Deformation monitoring of long-span railway bridges based on SBAS-InSAR technology

The deformation monitoring of long-span railway bridges is significant to ensure the safety of human life and property.The interferometric synthetic aperture radar(In SAR)technology has the advantage of high accuracy in bridge deformation monitoring.This study monitored the deformation of the Ganjiang Super Bridge based on the small baseline subsets(SBAS)In SAR technology and Sentinel-1A data.We analyzed the deformation results combined with bridge structure,temperature,and riverbed sediment scouring.The results are as follows:(1)The Ganjiang Super Bridge area is stable overall,with deformation rates ranging from-15.6 mm/yr to 10.7 mm/yr(2)The settlement of the Ganjiang Super Bridge deck gradually increases from the bridge tower toward the main span,which conforms to the typical deformation pattern of a cable-stayed bridge.(3)The sediment scouring from the riverbed cause the serious settlement on the bridge’s east side compared with that on the west side.(4)The bridge deformation negatively correlates with temperature,with a faster settlement at a higher temperature and a slow rebound trend at a lower temperature.The study findings can provide scientific data support for the health monitoring of long-span railway bridges.

BDS/GPS deformation analysis of a long-span cable-stayed bridge based on colored noise filtering

Combining GPS and BDS technology to monitor the deformation of long-span railway bridges with stricter deformation control requirements is of significance to the safety and control of the bridge and the safety of railway traffic.Previous studies have ignored the influence of coloured noise in the deformation time series.This is not conducive to accurate deformation analysis of long-span railway bridges.Therefore,GPS,BDS and GPS/BDS monitoring data of Ganjiang Bridge located in Ganzhou city,Jiangxi Province,China are adopted in this paper to filter the coloured noise in the deformation time series by principal component analysis(PCA),and the influence of coloured noise on the deformation analysis results of railway bridge is analysed.The experimental results show that the diurnal temperature difference causes the mid-span and the tower of the railway cable-stayed bridge to deform with a period of about one day in the vertical and longitudinal directions,respectively.Ignoring colored noise will make the uncertainty of the deformation parameter estimation overly optimistic.PCA can significantly reduce the coloured noise,and thus reduce the uncertainty of deformation parameter estimation by about 73%.Moreover,the average difference between the daily periodic motion amplitudes of the monitoring points obtained by using GPS and BDS deformation time series is 1.65 mm.The use of GPS/BDS deformation time series is not only helpful to reduce the influence of coloured noise,but also can reduce the difference between amplitude analysis results obtained from GPS and BDS deformation time series.

Application of Long-Span Continuous Bridge Technology in Bridge Construction

In order to promote the rapid development of urbanization in our country,it is necessary to improve the construction level and technology of bridge engineering.For long-span continuous bridge technology,it has the characteristics of wide application range,various applicable conditions,and short construction period.Therefore,it is necessary to pay attention to the application of long-span continuous bridge technology.This article mainly analyzes its application in bridge construction,hoping to provide some reference for future use.

大跨度维修机库网架结构选型研究

机库网架结构工艺要求具有大跨度、大门一边无支撑点的特点,目前较成熟的结构方案是大门桁架结合平板网架。文章依托某配备智能维修系统的大门跨度156m的实际工程,对比研究了四种三层网架的竖向位移、经济性等参数,为大跨度维修机库屋盖结构设计提供选型参考。

飞机库燃油泄漏扩散特性及影响因素分析

为有效预防飞机库燃油泄漏扩散导致的重大安全事故,基于国内某飞机库空间结构,建立了燃油泄漏扩散试验平台,通过模拟试验及数值模拟的方法,探究飞机库燃油泄漏扩散过程油气体积分数的分布规律及环境因素的影响。结果表明:飞机库水平方向上油气扩散速度较快,竖直方向上呈现明显的分层规律,经过初始稀释、障碍累积、重力沉降及被动扩散阶段后实现浓度平衡;温度、泄漏位置和泄漏量对飞机库内油气体积分数分布影响显著,随着温度的升高,模拟机库空间内最大油气体积分数增幅较大,泄漏位置主要影响空间内部油气扩散达到平衡体积分数的时间,泄漏量对空间内最大油气体积分数、油气的平衡体积分数及达到平衡体积分数的时间均有影响,对油气的产生速率影响不大;飞机库内障碍因子对油气扩散的扰动以及油气累积后的二次加速现象,使得飞机库内湍流强度急剧增大,导致危险油气体积分数区域不断扩大。

Analyzing the Form-Finding of a Large-Span Transversely Stiffened Suspended Cable System: A Method Considering Construction Processes

