This study evaluates the vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud optical properties in 40 dominated dust and smoke regions in Western-Northern Africa (WNA) and Central-Southern Africa (CSA), respectively, from the surf...This study evaluates the vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud optical properties in 40 dominated dust and smoke regions in Western-Northern Africa (WNA) and Central-Southern Africa (CSA), respectively, from the surface to 10km and from 2008 to 2011 based on LIVAS (LIdar climatology of Vertical Aerosol Structure for space-based lidar simulation studies). Aerosol extinction (AE), aerosol backscatter (AB), and aerosol depolarization (AD) generally increase from the surface to 1.2 km and decrease from 1.2 km to the upper layers in both WNA and CSA. AE and AB in CSA (maximum of 0.13 km<sup>-1</sup>, 0.14 km<sup>-1</sup>, 0.0021 km<sup>-1</sup>‧sr<sup>-1</sup>, 0.0033 km<sup>-1</sup>‧sr<sup>-1</sup>) are higher than in WNA (maximum of 0.07 km<sup>-1</sup>, 0.08 km<sup>-1</sup>, 0.0017 km<sup>-1</sup>‧sr<sup>-1</sup>, 0.0015 km<sup>-1</sup>‧sr<sup>-1</sup>) at 532 and 1064 nm respectively. AD in WNA (maximum of 0.25) is significantly higher than in CSA (maximum of 0.05). There is a smooth change with the height of cloud extinction and backscatter in WNA and CSA, while there is a remarkable increase of cloud depolarization with height, whereby it is high in CSA and low in WNA due to high and low fraction of cirrus respectively. Altocumulus has the highest extinction in NA (0.0139 km<sup>-1</sup>), CA (0.058 km<sup>-1</sup>), WA (0.013 km<sup>-1</sup>), while low overcast transparent (0.76 km<sup>-1</sup>) below 1 km in SA. The major findings of this study may contribute to the improvement of our understanding of aerosol-cloud interaction studies in dominated dust and smoke aerosol regions.展开更多
Modem long-span space structures,developed during the 1970s and 1980s,are light and effective structures based on new technologies and light-weight high-strength materials,such as membranes and steel cables.These stru...Modem long-span space structures,developed during the 1970s and 1980s,are light and effective structures based on new technologies and light-weight high-strength materials,such as membranes and steel cables.These structures include air-supported membrane structures,cable-membrane structures,cable truss structures,beam string structures,suspen-domes,cable domes,composite structures of cable dome and single-layer lattice shell,Tensairity structures and so forth.For the premodem space structures widely used since the mid-twentieth century(such as thin shells,space trusses,lattice shells and ordinary cable structures),new space structures have been developed by the combination of different structural forms and materials.The application of prestressing technology and the innovation of structural concepts and configurations are also associated with modem space structures,including composite space trusses,open-web grid structures,polyhedron space frame structures,partial double-layer lattice shells,cable-stayed grid structures,tree-type structures,prestressed segmental steel structures and so forth.This paper provides a review of the structural characteristics and practical applications in China of modem rigid space structures,modem flexible space structures and modem rigid-flexible combined space structures.展开更多
