Comprehensive analysis of advanced glycation end-products in commonly consumed foods:presenting a database for dietary AGEs and associated exposure assessment

Advanced glycation end-products(AGEs)are a group of heterogeneous compounds formed in heatprocessed foods and are proven to be detrimental to human health.Currently,there is no comprehensive database for AGEs in foods that covers the entire range of food categories,which limits the accurate risk assessment of dietary AGEs in human diseases.In this study,we first established an isotope dilution UHPLCQq Q-MS/MS-based method for simultaneous quantification of 10 major AGEs in foods.The contents of these AGEs were detected in 334 foods covering all main groups consumed in Western and Chinese populations.Nε-Carboxymethyllysine,methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone isomers,and glyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 are predominant AGEs found in most foodstuffs.Total amounts of AGEs were high in processed nuts,bakery products,and certain types of cereals and meats(>150 mg/kg),while low in dairy products,vegetables,fruits,and beverages(<40 mg/kg).Assessment of estimated daily intake implied that the contribution of food groups to daily AGE intake varied a lot under different eating patterns,and selection of high-AGE foods leads to up to a 2.7-fold higher intake of AGEs through daily meals.The presented AGE database allows accurate assessment of dietary exposure to these glycotoxins to explore their physiological impacts on human health.

Effect of long-term thermal exposure on microstructure of laser-welded UNS N10003 alloy

The evolution of the microstructure and tensile rupture mechanism of laser welds in UNS N10003 alloy exposed to 700℃are investigated.Fine M_(6)C carbides precipitate around the primary eutectic M_(6)C-carbides in the fusion zone after 100 h of exposure.During long-term thermal exposure,the size of the fine M_(6)C carbides increased.The eutectic M_(6)C-carbides in the as-welded fusion zone transformed into spherical M_(6)C carbides as the exposure time extends to 10000 h.Additionally,the spherical M_(6)C particles exhibit size coarsening with increasing exposure time.The tensile properties of the welded joints are not adversely affected by the evolution of eutectic M_(6)C-carbides and the coarsening of M_(6)C carbides.

Bisphenol A in Fluid and Powdered Milk Samples and Associated Child Dietary Exposures

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical found in a wide range of consumer products and consumables that humans are exposed to. The aim of this study was to determine BPA contamination levels in 51 milk samples sold in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region, Brazil. Bisphenol A was detected (≥limit of detection, LOD) in five of the analyzed samples (9.8%) and quantified (≥limit of quantification, LOQ) in two (3.8%). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for children aged up to 12 months ranged from 24.95 to 97.72 ng/kg body weight/day, lower than the established European Union tolerable daily intake value. Recent evidence, however, suggests that even low doses of endocrine disruptors such as BPA may pose potential health risks, even more so when exposure occurs at such an early life stage.

Dietary Exposure of the Chinese Population to Acrylamide

Objective To assess the current status of the acrylamide in the Chinese food supply, the dietary acrylamide exposure in the Chinese population and to estimate the public health risks of the current consumption. Methods The acrylamide content in the total diet study （TDS） food samples was analyzed using an LC-MS/MS method. Based on the analytical results, the dietary exposure calculations were performed using a deterministic method, combining mean acrylamide concentrations from the food group composite with their associated food consumptions. Results Acrylamide was detected in 43.7% of all samples collected and acrylamide concentration varied from ND to 526.6 I^g/kg. The estimated dietary intakes of acrylamide among Chinese general population given as the mean and the 95th percentile （P95） were 0.286 and 0.490 iJg.kg1 bw.day1, respectively. The margins of exposure （MOEs） for the population calculated using both benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10% extra risk of tumors in animals （BMDL10） 0.31 and 0.18 i^g.k8-1 bw-dayz, were 1069 and 621 for the mean dietary exposure, and 633 and 367 for the high dietary exposure respectively. Conclusion These MOE values might indicate a human health concern on acrylamide for Chinese population. Efforts should continue to reduce acrylamide levels in food in order to reduce the dietary risks to the human health.

