulic status.

3D Finite Element Simulation of Tunnel Boring Machine Construction Processes in Deep Water Conveyance Tunnel

Applying stiffness migration method,a 3D finite element mechanical model is established to simulate the excavation and advance processes.By using 3D nonlinear finite element method,the tunnel boring machine(TBM) excavation process is dynamically simulated to analyze the stress and strain field status of surrounding rock and segment.The maximum tensile stress of segment ring caused by tunnel construction mainly lies in arch bottom and presents zonal distribution.The stress increases slightly and limitedly in the course of excavation.The maximum and minimum displacements of segment,manifesting as zonal distribution,distribute in arch bottom and vault respectively.The displacements slightly increase with the advance of TBM and gradually tend to stability.

Eco-water conveyances applied to control desertification at the lower reaches of the Tarim River

The lower reaches of the Tarim River are one of the areas suffering from most severe sandy desertification in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Irrational utilization of water and land resources results in eco-environmental deterioration in the Tarim River. In May 2000, the local government carried out the water conveyances project in the Tarim River. The influence of water conveyance on desertification reversion is analyzed and discussed according to the monitoring data in the past three years. Based on monitored data of the nine observed sections, along the channel of conveyance, the intensity and scope of desertification reversion in the upper reaches are larger than those in the lower reaches. Dynamic changes of desertification reversion are more obvious from the channel of conveyance to its two sides. However, the range of influence and intensity of desertification reversion is limited at present. It is suggested that the way and range of water conveyances should be adjusted in the future.

Land use/land cover change responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin.However,excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources,particularly water resources,have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems,such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river,deterioration of water quality,drying up of downstream rivers,degradation of vegetation,and land desertification.In this study,the land use/land cover change(LUCC)responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI(Environment for Visualizing Images)and GIS(Geographic Information System)data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018.Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used.The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km^(2) during this period,accounting for 15.79%of the total study area.From 1990 to 2018,wetland,farmland,forestland,and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km^(2)(216.77%),446.68 km^(2)(123.66%),284.55 km^(2)(5.67%),and 57.51 km^(2)(217.96%),respectively,whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types,such as Gobi,bare soil,and deserts,decreased by 103.34 km2(14.31%)and 1218.83 km2(11.75%),respectively.Vegetation area decreased first and then increased,with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018.LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation,irregularity,and complexity.By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018,we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River.This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.

Predictive analysis of stress regime and possible squeezing deformation for super-long water conveyance tunnels in Pakistan

The prediction of the stress field of deep-buried tunnels is a fundamental problem for scientists and engineers. In this study, the authors put forward a systematic solution for this problem. Databases from the World Stress Map and the Crustal Stress of China, and previous research findings can offer prediction of stress orientations in an engineering area. At the same time, the Andersonian theory can be used to analyze the possible stress orientation of a region. With limited in-situ stress measurements, the Hock-Brown Criterion can be used to estimate the strength of rock mass in an area of interest by utilizing the geotechnical investigation data, and the modified Sheorey＇s model can subsequently be employed to predict the areas＇ stress profile, without stress data, by taking the existing in-situ stress measurements as input parameters. In this paper, a case study was used to demonstrate the application of this systematic solution. The planned Kohala hydropower plant is located on the western edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Three hydro-fracturing stress measurement campaigns indicated that the stress state of the area is SH - Sh 〉 Sv or SH 〉Sv 〉 Sh. The measured orientation of Sn is NEE （N70.3°-89°E）, and the regional orientation of SH from WSM is NE, which implies that the stress orientation of shallow crust may be affected by landforms. The modified Sheorey model was utilized to predict the stress profile along the water sewage tunnel for the plant. Prediction results show that the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stres- ses of the points with the greatest burial depth were up to 56.70 and 40.14 MPa, respectively, and the stresses of areas with a burial depth of greater than 500 m were higher. Based on the predicted stress data, large deformations of the rock mass surrounding water conveyance tunnels were analyzed. Results showed that the large deformations will occur when the burial depth exceeds 300 m. When the burial depth is beyond 800 m, serious squeezing deformations will occur in the surrounding rock masses, thus requiring more attention in the design and construction. Based on the application efficiency in this case study, this prediction method proposed in this paper functions accurately.

湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构施工风险评估

为了提高针对湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构法施工安全评估的可靠性,从人员管理、机械材料、施工技术、施工环境4个方面构建较为完善的施工安全风险评估指标体系;利用灰色-DEMATEL方法对中心度进行处理得到风险指标权重;以风险发生概率和风险损失程度两个维度为基础构建二维云评估模型,其中发生概率由主、客观方法相结合来确定,损失程度通过改进雷达图法从人员伤亡、经济损失、工期延误、功能缺陷和环境影响5个方面来综合确定。将该评估模型运用到引汉济渭工程X输水隧洞盾构法施工项目的安全评估中。结果表明:该项目施工风险评估等级为Ⅱ级,施工安全风险程度较小,评价结果符合工程实际,验证了该评估模型的可行性和有效性。研究成果可为湿陷性黄土区类似输水隧洞盾构法施工安全风险评估提供借鉴和参考。

长距离多支线有压输水系统起动水锤防护

为研究同时包含重力流输水管线与泵站加压提水管线的长距离多支线有压输水系统开启运行时的水锤问题,基于瞬变流分析的特征线法建立了输水系统过渡过程计算的数学模型,结合实际工程计算了输水系统开启运行时调节阀与水泵及其出口阀不同的开启时间与控制策略对水锤的影响,并在此基础上提出了空气阀联合阀门开启的水锤防护方案。结果表明:采取提水泵站滞后调节阀开启运行,且各提水泵站相继开启的策略可有效改善输水系统沿线的内水压力分布;采用空气阀联合阀门开启的水锤防护方案可在不影响输水系统反应速度的情况下以较小尺寸的空气阀达到较好的水锤防护效果。

双线大直径输水隧道建设对既有桥梁及桩基的影响分析

为准确分析双线大直径输水隧道下穿对既有桥梁结构的影响,构建桥梁-地层-桩基-盾构隧道高精度数值仿真模型,对桥梁桩基结构及盾构过程进行精细化模拟,结合基于智能算法的土层参数反演模型,获取更接近真实情况的土层参数,以提高数值模拟精度。结果表明:输水隧道盾构开挖引起的地表最大沉降量为15.01 mm,基于反演的地表变形计算结果与实际监测值的误差减少约70%;盾构隧道双线开挖会引起地表二次沉降变形,两条盾构隧道中间区域的地表二次沉降量最大,约占总沉降量的60%,最大二次沉降量为5.06 mm;隧道两侧的桩基受到影响较大,最大位移为10.03 mm,位于桩基顶部,而隧道开挖对桩基内应力分布影响较小,可以认为无影响。

船闸单侧闸墙主廊道输水系统岔管水动力特性研究

船闸单侧闸墙主廊道输水系统具有结构简单、开挖量小、工程投资省等优点,在河谷狭窄、边坡陡峭等地形受限地区具有明显的技术优势,但工程应用难点之一在于如何保证廊道内断面流速的均匀性,避免出现严重的偏流、脱流现象。依托嘉陵江草街二线船闸工程,采用通用CFD软件FLUENT,对船闸单侧闸墙主廊道双阀门输水系统布置中的岔管水动力特性进行较为详细的研究,探讨岔管分岔角、墩头曲线形式以及外壁曲线形式对岔管水力特性的影响,提出外壁采用正弦曲线,内壁采用圆弧-直线-圆弧形曲线的单侧输水廊道阀门段岔管布置体形,可为类似工程设计提供参考。

离心泵变频调速在长距离输水工程中的应用与研究

介绍了南水北调大兴支线工程输水管道系统,特别是在处理水锤现象和保证安全输水方面的应对措施。对整个输水系统建立数学模型,阐述数学模型在供水系统瞬变流数值计算中的应用,对比离心泵启动及停止瞬态过程中工频与变频的变化对整个系统安全运行的影响,并提出了大兴支线输水工程过渡过程计算分析结果。通过建立合理的数学模型和设置边界条件,可有效解决供水系统瞬变流产生的问题,保证输水管道系统的安全稳定运行,为长距离输水工程设计及运行管理提供参考依据。

长距离输水管道沿线穿洪沟防护设计研究

以新疆某长距离输水工程为例,针对管道沿线穿越不同的地质条件、不同宽度洪沟,在工程管线设计洪水重现期内洪水的防护进行分析。通过分析交通、明渠、埋地管道等常见的线性工程防护型式,确定工程建筑物布设型式;再根据穿越的山前倾斜砾质平原区、低山丘陵区、山前剥蚀准平原区三个地貌单元,对防护关键参数进行定量化分析;最后结合洪沟洪痕确定防护范围,为长距离输水管道沿线洪沟处防护设计提供参考。