纤维增强复材(FRP)拉挤型材具有轻质高强、单向受力性能好等优点,将其用于具有较高承载效率的空间桁架结构,能够进一步降低结构质量、提高结构跨度。基于前期研究成果,提出一种新型FRP-金属组合空间桁架结构,采用了新型结构形式、高性...纤维增强复材(FRP)拉挤型材具有轻质高强、单向受力性能好等优点,将其用于具有较高承载效率的空间桁架结构,能够进一步降低结构质量、提高结构跨度。基于前期研究成果,提出一种新型FRP-金属组合空间桁架结构,采用了新型结构形式、高性能复合材料及高承载连接技术。基于该新型结构体系,设计和制备了一座跨度为24 m、承载达150 k N的轻量化、模块化应急桥,并进行了结构弯曲性能试验,最后将试验结果与有限元计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:该新型结构具有承载高、质量轻、拼装架设方便等优点,且在用材、尺寸与构型等方面设计灵活;在设计荷载下结构表现出良好的静载弯曲性能;桁架杆件能够充分发挥FRP拉挤圆管的单向力学优势,杆件承载效率高;实测值与有限元计算结果吻合较好,所建立的有限元模型可用于该空间结构的线弹性力学性能预测和设计计算。展开更多
文摘This study evaluates the vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud optical properties in 40 dominated dust and smoke regions in Western-Northern Africa (WNA) and Central-Southern Africa (CSA), respectively, from the surface to 10km and from 2008 to 2011 based on LIVAS (LIdar climatology of Vertical Aerosol Structure for space-based lidar simulation studies). Aerosol extinction (AE), aerosol backscatter (AB), and aerosol depolarization (AD) generally increase from the surface to 1.2 km and decrease from 1.2 km to the upper layers in both WNA and CSA. AE and AB in CSA (maximum of 0.13 km<sup>-1</sup>, 0.14 km<sup>-1</sup>, 0.0021 km<sup>-1</sup>‧sr<sup>-1</sup>, 0.0033 km<sup>-1</sup>‧sr<sup>-1</sup>) are higher than in WNA (maximum of 0.07 km<sup>-1</sup>, 0.08 km<sup>-1</sup>, 0.0017 km<sup>-1</sup>‧sr<sup>-1</sup>, 0.0015 km<sup>-1</sup>‧sr<sup>-1</sup>) at 532 and 1064 nm respectively. AD in WNA (maximum of 0.25) is significantly higher than in CSA (maximum of 0.05). There is a smooth change with the height of cloud extinction and backscatter in WNA and CSA, while there is a remarkable increase of cloud depolarization with height, whereby it is high in CSA and low in WNA due to high and low fraction of cirrus respectively. Altocumulus has the highest extinction in NA (0.0139 km<sup>-1</sup>), CA (0.058 km<sup>-1</sup>), WA (0.013 km<sup>-1</sup>), while low overcast transparent (0.76 km<sup>-1</sup>) below 1 km in SA. The major findings of this study may contribute to the improvement of our understanding of aerosol-cloud interaction studies in dominated dust and smoke aerosol regions.
文摘Modem long-span space structures,developed during the 1970s and 1980s,are light and effective structures based on new technologies and light-weight high-strength materials,such as membranes and steel cables.These structures include air-supported membrane structures,cable-membrane structures,cable truss structures,beam string structures,suspen-domes,cable domes,composite structures of cable dome and single-layer lattice shell,Tensairity structures and so forth.For the premodem space structures widely used since the mid-twentieth century(such as thin shells,space trusses,lattice shells and ordinary cable structures),new space structures have been developed by the combination of different structural forms and materials.The application of prestressing technology and the innovation of structural concepts and configurations are also associated with modem space structures,including composite space trusses,open-web grid structures,polyhedron space frame structures,partial double-layer lattice shells,cable-stayed grid structures,tree-type structures,prestressed segmental steel structures and so forth.This paper provides a review of the structural characteristics and practical applications in China of modem rigid space structures,modem flexible space structures and modem rigid-flexible combined space structures.
文摘纤维增强复材(FRP)拉挤型材具有轻质高强、单向受力性能好等优点,将其用于具有较高承载效率的空间桁架结构,能够进一步降低结构质量、提高结构跨度。基于前期研究成果,提出一种新型FRP-金属组合空间桁架结构,采用了新型结构形式、高性能复合材料及高承载连接技术。基于该新型结构体系,设计和制备了一座跨度为24 m、承载达150 k N的轻量化、模块化应急桥,并进行了结构弯曲性能试验,最后将试验结果与有限元计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:该新型结构具有承载高、质量轻、拼装架设方便等优点,且在用材、尺寸与构型等方面设计灵活;在设计荷载下结构表现出良好的静载弯曲性能;桁架杆件能够充分发挥FRP拉挤圆管的单向力学优势,杆件承载效率高;实测值与有限元计算结果吻合较好,所建立的有限元模型可用于该空间结构的线弹性力学性能预测和设计计算。
