Biliary complications after liver transplantation:A computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging pictorial review

Biliary complications are the most common complications after liver transplantation.Computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)are cornerstones for timely diagnosis of biliary complications after liver transplantation.The diagnosis of these complications by CT and MRI requires expertise,mainly with respect to identifying subtle early signs to avoid missed or incorrect diagnoses.For example,biliary strictures may be misdiagnosed on MRI due to size mismatch of the common ducts of the donor and recipient,postoperative edema,pneumobilia,or susceptibility artifacts caused by surgical clips.Proper and prompt diagnosis of biliary complications after transplantation allows the timely initiation of appropriate management.The aim of this pictorial review is to illustrate various CT and MRI findings related to biliary complications after liver transplantation,based on time of presentation after surgery and frequency of occurrence.

Impact of open hepatectomy on postoperative bile leakage in patients with biliary tract cancer

BACKGROUND Bile leakage is a common and serious complication of open hepatectomy for the treatment of biliary tract cancer.AIM To evaluate the incidence,risk factors,and management of bile leakage after open hepatectomy in patients with biliary tract cancer.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 120 patients who underwent open hepatectomy for biliary tract cancer from February 2018 to February 2023.Bile leak was defined as bile drainage from the surgical site or drain or the presence of a biloma on imaging.The incidence,severity,timing,location,and treatment of the bile leaks were recorded.The risk factors for bile leakage were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.RESULTS The incidence of bile leak was 16.7%(20/120),and most cases were grade A(75%,15/20)according to the International Study Group of Liver Surgery classification.The median time of onset was 5 d(range,1-14 d),and the median duration was 7 d(range,2-28 d).The most common location of bile leakage was the cut surface of the liver(70%,14/20),followed by the anastomosis site(25%,5/20)and the cystic duct stump(5%,1/20).Most bile leaks were treated conservatively with drainage,antibiotics,and nutritional support(85%,17/20),whereas some required endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with stenting(10%,2/20)or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with drainage(5%,1/20).Risk factors for bile leakage include male sex,hepatocellular carcinoma,major hepatectomy,blood loss,and blood transfusion.CONCLUSION Bile leakage is a frequent complication of open hepatectomy for biliary tract cancer.However,most cases are mild and can be conservatively managed.Male sex,hepatocellular carcinoma,major hepatectomy,blood loss,and blood transfusion were associated with an increased risk of bile leak.

Complications and management of forgotten long-term biliary stents

AIMTo evaluate complications and management outcomes of retained long-term plastic biliary stents.METHODSEndoscopic plastic biliary stent placement was performed in 802 patients at Yeungnam University Hospital between January 2000 and December 2014. Follow-up loss with a subsequently forgotten stent for more than 12 mo occurred in 38 patients. We retrospectively examined the cause of biliary stent insertion, status of stents, complications associated with biliary stents and management outcomes of long-term plastic biliary stents. Continuous variables were analyzed using the t test. Observed frequencies in subsets of the study population were compared using Fisher’s exact test and χ2 tests. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05 (two-tailed).RESULTSMean age of patients was 73.7 ± 12 years and male-to-female ratio was 2.2:1. Indications of plastic biliary stent insertion were bile duct stones (63.2%, 24/38) and benign bile duct stricture (52.6%, 20/38). Mean duration of retained plastic stent was 22.6 ± 12.2 mo, and in 10 cases (26.3%), stents were retained for more than 24 mo. Common bile duct (CBD) stones or sludge were found in most cases (92.1%, 35/38). The most common complication was acute cholangitis (94.7%, 36/38). Stent removal by endoscopic approach was successfully performed in 92.1% (35/38) of the cases. In 3 cases, an additional plastic stent was inserted alongside the previous stent due to failure of the stent removal. Endoscopic removal of bile duct stones was successful in 73.7% (28/38) of the cases. When patients were divided into two groups by duration of stent placement (12 to 24 mo vs over 24 mo), there were no differences in the development of cholangitis, presence of biliary stones, and success rate of endoscopic removal of stones and biliary stents.CONCLUSIONThe most common complication of retained long-term plastic biliary stents was acute cholangitis associated with CBD stones. Endoscopic management was successfully performed in most cases.