Assessment on Dietary Melamine Exposure from Tainted Infant Formula

Objective To estimate the dietary melamine exposure in Chinese infants and young children from the consumption of melamine adulterated Sanlu infant formula. Methods Four age groups of infants and young children （3, 6, 12, and 24 months） were chosen as the assessed subjects and the maximum amount of infant formula consumption was estimated based on the recommended usage level in the package insert of Sanlu infant formula and other brands. Melamine was analyzed in 111 Sanlu infant fbrmula samples collected from the markets in Beijing and Gansu province using the LC-MS-MS with a limit of quantification of 0.05 mg/kg. Four levels of melamine concentration were chosen to estimate the dietary intakes, including the mean, median, 90th percentile, and maximum. Results The infants of 3 months had the highest intake of melamine, and with the increase of the age （inonth）, the intake decreased. Based on the median melamine concentration （1 000 mg/kg） as an example, the melamine intakes fur the infants of 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 23.4, 21.4, 15.0, and 8.6 mg/kg bw/d, respectively. Conclusion Dietary melamine intakes from tainted Sanln infant formula significantly exceeded the TDI level （0.2 mg/kg bw/d） recommended by the WHO Expert Meeting in 2008. However, the present assessment has some limitations including the poor representative samples, the varied melamine concentrations in the adulterated Sanlu infant formula, and other brand infant formula possibly consumed by these infants.

Dietary Exposure to Benzyl Butyl Phthalate in China

Objective Benzyl butyl phthalate （BBP） is a plasticizer used in food contact materials. Dietary exposure to BBP might lead to reproduction and developmental damages to human. The present paper was aimed to assess the health risk of BBP dietary exposure in Chinese population. Methods The BBP contents were detected in 7409 food samples from 25 food categories by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in selected ion monitoring （SIM） mode. The dietary exposures of BBP in different age and sex groups were estimated by combining the content data with food consumption data derived from 2002 China National Nutrient and Health Survey, and evaluated according to the tolerable daily intake （TDI） of BBP established by European Food safety Agency. Results It was found that BBP was undetectable in most samples and the highest level was 2.69 mg/kg detected in a vegetable oil sample. The average dietary exposure of BBP in people aged 〉2 years was 2.03μg/kg bw per day and the highest average exposure was found in 2-6 years old children （1.98μg/kg bw per day）. The BBP exposure in 7-12 months old children excessed 10% of tolerable daily intake （TDI） in worst scenario. Conclusion The health risk of BBP dietary exposure in Chinese population is low and, considering BBP alone, there is no safety concern.

Effect of long-term thermal exposure on microstructure and creep properties of DD5 single crystal superalloy

The effect of thermal exposure on the microstructure and creep properties of the Ni-based single crystal superalloy in different test conditions was studied.Long-term exposure was performed at 1,000 ℃ and 1,100 ℃ for 500 h prior to the creep tests.The creep lifetime is found to be improved after the long-term exposure at 1,000 ℃ for 500 h as a result of the formation of secondary M_(23)C_(6) in the interdendritic region.The coarsening of γ’ precipitates accompanied by the formation of TCP phase lead to the degradation of alloy,which is responsible for the reduction of the creep lifetime of Ni-base single crystal superalloy after long-term exposure at 1,100 ℃ for 500 h.The creep lifetime of 1,000 oC thermally exposed sample under the conditions of 1,093 ℃/137 MPa is lower than that of heat-treated state.Thermal exposure at 1,100 ℃ for 500 h causes the creep lifetime to drop drastically.

Long-term ocean temperature trend and marine heatwaves

Marine heatwaves(MHWs)can cause irreversible damage to marine ecosystems and livelihoods.Appropriate MHW characterization remains difficult,because the choice of a sea surface temperature(SST)temporal baseline strongly influences MHW identification.Following a recent work suggesting that there should be a communicating baseline for long-term ocean temperature trends(LTT)and MHWs,we provided an effective and quantitative solution to calculate LTT and MHWs simultaneously by using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)method.The long-term nonlinear trend of SST obtained by EEMD shows superiority over the traditional linear trend in that the data extension does not alter prior results.The MHWs identified from the detrended SST data exhibited low sensitivity to the baseline choice,demonstrating the robustness of our method.We also derived the total heat exposure(THE)by combining LTT and MHWs.The THE was sensitive to the fixed-period baseline choice,with a response to increasing SST that depended on the onset time of a perpetual MHW state(identified MHW days equal to the year length).Subtropical areas,the Indian Ocean,and part of the Southern Ocean were most sensitive to the long-term global warming trend.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of the pressure die cast magnesium alloy AZ91D after long-term thermal exposure

The thermal resistance of the pressure die cast magnesium alloy AZ91D is yet not investigated sufficiently. Inorder to assess the effect of a thermal exposure on the microstructural stability and the mechanical properties, the alloyAZ91D is subjected to a long-term annealing for 1 000 h at 80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, 180 °C and 200 °C. After theannealing, the microstructural appearance of the material is investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy andcompared with the as-cast condition. Furthermore, tensile tests, hardness measurements and fracture toughness tests arecarried out and the measured values are discussed on the basis of the microstructural changes. The results reveal thedistinct correlation between the microstructural changes, especially the precipitation of discontinuous and continuousβ-particles (Mg17 Al12), and the mechanical properties.

