Seismic isolation analysis of FPS bearings in spatial lattice shell structures

A theoretical model of a friction pendulum system （FPS） is introduced to examine its application for the seismic isolation of spatial lattice shell structures. An equation of motion of the lattice shell with FPS bearings is developed. Then, seismic isolation studies are performed for both double-layer and single-layer lattice shell structures under different seismic input and design parameters of the FPS. The influence of frictional coefficients and radius of the FPS on seismic performance are discussed. Based on the study, some suggestions for seismic isolation design of lattice shells with FPS bearings are given and conclusions are made which could be helpful in the application of FPS.

Trust-region based instantaneous optimal semi-active control of long-span spatially extended structures with MRF-04K damper

In the field of civil engineering, magnetorheological fluid （MRF） damper-based semi-active control systems have received considerable attention for use in protecting structures from natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high winds. In this paper, the MRF damper-based semi-active control system is applied to a long-span spatially extended structure and its feasibility is discussed. Meanwhile, a _trust-region method based instantaneous optimal semi-active control algorithm （TIOC） is proposed to improve the performance of the semi-active control system in a multiple damper situation. The proposed TIOC describes the control process as a bounded constraint optimization problem, in which an optimal semi- active control force vector is solved by the trust-region method in every control step to minimize the structural responses. A numerical example of a railway station roof structure installed with MRF-04K dampers is presented. First, a modified Bouc- Wen model is utilized to describe the behavior of the selected MRF-04K damper. Then, two semi-active control systems, including the well-known clipped-optimal controller and the proposed TIOC controller, are considered. Based on the characteristics of the long-span spatially extended structure, the performance of the control system is evaluated under uniform earthquake excitation and travelling-wave excitation with different apparent velocities. The simulation results indicate that the MR fluid damper-based semi-active control systems have the potential to mitigate the responses of full-scale long-span spatially extended structures under earthquake hazards. The superiority of the proposed TIOC controller is demonstrated by comparing its control effectiveness with the clipped-optimal controller for several different cases.

Strength failure of spatial reticulated structures under multi-support excitation

Under strong earthquakes, long-span spatial latticed structures may collapse due to dynamic instability or strength failure. The elasto-plastic dynamic behaviors of three spatial latticed structures, including two double-layer cylindrical shells and one spherical shell constructed for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, were quantitatively examined under multi-support excitation （MSE） and uniform support excitation （USE）. In the numerical analyses, several important parameters were investigated such as the peak acceleration and displacement responses at key joints, the number and distribution of plastic members, and the deformation of the shell at the moment of collapse. Analysis results reveal the features and the failure mechanism of the spatial latticed structures under MSE and USE. In both scenarios, the double-layer reticulated shell collapses in the ＂overflow＂ mode, and the collapse is governed by the number of invalid plastic members rather than the total number of plastic members, beginning with damage to some of the local regions near the supports. By comparing the numbers and distributions of the plastic members under MSE to those under USE, it was observed that the plastic members spread more sufficiently and the internal forces are more uniform under MSE, especially in cases of lower apparent velocities in soils. Due to the effects of pseudo-static displacement, the stresses in the members near the supports under MSE are higher than those under USE.

NEW WIND-INDUCED RESPONSES ANALYSIS METHOD OF SPATIAL STRUCTURES IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN WITH MODE COMPENSATION

Large span spatial lattice structures have many natural frequencies in a narrow frequency range, the conventional frequency domain method is difficult to contain all significant contribution modes. Through numerical examples, it is found that some high order modes are likely to be overlooked because of their higher positions of modal order, in spite of their significance to wind response. According to the contributions of modes to strain energy of system, the paper presented an efficient method to compensate the errors owing to missing out some significant high order modes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through a numerical analysis of the wind responses of a spherical dome.

Wind-Induced Effect of a Spatial Latticed Dome Structure Using Stabilized Finite Element Method

A stabilized finite element algorithm potential for wind-structure interaction(WSI) problem is presented in this paper. Streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin(SUPG) scheme of the large eddy simulation(LES) of dynamic sub-grid scale(DSGS) is developed under the framework of arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE) description to solve the governing equations. High stabilization is achieved by a three-step technique in the temporal discretization. On the other hand, the partitioned procedure is employed for the consideration of the coupled WSI problem. Newmark integral method is introduced for the computation of structure domain, while spring analogy method is used for the grid update of the mesh domain. The developed computational codes are applied to the analysis of wind-induced effect of a spatial latticed structure. The numerical predictions of the three-dimensional wind flow features, the wind pressures and the wind-induced effect of spatial structures are given. Comparisons are made between the effects of rigid structure in view of the WSI.