长距离输水管道工程超大跨径托管桥方案比选研究

输水管道跨越沟渠、河道、山谷常采用桁架跨越、拱桥跨越、悬索跨越、斜拉索跨越等形式,但各种跨越形式均存在一定的问题。文章介绍准东供水工程长距离输水管道跨越渠道采用变截面连续钢箱梁桥,最大单跨跨径150m,为国内规模最大的同类型托管结构,其设计荷载为1.8m直径有压输水管,每延米水管及满管水重与3车道汽车满载相近。通过对悬索桥、拱桥、混凝土连续梁桥及变截面连续钢箱梁桥四种桥型从施工工期、经济性、抗震性能及抗风性能等多方面进行综合分析,最终选择了受冬期影响最小(施工期最短)且造价最低的80m+150m+80m变截面连续钢箱梁桥方案。输水管桥具有大跨径、窄桥面、风荷载大等特点,文中介绍的设计理念、计算方法、施工方案,可为类似工程提供借鉴。

TBM有压输水隧洞内张钢圈-管片-围岩组合结构联合承载力学特性分析

为探究全断面隧道岩石掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)有压输水隧洞内张钢圈-管片-围岩组合结构的受荷状态,以榕江―关埠引水工程中Ⅴ类围岩TBM有压输水隧洞段为研究对象,建立内张钢圈-管片-围岩组合结构三维精细化有限元模型,研究内水压力、围岩类型对组合结构力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:采用内张钢圈加固隧洞结构能有效控制隧洞变形,减小管片拉应力及受拉区范围,提高组合结构的承载能力;内水压力作用下管片压应力、竖向变形、接缝张开度、连接螺栓应力、内张钢圈应力、锚杆应力均较无内水压力作用下有所减小,但管片拉应力和接缝错台分别增大了19.68%、39.25%,其主要原因为内水压力作用致使隧洞结构整体呈现向外膨胀,在充水运营期间应加强内水压力作用下的安全监测;在外部水土压力和内水压力共同作用下,围岩类型的改变使组合结构中连接螺栓应力、管片接缝错台、锚杆应力分别提高37.11%、15.29%、14.75%,其主要原因为围岩岩性越差承担荷载能力越弱,在围岩类型的过渡区域应进行重点监测;此外,在外部水土压力和内水压力共同作用下,组合结构中围岩、管片、内张钢圈、锚杆的荷载分担率分别为21.38%、43.08%、24.01%和11.53%,内张钢圈荷载分担率较无内水压力作用提高了34.06%,内水压力作用提高了内张钢圈分担荷载的效果;组合结构中围岩的分担率随围岩类型(Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类)的增加而减小,相同荷载下Ⅲ类围岩的荷载分担率较Ⅴ类围岩提高了16.96%。该研究成果可为类似隧洞工程的衬砌设计及后期加固措施提供理论参考。

塔里木河干流生态系统变化与生态效益分析

以提取1990—2020年植被覆盖度、遥感生态指数、人类干扰指数等遥感生态指标来反映塔里木河干流生态输水工程实施前后,生态状况变化趋势。将遥感生态指标作为驱动因子,提出一种改进的生态系统服务价值计算法,量化供给、调节、支持、文化功能的生态系统服务价值,分析各功能间权衡和协同效应的动态演变关系,对1990—2020年累积生态效益进行估算。结果表明:(1)生态输水以来,干流有近1/3的区域植被覆盖度增加,较低、中、较高、高植被覆盖度面积占比分别增加17%、5%、2%、2.9%。(2)上游生态系统服务价值先增加后渐趋稳定,中、下游生态系统服务价值先增加后减小再增加,表明中、下游对生态输水的响应存在一段滞后期,且受来水水量影响较大。(3)调节和支持功能之间存在协同效应,供给与调节和支持功能之间存在权衡效应。(4)生态输水后期,干流上、中、下游累积生态效益均表现出“边际效益递减规律”,据此从生态修复角度出发,给出断面年径流量的适宜范围,上游不超过42.5×10^(8)m^(3),中游不超过21.5×10^(8)m^(3),下游不超过3.5×10^(8)m^(3)。研究结果可为优化生态水水量配置提供科学指导。