Complex liver retransplantation to treat graft loss due to long-term biliary tract complication after liver transplantation: A case report

BACKGROUND Loss of graft function after liver transplantation(LT) inevitably requires liver retransplant. Retransplantation of the liver(Re LT) remains controversial because of inferior outcomes compared with the primary orthotopic LT(OLT).Meanwhile, if accompanied by vascular complications such as arterial and portal vein(PV) stenosis or thrombosis, it will increase difficulties of surgery. We hereby introduce our center’s experience in Re LT through a complicated case of ReLT.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient who suffered from hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis and underwent LT in December 2012. Early postoperative recovery was uneventful.Four months after LT, the patient’s bilirubin increased significantly and he was diagnosed with an ischemic-type biliary lesion caused by hepatic artery occlusion. The patient underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage and repeatedly replaced intrahepatic biliary drainage tube regularly for 5 years.The patient developed progressive deterioration of liver function and underwent liver re-transplant in January 2019. The operation was performed in a classic OLT manner without venous bypass. Both the hepatic artery and PV were occluded and could not be used for anastomosis. The donor PV was anastomosed with the recipient’s left renal vein. The donor hepatic artery was connected to the recipient’s abdominal aorta. The bile duct reconstruction was performed in an end-to-end manner. The postoperative process was very uneventful and the patient was discharged 1 mo after retransplantation.CONCLUSION With the development of surgical techniques, portal thrombosis and arterial occlusion are no longer contraindications for ReLT.

Endoscopic management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Biliary complications are a serious problem in patients after liver transplantation and often require reoperation. This study was conducted to summarize the endoscopic diagnosis and management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS: From December 2000 to November 2003, twelve endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies(ERCPs) were performed in 7 patients after OLT at Digestive Endoscopic Center of Changhai Hospital in Shanghai, China. The therapeutic maneuvers included endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), biliary stent placement, balloon and basket extraction, irrigation, and nasobiliary tube placement. A retrospective study was made to determine the types of biliary tract complications after OLT. The success of ERCP and therapeutic maneuvers was also evaluated. RESULTS: Biliary tract complications including biliary stricture, biliary leak, biliary sludge, and stump leak of the cyst duct were treated respectively by endoscopic sphincterotomy with sludge extraction, stricture dilation or endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage. Two of the 3 patients with proximal common bile duct stricture were successfully treated with ERCP and stent placement. Four patients with anastomotic stricture and/without bile leak were treated successfully by dilation and stent placement or endoscopic nosobiliary drainage. No severe ERCP-related complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: ERCP is an effective and accurate approach for the diagnosis of biliary tract complications after OLT, and placement of a stent is a safe initial treatment for biliary complications after liver transplantation.

T-tube vs no T-tube for biliary tract reconstruction in adult orthotopic liver transplantation:An updated systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Whether to use a T-tube for biliary anastomosis during orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT)remains a debatable question.Some surgeons chose to use a T-tube because they believed that it reduces the incidence of biliary strictures.Advances in surgical techniques during the last decades have significantly decreased the overall incidence of postoperative biliary complications.Whether using a T-tube during OLT is still associated with the reduced incidence of biliary strictures needs to be re-evaluated.AIM To provide an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on using a T-tube during adult OLT.METHODS In the electronic databases MEDLINE,PubMed,Scopus,ClinicalTrials.gov,the Cochrane Library,the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trails Register,and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,we identified 17 studies(eight randomized controlled trials and nine comparative studies)from January 1995 to October 2020.The data of the studies before and after 2010 were separately extracted.We chose the overall biliary complications,bile leaks or fistulas,biliary strictures(anastomotic or non-anastomotic),and cholangitis as outcomes.Odds ratios(ORs)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)were calculated to describe the results of the outcomes.Furthermore,the test for overall effect(Z)was used to test the difference between OR and 1,where P≤0.05 indicated a significant difference between OR value and 1.RESULTS A total of 1053 subjects before 2010 and 1346 subjects after 2010 were included in this meta-analysis.The pooled results showed that using a T-tube reduced the incidence of postoperative biliary strictures in studies before 2010(P=0.012,OR=0.62,95%CI:0.42-0.90),while the same benefit was not seen in studies after 2010(P=0.60,OR=0.76,95%CI:0.27-2.12).No significant difference in the incidence of overall biliary complications(P=0.37,OR=1.41,95%CI:0.66-2.98),bile leaks(P=0.89,OR=1.04,95%CI:0.63-1.70),and cholangitis(P=0.27,OR=2.00,95%CI:0.59-6.84)was observed between using and not using a T-tube before 2010.However,using a T-tube appeared to increase the incidence of overall biliary complications(P=0.049,OR=1.49,95%CI:1.00-2.22),bile leaks(P=0.048,OR=1.91,95%CI:1.01-3.64),and cholangitis(P=0.02,OR=7.21,95%CI:1.37-38.00)after 2010.A random-effects model was used in biliary strictures(after 2010),overall biliary complications(before 2010),and cholangitis(before 2010)due to their heterogeneity(I2=62.3%,85.4%,and 53.6%,respectively).In the sensitivity analysis(only RCTs included),bile leak(P=0.66)lost the significance after 2010 and a random-effects model was used in overall biliary complications(before 2010),cholangitis(before 2010),bile leaks(after 2010),and biliary strictures(after 2010)because of their heterogeneity(I2=92.2%,65.6%,50.9%,and 80.3%,respectively).CONCLUSION In conclusion,the evidence gathered in our updated meta-analysis showed that the studies published in the last decade did not provide enough evidence to support the routine use of T-tube in adults during OLT.