基于数字微镜器件的快速超分辨晶格结构光照明显微研究

超分辨结构光照明显微成像技术(super-resolution structured illumination microscopy,SR-SIM)具有时间分辨率高、光漂白和光毒性低和对荧光探针的要求少等优点,适用于活细胞的长时程超分辨成像.采用二维晶格结构光作为照明光,可以实现更快的成像速度和更低的光毒性,但同时也增加了系统的复杂性.为了解决此问题,本文提出了一种基于数字微镜器件的快速超分辨晶格结构光照明显微成像方法(digital micromirror device-based lattice SIM,DMD-Lattice-SIM),通过同步分时触发DMD和sCMOS相机的方式实现二维正交晶格结构光的产生,且只需要采集5幅相移原始图像即可重构出超分辨图像,相比于传统SR-SIM需要9幅相移原始图像的方法,图像采集时间减少了约44.4%.同时,在基于空域和频域联合的SIM重构算法(joint space and frequency reconstruction method-SIM,JSFR-SIM)的基础上,本文还发展了用于Lattice-SIM的JSFR超分辨图像重构方法(Lattice-JSFR-SIM),先在频域对原始图像进行预滤波处理;然后,在空域对滤波后的图像进行超分辨重构处理.与传统频域图像重构处理对比,该方法在512×512像素数的成像视场下重构时间减少了约55.6%,对于实现活细胞实时超分辨成像具有重要意义和应用价值.

含初始转角的隔震支座在双层柱面网壳结构中的隔震性能

为了研究大跨度空间结构中存在支座转动问题,通过含初始转角的橡胶隔震支座的双层柱面网壳结构研究了水平方向上结构水平地震反应。结合通过实验得出的经验公式对橡胶隔震支座水平性能进行修正,并通过SAP2000应用动力时程分析法,在考虑下部支承结构的情况,对含初始转角的橡胶隔震支座进行了参数分析。结果表明:水平地震作用下,较小转角的隔震支座的支座底部剪力峰值与加速度峰值会下降;随着转角增加,柱顶加速度峰值、隔震支座底部剪力峰值等迅速增加;而跨高比大的网壳结构会放大初始转角对结构的影响,加大结构整体的加速度峰值和结构柱的位移峰值,但限制上层网壳结构的位移峰值。因此在考虑初始转角的情况下,若需要限制网壳结构加速度或位移,设计时需要将网壳结构跨高比的放大效应纳入考虑范围。

基于反应谱的大跨空间结构主振型遴选方法

大跨空间结构振型频率密集、高阶振型效应显著,结构地震反应复杂。为准确计算空间结构地震反应,往往需要考虑大量振型反应贡献,计算成本较大。若可快速识别对结构反应贡献较大的振型,可有效提高计算效率。鉴于此,提出一种基于反应谱的主振型遴选方法,以识别结构在地震作用下的主导振型。首先,基于非耦联振型分析理论,推导建立各振型关于位移反应和内力反应贡献指标;其次,基于反应谱理论推导建立关于各反应的主振型识别准则;最后,根据各振型贡献值和给定的遴选阈值确定结构的主导振型。不同矢跨比的网壳算例结果表明,低矢跨比的网壳的高阶振型贡献不可忽略;本文所提方法识别结构主振型准确、高效,可针对结构位移和内力反应需求进行振型遴选。

电弧增材制造金属点阵结构研究进展

金属点阵结构是一种轻质多功能结构,具有高比强度、高比刚度、抗爆吸能、减振降噪等优势,在飞行器、船舶、车辆、建筑等领域具有广泛的应用前景。然而,迄今为止点阵结构件的应用规模仍然十分有限,主要原因是受到制造技术的严重制约。电弧增材制造技术因其离散堆积的成形特点有望实现点阵复杂结构的一体化高效低成本制造。综合分析了电弧增材制造金属空间杆结构与点阵结构的研究现状,从制造原理、成形工艺与方法、制造特点等方面进行论述,并归纳了现阶段各研究机构对于金属点阵电弧增材制造的研究进展。最后介绍了电弧增材造金属点阵结构存在的掣肘,重点分析了现有电弧增材制造在点阵制造与成形控制方面的研究进展与不足,指出了未来电弧增材制造金属点阵结构的主要发展方向。