渗流-应力耦合作用下穿断层破碎带TBM输水隧洞结构安全研究

为分析敞开式隧道掘进机(TBM)穿越断层破碎带深埋长输水隧洞围岩的稳定性及其支护结构的安全性,依托东庄水利枢纽北线输水隧洞工程,采用ABAQUS软件建立隧洞开挖过程渗流-应力耦合三维动态施工仿真模型,研究了隧洞开挖支护过程中断层破碎带处围岩的稳定性和支护结构的受力特性及其变化规律。结果表明:隧洞围岩由于卸载作用其孔隙度最大值较初始状态增大了0.88%,渗透系数最大值较初始状态增大了2.59%;隧洞围岩孔隙水压力随开挖支护过程先下降—再平缓—最后回升至稳定;围岩塑性区出现在沿径向1 m范围内,等效塑性应变极值出现在围岩腰线处;锚杆应力在衬砌进行支护时达到峰值,其最大值为182.90 MPa;衬砌内、外缘均处于受压状态,衬砌环向应力值随开挖支护过程先出现最大值,随后略微减小至稳定,其值在6.66~11.92 MPa范围内;衬砌的变形整体上表现为向内收缩,收缩量从顶拱和底拱处向腰线处逐渐减小,其值在0.67~1.35 mm范围内;随着排水量的增加,围岩最大径缩量逐渐增大,衬砌外水压力折减系数逐渐减小。研究结果可为穿断层破碎带TBM隧洞工程结构设计及其安全施工和运营提供参考依据。

高内水压作用下围岩-叠合式衬砌承载机理力学分析

为探究圆形水工隧洞衬砌结构中围岩-叠合式衬砌联合承载的力学机理,针对珠江三角洲水资源配置工程“外衬管片-自密实混凝土填充层(SCC)-内衬钢管”三层叠合的衬砌结构形式,采用平面弹性复变函数理论的幂级数解法,从应力函数层面着手,基于围岩-衬砌相互作用关系以及应力边界条件建立了相应的力学模型,推导求解了在开挖荷载和内水压共同作用下围岩和各层衬砌域内任意点的应力分量,揭示了叠合式衬砌结构承载时的荷载传递机理和规律。然后通过边界应力结果以及与数值结果的比对,验证了提出方法的正确性;最后通过参数分析,着重讨论了高内水压对输水隧洞围岩和三层衬砌径向正应力和环向正应力的影响。结果表明:围岩-衬砌联合承载时,围岩和三层衬砌的径向正应力和环向正应力结果均符合余弦分布,而剪应力符合正弦分布;随着输水隧洞内水压增加,三层衬砌和围岩在径向上更趋于压缩,而环向正应力趋向于拉应力并增大。研究成果可为该类型衬砌防护工程的设计和施工提供理论依据。

某过断层深埋高水头TBM输水隧洞围岩-支护结构响应规律

为了研究过断层深埋高水头敞开式TBM输水隧洞支护结构的响应规律,对不同支护方案下某过断层深埋高水头敞开式TBM隧洞围岩与支护结构的响应规律进行对比分析,选出最合适的支护设计方案。建立TBM隧洞动态开挖-支护精细仿真模型,逐个研究动态开挖-支护中围岩、锚杆、钢拱架、初喷混凝土、二衬的响应规律。结果表明:依次支护管棚、锚杆、钢拱架、固结灌浆、衬砌后,围岩拱顶变形分别降为不支护时的59.4%、32.9%、32.9%、4.1%、3.2%。盾尾离开后各响应突增,增幅逐步减缓且最终趋于稳定,衬砌支护后突降并稳定。锚杆应力分布不均,支护后拱腰处锚杆应力比拱顶增加快,各锚杆应力越靠近洞壁处越大。管棚+锚杆+钢拱架+固结灌浆+初喷+二衬可保证安全,但需固结围岩弹性模量、黏聚力及内摩擦角分别提高1.0、1.0、0.21倍。

南水北调中线工程输水建筑物整流累积效应研究

为分析输水建筑物整流对南水北调中线工程输水能力的影响,以陶岔渠首闸至十二里河渡槽渠段为例,建立一二维耦合水动力模型,其中渠道段采用一维模型,4个输水建筑物段(刁河渡槽、湍河渡槽、严陵河渡槽和淇河倒虹吸)采用二维模型,利用多年实测数据对耦合模型进行率定。分别对无整流方案和15种整流方案进行模拟计算,分析不同整流方案对上下游的影响,进而确定水头损失最小的整流方案。结果表明:单体整流影响范围为建筑物上下游3~5 km,多个建筑物整流的累积效果小于单个建筑物整流效果的线性叠加;对渠段中间2个输水建筑物(湍河渡槽、严陵河渡槽)进行整流的效果优于对上下游2个输水建筑物(刁河渡槽、淇河倒虹吸)进行整流的效果。