Experiences relating to management of biliary tract complications following liver transplantation in 96 cases

OBJECTIVE: To investigate best diagnosing methods and therapy for patients with biliary tract complications after liver transplantation and analyze related factors. METHODS: A review was made of data collected from 96 patients, and confirmed by retrospective case notes examination. RESULTS: A total of 94 patients (97 grafts) survived more than 2 days after transplantation; of whom, 92 had an end-to-end biliary anastomosis with a T tube. The average follow-up was 5.8 months (range: 0.3 - 10.2 months). Among the 94 patients, eight (8.5%, 8/94) had complications: leakage during T-tube removal (2 patients), leakage at an earlier stage (2), simultaneous stricture and leak (2) and just stricture (2). Six patients with biliary tract complications had predisposing factors including hepatic artery stenosis (2 patients, including one hepatic artery stenosis combined with severe rejection, hepatic artery thrombosis (3), and donor-recipient bile duct mismatch (1). There was no difference in cold ischemic time. With hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stenosis > 50%, five patients were re-transplanted; without hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stenosis 50%, re-transplantation is needed as early as possible.

腹腔镜胰腺肿瘤剜除术后胆道并发症的危险因素分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胰腺肿瘤剜除术后发生胆道并发症的危险因素。方法:回顾分析2017年3月至2023年6月101例接受腹腔镜胰腺肿瘤剜除术患者的临床及随访资料。其中男29例,女72例,15~77岁,平均(48.6±13.2)岁。肿瘤位于胰头部49例(48.5%)、胰颈体尾部52例(51.5%)。根据术后是否发生胆道并发症分为胆道并发症组(n=24)与无胆道并发症组(n=77)。单因素分析中定量数据采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验进行比较,分类数据采用χ^(2)检验进行比较,采用多因素Logistic回归分析术后发生胆道并发症的独立危险因素。结果:患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成肿瘤剜除术,无术中输血及中转开腹,手术时间63~359 min,平均(168.0±58.7)min。术后长期随访,24例(23.8%)发生胆道并发症,其中胆囊结石21例、胆囊炎2例、胆囊结石合并胆总管结石1例;77例(76.2%)未发生胆道并发症。单因素分析结果显示,体重指数大(P=0.008)、术后第1天γ-谷氨酰转移酶高(P=0.04)、肿瘤位于胰头部(P=0.012)、肿瘤最大径长(P=0.028)、生长抑素使用总量多(P<0.001)是术后发生胆道并发症的危险因素。将上述危险因素纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示体重指数大(OR=1.262,95%CI=1.025~1.554,P=0.028)、肿瘤位于胰头部(OR=4.042,95%CI=1.242~13.155,P=0.020)、生长抑素使用总量多(OR=1.381,95%CI=1.059~1.800,P=0.017)是腹腔镜胰腺肿瘤剜除术后发生胆道并发症的独立危险因素。结论:腹腔镜胰腺肿瘤剜除术是治疗胰腺良性、低度恶性肿瘤的有效术式,对于具有上述危险因素的患者,应在出院后加强监测胆道并发症的发生情况。