永善体育中心体育馆大跨度空间网格结构设计

永善体育中心体育馆为公共建筑,结构形式混合结构,下部为混凝土框架结构,屋顶为大跨度空间钢网格结构。屋顶钢网格为下弦支承的四角锥网架结构。屋顶支座采取橡胶支座。对整体组装结构及单独钢屋顶进行分析设计介绍,并对关键杆件进行性能设计。结果表明,网架结构实用性较强,结构安全性较好。

考虑塑性发展的球面网壳模态推覆数值研究

网壳结构空间效应明显,故传统的静力弹塑性分析方法(Push-over)难以直接用于网壳结构地震反应分析。基于结构整体刚度参数的模态推覆分析方法(Push-down),改进了传统的用于高层结构分析的Push-over方法,可考虑网壳竖向振动作用,实现网壳结构地震反应的快速分析。本文基于该方法开发了可分析单层球面网壳地震作用下从杆件到结构层面塑性发展程度的子程序模块,并据此进行数值研究。考虑不同单层球面网壳类型、几何参数、地震波特征等,研究其地震作用下的结构位移、基于杆件塑性深度的结构塑性发展,并分析该方法的适用性特点。研究结果表明,该方法计算矢跨比大于等于1/4的球面网壳地震反应较为准确,其计算精度受网壳类型影响较大、受地震波峰值加速度影响较小;多阶模态推覆较一阶模态推覆可提高位移计算精度,但不宜用于塑性发展分析,且所需的模态分析耗时较长。

Strength behavior and collapse of spatial-reticulated structures under multi-support excitation

Under strong shocks,long-span spatial-latticed structures may collapse due to dynamic instability or strength failure.The elasto-plastic dynamic behaviors of three spatiallatticed structures,including two double-layer cylindrical shells and a spheri-cal shell used for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing,were quantitatively examined under multi-support excitation(MSE) and uniform support excitation(USE).Numerical analyses described several important parameters such as the peak acceleration and displacement responses at key joints,the number and distribution of plastic elements,and the deformation of the shell at the moment of collapse.Results of the analysis revealed the features and the failure mechanism of the spatial-latticed structures under MSE and USE.In both scenarios,the double-layer reticulated shell collapsed in the "overflow" mode,collapse was govrned by the number of invalid plastic elements rather than the total number of plastic elements,and the collapse of the structure began with damage to certain local regions near the supports.By comparing the numbers and distributions of the plastic members under MSE to those under USE,it was observed that the plastic members spread more sufficiently and the internal forces were more uniform under MSE,especially for lower apparent velocities in soils.Due to the effects of pseudo-static displacement,the stresses in members near supports under MSE were higher than those under USE.These regions are prone to failure during earthquakes and deserve special attention in the seismic design of reticulated structures.

空间网格结构频域风振响应分析模态补偿法

大跨空间网格结构是频率密集性结构,按照模态分析法,尽管考虑多阶振型的影响有时也难以包含所有的主要贡献模态。从数值分析中可以发现,大跨空间网格结构风振分析中往往存在着一些高阶振型,它对风振响应的贡献比较大,但由于其频率高往往很容易被忽略。本文根据模态对系统应变能的贡献,提出了一种有效的选取主要贡献模态的方法,为了克服包含所有主要贡献模态的困难,本文提出了一种简单的方法来补偿由于高阶模态遗漏而产生的误差,并通过一个网壳的算例对所提出方法的有效性进行了验证。

行波效应对大跨度空间网格结构地震响应的影响

建立了一系列的标准正方形平板网格模型,分别采用时程分析法和随机振动虚拟激励法分析了不同跨度的网格模型在不同视波速的行波激励下的地震响应,并与一致激励下的地震响应进行了对比．结果表明,行波效应对网格结构杆件应力的影响随行波视波速的减小而增大,且对不同位置杆件的应力值的影响有所不同;当行波视波速小于500m／s时,行波效应对跨度大于60 m的网格结构控制杆件内力的影响程度大于lO％;当行波视波速一定时,行波效应对杆件控制内力的影响随网格结构跨度的增大而增大,不同地震激励下的行波效应差别很大．可见,行波效应对大跨度空间网格结构地震响应的影响显著;在空间网格结构抗震设计中,当结构跨度大于60 m、行波视波速小于500 m／s时,必须考虑行波效应对网格结构控制杆件内力的影响．