The precise control of the shape of transversely stiffened suspended cable systems is crucial. However, existing form-finding methods primarily rely on iterative calculations that treat loads as fixed known conditions. These methods are inefficient and fail to accurately control shape results. In this study, we propose a form-finding method that analyzes the load response of models under different sag and stress levels, taking into account the construction process. To analyze the system, a structural finite element model was established in ANSYS, and geometric nonlinear analysis was conducted using the Newton-Raphson method. The form-finding analysis results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves precise control of shape, with a maximum shape error ranging from 0.33% to 0.98%. Furthermore, the relationships between loads and tension forces are influenced by the deformed shape of the structures, exhibiting significant geometric nonlinear characteristics. Meanwhile, the load response analysis reveals that the stress level of the self-equilibrium state in the transversely stiffened suspended cable system is primarily governed by strength criteria, while shape is predominantly controlled by stiffness criteria. Importantly, by simulating the initial tensioning process as an initial condition, this method solves for a counterweight that satisfies the requirements and achieves a self-equilibrium state with the desired shape. The shape of the self-equilibrium state is precisely controlled by simulating the construction process. Overall, this work presents a new method for analyzing the form-finding process of large-span transversely stiffened suspended cable system, considering the construction process which was often overlooked in previous studies.

预应力技术在大跨度飞机库项目地坪中的应用分析

文章旨在探讨预应力技术在大跨度飞机库项目地坪中的应用,以评估其在提高工程质量、延长使用寿命及减少维护成本方面的潜在效益。大跨度飞机库作为一种复杂的工程结构,其地坪的性能和稳定性对于飞机安全运行具有重要影响。因此,研究预应力技术在大跨度飞机库地坪项目中的应用,具有重要的工程实践价值。

复杂山区隧道群安全玻璃棚洞结构设计及稳定性分析

车辆通过复杂山区隧道群时,洞口段不可避免的会出现明暗效应,影响行车安全。以实际工程为例,采用安全玻璃作为棚洞面板,进行了棚洞上部、下部结构设计,考虑不改变既有隧道机电设施的条件下,在棚洞顶部设置了排烟窗口。采用有限元数值模拟软件对棚洞结构进行了计算分析,结果表明安全玻璃棚洞满足规范要求。

高大空间火灾烟气蔓延影响因素研究——以广州某大型机库维修库为例

为研究高大空间火灾时的烟气蔓延情况,选用PyroSim对广州某大型机库的维修机库进行数值模拟,研究不同火源功率、排烟方式及挡烟垂壁尺寸对烟气蔓延的影响。结果如下:中心火源下,自然顶侧结合的排烟方式优于顶部排烟;机械排烟且排烟速率为10 m/s的设计虽然可以更好地降低烟气层的浓度和温度,但由于火灾初期的薄烟层会造成吸穿现象,扰动烟羽流导致烟气层加速下降;挡烟垂壁的设计可以降低建筑内部烟气蔓延的速率和单位消光率。因此,在进行高大型建筑防排烟设计优化时,应优先设计顶侧结合排烟系统,并根据防排烟规范及相关规范设计挡烟垂壁。

Three-dimensional seismic isolation bearing and its application in long span hangars

Based on the seismic response characteristics of space frame structures,a new type of seismic isolation bearing defined as a three-dimensional seismic isolation bearing（3DSIB） is developed in this paper.The bearing offers excellent properties such as multi-dimensional seismic isolation,reasonable rotation capability,good ability to resist lifting load,uncoupled stiffness in horizontal and vertical directions,etc.In the 3DSIB,the horizontal dimension is designed by combining the Teflon sliding device and helical spring,while the vertical dimension is developed by introducing disk springs or helical springs.The mathematical model of the 3DSIB was established and its performance with the critical parameters was tested on a shaking table.Furthermore,the 3DSIB was applied in a 120 m span hangar structure and simulated using SAP2000 software to evaluate its performance in practical structures.The performance of the structures with and without 3DSIB was compared.It is shown that the hangar structure with 3D bearings achieves a better performance.The axial force and acceleration response of the structures with 3DSIB are effectively reduced,while the displacement response of the bearing is within the predetermined range.