Dietary exposure estimates of trace elements in selected agricultural products grown in greenhouse and associated health risks in Korean population

This study focuses on the dietary exposure of trace elements (TEs) through the intake of various agricultural products grown in greenhouse, and its corresponding health risks at different age categories in Korean population. It was observed that the mean contents of TEs found in selected agricultural products were well below their guidelines. Mean and 95th percentile intake estimates of TEs were ranged from 0.02 to that considerable attention should be paid to the potential health risks of TEs through intake of various foodstuffs and other exposure pathways.

Assessment of Dietary Exposure and Health Risk to Multiple Heavy Metals amongst Some Workers in Yaounde, Cameroon

This study reports on the dietary exposure of people in Yaounde, Cameroon to heavy metals： lead （Pb）, cadmium （Cd）, mercury （Hg）, copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. One hundred and fifty table-ready food, water and soft drink samples were collected from households and street restaurants in Yaounde and analyzed for heavy metals contents using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Lead （93%, range 0.019-1.77 ppm）, Cd （70%, range 0.01-4.68 ppm）, Hg （81%, range 0.03-10.56 ppm）, Cu （90%, range 0.004-40.32 ppm） and Zn （87%, range 0.014-2,447.04 ppm） were detected in studied samples. Maximum level of each metal exceeded its corresponding European Commissions legislative limits. Samples from street restaurants were most tainted with heavy metals. The highest average daily intakes （ADIs） of Pb （0.96 mg/day） and Hg （1.84 mg/day） were through tap water, while Cd （1.15 mg/day）, Cu （5.42 mg/day） and Zn （601.6 mg/day） were through rice/peanut sauce mixed food. The ADI for Cd and Hg was each higher than its respective PTDI （provisional tolerable daily intake） as defined by JECFA （Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives） and EVM （Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals）. The estimated average daily exposure dose of each detected metal significantly （p = 0.001） exceeded its corresponding PTDI. However, the health risk index was 〈 1 for all studied samples and it was found to be safe, indicating there is a relative absence of health risks associated with the ingestion of contaminated foods, water and soft drinks. Notwithstanding, the detected levels and ADI being higher than legislative limits and PTDI respectively speculates need for awareness raising towards reducing exposure levels to heavy metals in Cameroon.

Health risk from fluoride exposure of a population in selected areas of Tamil Nadu South India

Prevalence of fluorosis is a public health problem in many states of India.It is necessary to find out the different sources through which fluoride enters human metabolism.Only when the sources are identified,suitable remedial measures can be initiated.This study was attempted to find out the contribution of fluoride from various sources such as drinking water,staple food grains,cooked rice,green leafy vegetables and cow milk in the selected area of the study.Percentage of incidence of fluorosis was estimated using a clinical survey.Calculated community fluorosis index values in all the 22 villages were greater than the accepted index value.Fluoride intake from all manor dietary sources of different age groups such as infants,children,adolescents,adults and aged above 70 was determined.The study revealed that,of all the sources,fluoride contribution from drinking water is significant irrespective of age.Hence,it is advised that people of South India,where there similarity in diet pattern,consume drinking water with lesser fluoride to minimize the debilitating effect of fluoride.The study also recommends to the government authorities concerned with supply to provide water with low fluoride level.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Care Quality Related to Dietary Intake and Swallowing Functions of Residents at Long-Term Facilities in Japan

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of healthcare services pertaining to the dietary intake and swallowing functions of residents, nutrition management practices, and performance of residents at long-term care facilities. We investigated outcome indicators, such as changes in dietary intake and swallowing function levels of residents, and clarified which structural and process indicators were associated with the outcome indicators. This was a retrospective study, analyzing information on healthcare services from 1067 long-term care facilities during the fiscal year 2012, sampled from among those registered with the Welfare, Health and Medical Care Information Network of the Welfare and Medical Service Agency in Japan. Five outcome indicators were identified. Next, we examined the relationships between the outcome indicators and structural or process indicators using a multivariate linear regression model, adjusting for facility type. The findings showed how the five outcome indicators were used in long-term care facilities over a period of one year and determined the independent predictors of these outcome indicators. The amplification of dietary function 1 was associated with “assessment of oral functions using a feeding and swallowing assessment checklist every three months”, “holding care conferences related to ingestion and swallowing every three months”, and “maintaining a 1:2 ratio for meal-time assistants to residents”. To improve the quality of care, it is necessary to increase the number of staff (e.g., to provide meal assistance to residents) and to understand changes in the residents’ status through accurate assessment and monitoring.