大跨空间网格结构风振系数探讨

频域法是大跨空间网格结构风振响应实用计算的首选方法 ,而大跨空间网格结构是频率密集性结构 ,现在常规的模态分析法已不适合对大跨空间网格结构进行风振响应分析。我国现在仍是采用高耸或高层结构的荷载规范 ,只取结构的第一阶频率计算风振系数 ,按此方法进行大跨空间网格结构的风振分析是很不合理的。本文根据模态对系统应变能的贡献 ,提出了一种简单、有效的方法来计算大跨空间网格结构的风振系数 。

多维地震激励下空间结构MR阻尼器半主动控制

基于LQR算法提出了大跨平板网架结构的空间最优控制力的计算方法,并应用磁流变(MR)阻尼器对大跨平板网架结构的多维地震反应进行振动控制.分别采用半主动控制和被动控制策略,数值仿真了一空间网架结构在三维天津波和El-Centro波激励下的受控地震反应,并对各种控制策略的控制效果进行了比较分析.结果表明,应用MR阻尼器能使大跨平板网架结构的地震反应得到有效控制,同一种控制策略对不同地震激励的控制效果不同;采用半主动控制策略时,结构水平位移和加速度幅值的控制效果可达66.40/0和47.50/0,其均方根值的控制效果可达80.40/0和72.90/0;采用被动控制策略时,结构水平位移幅值及其均方值的控制效果也可达到23.70/0和33.80/0.因此所提出的确定空间最优控制力的方法是有效的.

大跨度空间网格结构在地震行波作用下的响应

本文对地震行波三向正交分量分别独立作用和联合作用下的大跨度空间网格结构的地震响应(包括结构控制点的位移、杆件内力、柱底弯矩等 )进行了数值分析 ,结果表明 :与一致地震振动相比 ,地震动的行波效应可使大跨度空间网格结构的控制点位移增大 2 1%、柱脚弯矩增大 79%、杆件内力增大 10 0 %,因此 ,在大跨度空间结构的抗震分析中必须进行详细的抗震分析。

考虑螺栓球节点半刚性的网格结构有限元模型修正研究

为获取用于螺栓球节点网格结构健康监测准确有限元模型,用具有刚度可调节点单元描述节点半刚性;采用神经网络技术,利用有限测点的模态信息构造频率与振型的组合参数CPFM作为网络的输入参数,提出对螺栓球节点单元刚度折减系数进行分步修正新方法。以单层柱面网壳振动台试验模型为例,在螺栓球节点精细化模型基础上,基于实测模态数据对其进行有限元模型修正。结果表明,修正后有限元模型能较好反映该网壳结构的真实动力特性,采用分步修正算法能精简神经网络结构,可有效用于螺栓球节点网格结构有限元模型修正,具有一定实用价值。

空间网格结构抗震分析中的阈值法理论

为建立空间网格结构振型遴选准则,总结了空间网格结构地震反应计算方法及其存在的问题,通过基本模型比较给出构件承剪型结构和构件轴力型结构的新概念,并指出质量参与系数法为仅适于构件承剪型结构截取振型的计算方法.针对空间网格结构的特点,从振型能量参与的角度,引入动力功参与系数和静力功参与系数的概念,并导出了相应的计算公式,得到了空间网格结构模态遴选的理论依据,提出一种基于振型能量遴选振型的新方法(阈值法).通过多高层和单层球面网壳算例分析,验证了质量参与系数法是阈值法的退化形式,同时证明,采用阈值法时,仅选取少数主要振型,就可求得网格结构满足设计精度要求的地震反应数值解.通过与时程法的对比,进一步说明了阈值法较高的计算效率.

大跨度空间网格结构多维多点随机地震反应分析

本文建立了三维正交地震动多点激励下大跨度空间网格结构的随机地震反应分析方法,依据现行抗震设计规范的有关规定,确定了平稳随机地震动功率谱密度的模型参数。数值仿真分析了一柱距80m的正方形平板网架分别在一维地震动或三维地震动的一致激励、行波激励和考虑部分相干效应的随机激励下的地震反应。结果表明:考虑地震动的空间效应会很大程度地改变结构杆件的内力,其中控制杆件的内力增幅达到30%;地震动的行波效应对结构杆件内力的影响比随机地震动的部分相干效应的影响更大;三维地震作用比一维地震作用下结构杆件的内力大。由此得出结论,对于大跨度空间网格结构,必须进行多维多点地震激励下的随机地震反应分析。