Longitudinal force in continuously welded rail on long-span tied arch continuous bridge carrying multiple tracks

Considering arch rib, lateral brace, suspender, girder, pier and track position, the model for the interaction between long-span tied arch continuous bridge and multiple tracks was established by using steel-concrete composite section beam element to simulate concrete-filled steel tube(CFST) arch rib, using the beam element with rigid arm to simulate the prestressed concrete girder and using nonlinear bar element to simulate longitudinal constraint between track and bridge. Taking a(77+3×156.8+77) m tied arch continuous bridge with four tracks on the Harbin-Qiqihar Passenger Dedicated Line as an example, the arrangement of continuously welded rail(CWR) was explored. The longitudinal force in CWR on the tied arch continuous bridge, the pier top horizontal force and torque due to the unbalance load case, were analyzed under the action of temperature, vertical live load, train braking and wind load.Studies show that, it can significantly reduce track displacement to set the track expansion devices at main span arch springing on both sides; the track stress due to arch temperature variation can reach 40.8 MPa; the track stress, pier top horizontal force and torque are related to the number of loaded tracks and train running direction, and the bending force applied to unloaded track is close to the loaded track, while the braking force applied to unloaded track is 1/4 to 1/2 of the loaded track; the longitudinal force of track due to the wind load is up to 12.4 MPa, which should be considered.

Seismic spatial effects on long-span bridge response in nonstationary inhomogeneous random fields

The long-span bridge response to nonstationary multiple seismic random excitations is investigated using the PEM (pseudo excitation method). This method transforms the nonstationary random response analysis into ordinary direct dynamic analysis, and therefore, the analysis can be solved conveniently using the Newmark, Wilson-9 schemes or the precise integration method. Numerical results of the seismic response for an actual long-span bridge using the proposed PEM are given and compared with the results based on the conventional stationary analysis. From the numerical comparisons, it was found that both the seismic spatial effect and the nonstationary effect are quite important, and that both stationary and nonstationary seismic analysis should pay special attention to the wave passage effect.

Investigations on serviceability control of long-span structures under human-induced excitation

The increasing strength of new structural materials and the span of new structures, accompanied by aesthetic requirements for greater slenderness, are resulting in more applications of long-span structures. In this paper, serviceability control technology and its design theory are studied. First, a novel tuned mass damper （TMD） with controllable stiffness is developed. Second, methods for modeling human-induced loads are proposed, including standing up, walking, jumping and running, and an analysis method for long-span floor response is proposed based on a finite element model. Third, a design method for long-span floors installed with a multiple TMD （MTMD） system considering human comfort is introduced, largely based on a study of existing literature. Finally, a design, analysis and field test is conducted using several large scale buildings in China including the Beijing Olympic Park National Conference Center, Changsha New Railway Station and the Xi＇an Northern Railway Station. The analytical and field test results show that the MTMD system designed using the proposed method is capable of effectively mitigating the vertical vibration of long-span floor structures. The study presented in this paper provides an important reference for the analysis of vibration serviceability of similar long-span floors and design of control system for these structures.

Structural health monitoring of long-span suspension bridges using wavelet packet analysis

During the service life of civil engineering structures such as long-span bridges, local damage at key positions may continually accumulate, and may finally result in their sudden failure. One core issue of global vibration-based health monitoring methods is to seek some damage indices that are sensitive to structural damage, This paper proposes an online structural health monitoring method for long-span suspension bridges using wavelet packet transform （WPT）. The WPT- based method is based on the energy variations of structural ambient vibration responses decomposed using wavelet packet analysis. The main feature of this method is that the proposed wavelet packet energy spectrum （WPES） has the ability to detect structural damage from ambient vibration tests of a long-span suspension bridge. As an example application, the WPES-based health monitoring system is used on the Runyang Suspension Bridge under daily environmental conditions. The analysis reveals that changes in environmental temperature have a long-term influence on the WPES, while the effect of traffic loadings on the measured WPES of the bridge presents instantaneous changes because of the nonstationary properties of the loadings. The condition indication indices VD reflect the influences of environmental temperature on the dynamic properties of the Runyang Suspension Bridge. The field tests demonstrate that the proposed WPES-based condition indication index VD is a good candidate index for health monitoring of long-span suspension bridges under ambient excitations.

Seismic spatial effects on dynamic response of long-span bridges in stationary inhomogeneous random fields

The seismic analysis of long-span bridges subjected to multiple ground excitations is an important problem. The conventional response spectrum method neglects the spatial effects of ground motion,and therefore may result in questionable conclusions.The random vibration approach has been regarded as more reliable.Unfortunately,so far, computational difficulties have not yet been satisfactorily resolved.In this paper,an accurate and efficient random vibration approach—pseudo excitation method (PEM),by which the above difficulties are overcome,is presented.It has been successfully used in the three dimensional seismic analysis of a number of long-span bridges with thousands of degrees of freedom and dozens of supports.The numerical results of a typical bridge show that the seismic spatial effects~ particularly the wave passage effect,are sometimes quite important in evaluating the safety of long-span bridges.