梗阻性黄疸PTCD出血并发症的危险因素

目的探讨梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿刺胆道置管引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)出血并发症相关的影响因素。方法收集贵州医科大学附属医院、中南大学湘雅二医院、贵州医科大学附属肿瘤医院2015年1月至2021年1月,接受PTCD资料完整的1042例梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,并对PTCD出血并发症相关的危险因素进行回顾性分析。结果引流管成襻位置对PTCD出血并发症有影响,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),与总胆管成襻位置相比,左右肝管成襻术后出血风险增加155.6%(OR=2.556,95%CI:1.251~5.225),左右肝管下一级分支成襻术后出血增加414.4%(OR=5.144,95%CI:2.618~10.106)。穿刺成功后引流方式选择差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与外引流方式相比,内外共同引流方式增加术后出血风险159.1%(OR=2.591,95%CI:1.102~6.091)。术前血小板计数与术前总胆红素水平为PTCD出血并发症的独立危险因素(P<0.05);术前血小板计数每增加1个单位,术后出血并发症的发生的概率减少0.2%(OR=0.998,95%CI:0.995~1.000),且术前血小板计数<228×109/L时,对术后出血产生影响;术前总胆红素每增加1个单位,术后出血并发症的发生概率增加0.3%(OR=1.003,95%CI:1.001~1.004),且术前总胆红素>264.4μmol/L时,对术后出血产生影响。结论PTCD引流管成襻位置及引流方式是PTCD出血并发症的独立危险因素,成襻位置越靠近三级分支,出血风险越大;内外引流方式的出血风险高于外引流方式。术前总胆红素、术前血小板计数是PTCD出血并发症的独立危险因素;术前总胆红素水平与出血风险呈正相关;术前血小板计数水平与出血风险呈负相关。

Management of occluded self-expanding biliary metal stents in malignant biliary disease

Background: Occlusion of self-expanding metal stents(SEMS) in malignant biliary obstruction occurs in up to 40% of patients. This study aimed to compare the different techniques to resolve stent occlusion in our collective of patients.Methods: Patients with malignant biliary obstruction and occlusion of biliary metal stent at a tertiary referral endoscopic center were retrospectively identified between April 1, 1994 and May 31, 2014. The clinical records were further analyzed regarding the characteristics of patients, malignant strictures, SEMS,management strategies, stent patency, subsequent interventions, survival time and case charges.Results: A total of 108 patients with biliary metal stent occlusion were identified. Seventy-nine of these patients were eligible for further analysis. Favored management was plastic stent insertion in 73.4% patients. Second SEMS were inserted in 12.7% patients. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and mechanical cleansing were conducted in a minority of patients. Further analysis showed no statistically significant difference in median overall secondary stent patency(88 vs. 143 days, P = 0.069), median survival time(95 vs. 192 days, P = 0.116), median subsequent intervention rate(53.4% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.501)and median case charge(€5145 vs. €3473, P = 0.803) for the treatment with a second metal stent insertion compared to plastic stent insertion. In patients with survival time of more than three months,significantly more patients treated with plastic stents needed re-interventions than patients treated with second SEMS(93.3% vs. 57.1%, P = 0.037).Conclusions: In malignant biliary strictures, both plastic and metal stent insertions are feasible strategies for the treatment of occluded SEMS. Our data suggest that in palliative biliary stenting, patients especially those with longer expected survival might benefit from second SEMS insertion. Careful patient selection is important to ensure a proper decision for either management strategy.

Repair of a mal-repaired biliary injury:A case report

Iatrogenic bile-duct injury post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains a major serious complication with unpredictable long-term results. We present a patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstones, in which the biliary injury was recognized intraoperatively. The surgical procedure was converted to an open one. The first surgeon repaired the injury over a T-tube without recognizing the anatomy and type of the biliary lesion, which led to an unusual biliary mal-repair. Immediately postoperatively, the abdominal drain brought a large amount of bile. A T-tube cholangiogram was performed. Despite the contrast medium leaking through the abdominal drain, the mal-repair was recognized intraoperatively. The surgical procedure was converted to an open one. The first surgeon repaired the injury over a T-tube without recognizing the anatomy and type of the biliary lesion, which led to an unusual biliary mal-repair. Immediately postoperatively, the abdominal drain brought a large amount of bile. A T-tube cholangiogram was performed. Despite the contrast medium leaking through the abdominal drain, the mal-repair was unrecognized. The patient was referred to our hospital for biliary leak. Ultrasound and cholangiography was repeated, which showed an unanatomical repair （right to left hepatic duct anastomosis over the T-tube）,with evidence of contrast medium coming out through the abdominal drain. Eventually the patient was subjected to a definitive surgical treatment. The biliary continuity was re-established by a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, over transanastomotic external biliary stents. The patient is now doing well 4 years after the second surgical procedure. In reviewing the literature, we found a similar type of injury but we did not find a similar surgical real-repair. We propose an algorithm for the treatment of early and late biliary injuries.