重庆市部分区县鸡肉和鸡蛋兽药残留监测分析及膳食暴露风险评估

目的:了解重庆市部分地区鸡肉和鸡蛋食品中15种兽药残留情况,并评估人体摄入健康风险。方法:2021—2023年,在重庆市17个区县的商场超市、农贸市场随机抽取鸡肉、鸡蛋样品共计107份,采用液相色谱-质谱/质谱法测定鸡肉及鸡蛋中6种喹诺酮类、2种四环素族类、1种硝基咪唑类、2种酰胺醇类抗生素及4种抗球虫药含量。根据重庆市居民的饮食消费情况,采用点评估法和食品安全指数法对鸡肉和鸡蛋中兽药的暴露风险进行评估。结果:76份鸡蛋样品兽药残留检出率为25.00%(19/76),不合格率为2.63%(2/76);鸡肉样品兽药残留检出率为70.97%(22/31),不合格率为0%(0/31);鸡蛋及鸡肉中检出率较高的多西环素,食品安全指数均值分别为0.000 293和0.000 119,最大值分别为0.002 710和0.001 770,均远低于1。结论:重庆市部分区县鸡肉及鸡蛋中兽药残留有不同程度的检出,部分样品不合格,但总体风险较低,健康危害在可接受范围。

2022—2023年合肥市市售花生黄曲霉毒素B_1污染状况及膳食暴露风险评估

目的了解合肥市市售花生中黄曲霉毒素B_1(aflatoxins B_1,AFT B_1)污染情况,进行相应的膳食暴露和健康风险评估,为相关防控措施的制定提供参考。方法2022—2023年通过随机抽样的方式采集合肥市9个县(市、区)中的花生样品,使用同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法对样品中AFT B_1的含量进行测定;通过问卷调查的方式了解合肥市人群的坚果消费情况,以坚果消费量代替花生消费量。分析不同特征人群经花生AFT B_1暴露的情况,估算暴露限值(margin of exposure,MOE)和肝癌发病风险。结果2022—2023年共对合肥市79份花生样品开展AFT B_1检测,检出率为45.57%(36/79),超标率为13.92%(11/79)。男性、女性坚果消费量分别为(4.61±6.12)g/d和(5.21±6.44)g/d,差异无统计学意义(t=1.279,P>0.05);6~17岁、18~59岁以及≥60岁人群的坚果消费量分别为(4.90±6.28)g/d、(3.53±5.66)g/d和(3.90±6.14)g/d,差异有统计学意义(F=7.134,P<0.01)。6~17岁、18~59岁和≥60岁人群经花生的AFT B_1每日膳食暴露量分别为1.70、0.99和1.04 ng/(kg·d),MOE分别为236、403和385,引发的肝癌发病风险分别为每年0.04例/10万人、0.03例/10万人和0.03例/10万人;当严格执行AFT B_1限量标准后,MOE分别为7003、11961和11438,发病风险可分别降至每年0.0015例/10万人、0.0008例/10万人和0.0009例/10万人。结论合肥市售花生样品中AFT B_1检出率较高,建议对合肥市花生中AFT B_1污染水平开展更加全面和持续性的监测工作,并积极采取有效的控制措施,以保障居民的食品安全。

基于危害物风险综合评价的粮食抽检决策研究

目的解决传统粮食危害物风险评价不够全面,粮食抽检决策随机性和主观性强的问题。方法提出了一种基于危害物风险综合评价的粮食抽检决策方法。首先,构建多维梯形云模型实现了危害物的可能性风险评价;同时构建膳食暴露评估模型,实现了危害物的危害性风险评价,再利用风险矩阵将其与危害物可能性风险评价结果相结合,实现粮食危害物的综合风险评价。其次,在决策支持体系的基础上,明确提供基于季度、地域和危害物抽检排序的决策支持。然后进行贝叶斯网络结构学习与参数学习,并根据粮食危害物的综合评价结果进行贝叶斯网络推理,提供精细化抽检决策支持。结果通过对2018—2019年中国稻米危害物抽检数据的分析,这种综合风险评价方法能够有效地评估稻米危害物的风险水平。同时基于贝叶斯网络,能够得到精细化的抽检方案。结论本研究提出的基于危害物风险综合评价的粮食抽检决策方法可以为食品安全监管部门的抽检工作提供准确、高效的决策依据,一定程度上优化抽检资源的分配,使得抽检更加科学与高效。