Numerical analysis of dynamic response of vehicle–bridge coupled system on long-span continuous girder bridge

To systematically study the vehicle-bridge coupled dynamic response and its change rule with different parameters, a vehicle model with seven degrees of freedom was built and the total potential energy of vehicle space vibration system was deduced. Considering the stimulation of road roughness, the dynamic response equation of vehicle-bridge coupled system was established in accordance with the elastic system principle of total potential energy with stationary value and the ＂set-in-right-position＂ rule. On the basis of the self-compiled Fortran program and bridge engineering, the dynamic response of long- span continuous girder bridge under vehicle load was studied. This study also included the calculation of vehicle impact coefficient, evaluation of vibration comfort, and analysis of dynamic response parameters. Results show the impact coefficient changes with lane number and is larger than the value calculated by the ＂general code for design of highway bridges and culverts （China）＂. The Dieckmann index of bridge vibration is also related to lane number, and the vibration comfort evaluation is good in normal conditions. The relevant conclusions from parametric analyses have practical significance to dynamic design and daily operation of long-span continuous girder bridges in expressways. Safety and comfort are expected to improve significantly with further control of the vibration of vehicle-bridge system.

Trust-region based instantaneous optimal semi-active control of long-span spatially extended structures with MRF-04K damper

In the field of civil engineering, magnetorheological fluid （MRF） damper-based semi-active control systems have received considerable attention for use in protecting structures from natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high winds. In this paper, the MRF damper-based semi-active control system is applied to a long-span spatially extended structure and its feasibility is discussed. Meanwhile, a _trust-region method based instantaneous optimal semi-active control algorithm （TIOC） is proposed to improve the performance of the semi-active control system in a multiple damper situation. The proposed TIOC describes the control process as a bounded constraint optimization problem, in which an optimal semi- active control force vector is solved by the trust-region method in every control step to minimize the structural responses. A numerical example of a railway station roof structure installed with MRF-04K dampers is presented. First, a modified Bouc- Wen model is utilized to describe the behavior of the selected MRF-04K damper. Then, two semi-active control systems, including the well-known clipped-optimal controller and the proposed TIOC controller, are considered. Based on the characteristics of the long-span spatially extended structure, the performance of the control system is evaluated under uniform earthquake excitation and travelling-wave excitation with different apparent velocities. The simulation results indicate that the MR fluid damper-based semi-active control systems have the potential to mitigate the responses of full-scale long-span spatially extended structures under earthquake hazards. The superiority of the proposed TIOC controller is demonstrated by comparing its control effectiveness with the clipped-optimal controller for several different cases.

Analysis on influence of seismic travelling wave effect on semi-active control for long-span rigid-continuous bridge

The analysis approach of semi-active control for long-span rigid-continuous bridge under seismic travelling wave input is established. Magnetorheological dampers are set on the positions of the bridge beatings. The semi-active control calculation and analysis are performed for a five-span rigid-continuous bridge under seismic travelling waves with different apparent surface velocities. The results indicate that travelling wave effect remarkably influences the uncontrolled seismic responses, the semi-active control seismic responses and vibration control effects for the long-span rigid-continuous bridge. It is disadvantageous to the responses of the beams and the piers under the travelling wave input with lower apparent surface velocity, and travelling wave effect can decrease the vibration control effects evidently. Therefore, the travelling wave effect should be considered for the selection of the parameter values of semi-active control system in order to get the designing control effect.

从“Hangar”到“Terminal”——以奥迪城市展厅标准的变化为例看当代建筑建造理念的转变

近年来我国汽车市场得到了快速的发展,而进行一般乘用车销售和维修服务的场所——汽车4S店的数量也经历了爆炸式的增长,成为一种常见的建筑类型,并在外部形象、内部功能分区与流线、防火技术等方面有着特殊的要求。奥迪（Audi）品牌将这种场所称为奥迪城市展厅,其在中国的建设热潮是从2008年开始,迄今已建成400余家。奥迪城市展厅的设计和建造使用了内部代号为＂Terminal＂的全球统一建筑CI标准,这是一个包含了建筑方案设计、施工图设计、室内精装修设计、家具布置设计、标示布置设计、施工服务等的全流程服务（参见图2）。

Location optimization for the tuned mass damper system on a long-span floor

The L4 roof of Beijing Olympic International Conference Center is a long-span floor with a tuned mass damper system. The locations of dampers in the layout are not optimal theoretically. This paper is about the location optimization of the 74 sets of dampers on the floor. The main content includes the establishment of a 2D dot-matrix model for the structure, the optimal location combination searched by a genetic algorithm, and the optimal results for five working conditions by calculating the total weight.