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管取石术治疗肝移植术后胆道远期并发症的效果

目的:探讨超声引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管取石术(PTCL)治疗肝移植术后胆道远期并发症的疗效及优势。方法:选择2例肝移植术后胆道远期并发症患者,运用超声引导下PTCL进行胆管取石、胆管狭窄扩张及胆道支架取出。分析2例患者的皮肤瘙痒改善程度、肝功能指标、感染指标及胆管狭窄变化。结果:2例患者治疗后皮肤瘙痒症状显著减轻,肝功能及感染指标显著降低,放置的引流管既能通畅引流又能支撑胆管狭窄。结论:超声引导下PTCL能有效解决肝移植术后胆道远期并发症,该方法安全可行。

A Review on the Management of Biliary Complications after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Orthotopic liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinomas.Biliary complications are the most common complications seen after transplantation,with an incidence of 10-25%.These complications are seen both in deceased donor liver transplant and living donor liver transplant.Endoscopic treatment of biliary complications with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(commonly known as ERCP)has become a mainstay in the management post-transplantation.The success rate has reached 80%in an experienced endoscopist's hands.If unsuccessful with ERCP,percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography can be an alternative therapy.Early recognition and treatment has been shown to improve morbidity and mortality in post-liver transplant patients.The focus of this review will be a learned discussion on the types,diagnosis,and treatment of biliary complications post-orthotopic liver transplantation.

腹腔镜下小切口胆道探查术对复发性肝外胆管结石患者围术期临床指标及并发症的影响

目的:研究腹腔镜下小切口胆道探查术对复发性肝外胆管结石患者围术期临床指标及并发症的影响。方法:选取2018年2月—2023年2月菏泽市鄄城县人民医院收治的复发性肝外胆管结石患者80例作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各40例。对照组施以开腹胆道探查术,观察组施以腹腔镜下小切口胆道探查术。比较两组围术期临床指标、并发症发生率、疼痛程度及生活质量评分。结果:观察组腹腔粘连分离时间、术后首次肛门排气时间、术后住院时间均短于对照组,术中失血量少于对照组,术后镇痛率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0026);治疗后,两组视觉模拟评分法评分均降低,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组社会功能、角色功能、情绪功能、躯体功能、认知功能及总体健康状况评分均升高,观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜下小切口胆道探查术能够改善复发性肝外胆结石患者的围术期指标,降低并发症发生率、术后镇痛率,缓解疼痛程度,改善生活质量。

肝移植术后胆道并发症的超声诊断

目的 探讨超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊断和治疗中的价值。方法 13例实施肝移植术后临床拟诊胆道并发症患者,以二维超声检查移植肝内外胆管及肝周情况,彩色多普勒超声评估肝动脉血流,并与其他影像学检查相对比。结果 超声检出胆道梗阻者10例(其中2例行超声引导PTC);胆漏者3例(其中2例在超声引导下置管引流);有肝动脉血栓并发胆道梗阻者3例。结论 超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊治中有着重要应用价值。

肝肿瘤CT引导经皮射频消融术后胆道并发症防治

目的分析肝肿瘤CT引导经皮射频消融(RFA)术后胆道并发症的防治。方法 1 136例肝肿瘤患者共行RFA 1 944例次。其中35例次(35/1 944,1.80%)出现胆道并发症,观察胆道并发症类型及治疗方法。结果 35例次胆道并发症中无症状胆管分支扩张12例,未予特殊治疗。梗阻性黄疸2例,均行经皮肝穿胆道引流术(PTCD)结合内支架植入治疗。胆汁瘤18例,其中7例胆汁瘤继发感染形成肝脓肿。均行经皮肝穿胆汁瘤引流术(PTBD)。梗阻性黄疸合并胆汁瘤1例,同时行PTCD和PTBD结合内支架植入治疗。梗阻性黄疸继发胆汁瘤1例,先行PTCD,然后行PTBD治疗。胆汁瘤继发梗阻性黄疸1例,先行PTBD,然后行PTCD治疗。结论梗阻性黄疸和胆汁瘤是CT引导肝肿瘤经皮RFA后症状较重的胆道并发症,应及时行PTCD/PTBD术治疗,治疗后症状可缓解或消失。

胆道再手术原因分析:附828例报告

目的分析导致再次胆道手术的原因,以期减少胆道再手术率。方法总结1990—1999年间收治的再次胆道手术患者828例的临床资料,对胆道疾病再次手术的原因进行归类分析。结果再手术的主要原因是结石复发或残留,占65.10%;结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄占33.82%;单纯Oddi括约肌狭窄占9.54%;胆管损伤性狭窄和胆肠吻合口狭窄占10.39%;胆道系统肿瘤占6.52%。结论胆道再手术的主要原因仍以结石复发或残留为主,其次为Oddi括约肌狭窄;损伤性胆管狭窄等与手术有关的因素不容忽视。减少胆道再次手术的关键在于初次手术的彻底性和手术方法的合理性。

肝切除联合纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆结石临床分析

目的:分析肝胆结石实施肝切除联合纤维胆道镜治疗效果,为临床治疗提高参考。方法:选取我院2013年1月~2016年2月收治胆管结石患者96例,随机分为观察组和对照组,两组均实施肝切除配合取石术,观察组联合纤维胆道镜切除术治疗,分析两组治疗效果。结果:观察组手术时间[(3.0±0.6)h]和术中出血量[(386±169)mL]与对照组手术时间[(4.0±0.1)h]和术中出血量[(395±202)mL]差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组手术治疗有效率(89.6%)显著高于对照组(66.7%)。术后并发症包括感染、胆管炎、胆道出血等,两组患者术后并发症发生率差异不明显(P>0.05)。观察组结石残留率(6.3%)和复发率(6.3%)均显著低于对照组结石残留率(22.9%)和复发率(54.2%)。结论:肝胆结石实施肝切除术联合纤维胆道镜治疗明确,安全性高,具有使用价值。

心脏死亡供者肝移植受者胆道并发症风险因素分析

目的：分析心脏死亡器官捐献（ DCD）肝移植受者术后胆道并发症发生的高危因素。方法：收集浙江大学医学院附属第一医院2010年10月—2013年10月施行的109例DCD肝移植手术的临床资料，回顾分析供者因素对受者胆道并发症的影响。结果：109例DCD肝移植受者术后共24例发生胆道并发症，发生率为22.0％。单因素分析显示胆道并发症组与对照组间的热缺血时间（ P＜0.001）及ICU住院天数（ P＝0.013）差异均有统计学意义；ABO血型是否相容差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）；使用升压药及患者脂肪肝有增加术后胆道并发症的趋势。多因素分析显示热缺血时间（P＝0.001，OR＝1.328，95％可信区间为1.124～1.526）和ICU住院天数（ P＝0.012，OR＝0.840，95％可信区间为0.732～0.963）是术后胆道并发症的独立危险因素。结论：胆道并发症仍然是DCD肝移植术后的主要难题，热缺血时间和ICU治疗是受者术后胆道并发症的独立危险因素。在供肝紧缺的情况下，使用ABO血型不相容的供肝不失为拯救生命的有效方法。

再次肝移植的适应证与死亡原因分析

目的探讨再次肝移植的适应证和死亡原因。方法回顾性分析2003年9月至2009年7月间在中山大学附属第三医院肝移植中心接受再次肝移植手术的36例患者的临床资料。结果同期该中心再次肝移植率为4.7%。移植术后胆道并发症(53%)是再次肝移植的主要原因,其他常见的原因包括移植术后血管并发症(22%)和原发病的复发(22%)。全组均采用附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式肝移植术,无手术死亡患者。术后有18例患者死亡,其中7例死于感染性疾病,4例死于肾衰竭和多器官功能衰竭,4例死于肝癌复发,另3例分别死于心肌梗死、颅内出血和血管并发症。另18例患者生存良好并存活至今,移植物功能正常。随访时间24～81个月,中位生存时间54.5个月。再次肝移植患者的1年和3年生存率分别为61%和44%。结论肝移植术后胆道并发症是再次肝移植的主要适应证。再次肝移植的1年和3年生存率较低,感染性疾病是再次肝移植的主要死亡原因。