浙江省韭菜中常用杀菌剂多残留分析及膳食暴露风险评估

评估浙江省内生产基地与市场环节韭菜的杀菌剂残留水平及对人体的膳食暴露风险。采集时间主要集中在2020年12月至2021年1月,2021年8月至2021年11月,连续两年对浙江省内采集的213个韭菜样品中39种杀菌剂进行残留检测分析,并对检出杀菌剂进行急性和慢性膳食暴露风险评估。残留杀菌剂共19种,总检出率为48.83%(104/213),其中腐霉利(15.02%)、多菌灵(13.15%)、啶酰菌胺(13.15%)、烯酰吗啉(11.74%)、吡唑醚菌酯(11.27%)、百菌清(10.80%)检出率较高;检出2种及2种以上杀菌剂残留的样品占总样品量的25.82%(55/213)。1个样品中的嘧霉胺残留量超过了农业农村部规定的鳞茎类蔬菜最大残留限量(3 mg/kg),超标率为0.47%,样品合格率达99.53%。该实验韭菜中腐霉利按现有标准GB 2763.1-2022(5 mg/kg)判定,则无样品超标,但依据原有标准GB 2763-2021(0.20 mg/kg),腐霉利超标率达7.04%(15/213)。急性和慢性风险范围分别为0.004%~5.546%和0.000%~9.654%,均小于1,摄入风险处在可接受水平。该结果说明浙江省内韭菜中农药多残留情况较突出,应加强农药使用管理,确保韭菜消费安全。

上海某社区老年人全氟和多氟烷基化合物摄食暴露风险评估

目前在人群体内可广泛检测出全氟和多氟烷基化合物(per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances,PFAS),但对高年龄层人群PFAS的暴露特征研究有限。本文旨在评估上海老年人群PFAS摄食暴露风险及其来源特征。采用横断面调查研究方法,共获取上海市60~79岁老人有效问卷68份,并结合“第六次全国总膳食研究”中PFAS膳食浓度,应用蒙特卡洛模型对膳食暴露量进行概率计算,最终根据欧洲食品安全局发布的4种PFAS,包括全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)、全氟己烷磺酸(perfluorohexane sulfonic acid,PFHxS)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoic acid,P FNA)每周可耐受摄入量评估健康风险。结果表明,该人群膳食结构以水果(1440.0 g·week^(-1))、谷物(1341.0 g·week^(-1))和奶制品(835.0 g·week^(-1))为主,分别占总膳食的24.8%、23.1%和14.4%;4种PFAS总摄食暴露量为(1024.7±140.3)pg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),水产品贡献最多(53.5%);PFOA、PFOS、PFHxS和PFNA的摄食暴露量分别为(308.4±36.5)、(519.2±104.2)、(49.8±7.6)和(73.3±13.6)pg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),鸡蛋(48.9%)、水产品(75.1%)、谷物(64.9%)和水产品(76.3%)分别为PFOA、PFOS、PFHxS和PFNA的主要贡献源。PFOA和PFOS摄食暴露导致的健康风险(health risk,HR)分别为0.36和0.32,鸡蛋(48.9%)和水产品(75.1%)分别为最大贡献者。4种PFAS摄食暴露的总健康风险为1.63,水产品贡献最大(53.5%),其次是鸡蛋(20.9%)和肉类(15.5%)。男女人群中各PFAS导致的健康风险相对关系基本与总人群一致,女性人群由水产品贡献的暴露风险显著高于男性(均值67.3%>43.8%,P<0.001)。综上,上海老年人群的PFAS摄食暴露风险普遍较高,水产品是4种PFAS包括PFOS的主要暴露来源,鸡蛋和肉类对于PFOA的暴露更加突出。本研究明晰了上海地区老年人群的PFAS摄食暴露风险和来源特征,为全氟化合物的来源、累积及迁移规律的研究提供基础数据。

内蒙古部分地区鸡蛋中土霉素和强力霉素检测及膳食风险评估

目的了解内蒙古自治区部分地区鸡蛋中土霉素和强力霉素残留情况,并评估膳食风险。方法在内蒙古自治区部分地区的农贸市场、商店、网店等采集共180份样品,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)进行检测,分析鸡蛋中的土霉素、强力霉素残留含量,根据内蒙古居民的饮食消费情况,采用点评估法和食品安全指数法对鸡蛋中兽药的暴露风险进行评估。结果2022—2023年内蒙古自治区部分地区土霉素、强力霉素总体样本检出率为24.44%(44/180),超标率为12.22%(22/180)。强力霉素检出42份,检出率为23.33%(42/180),超标率为12.22%(22/180);土霉素检出3份,检出率为1.67%(3/180),此次调查中无超标样本;鸡蛋中强力霉素食品安全指数均值为0.001851,最大值为0.2137,均小于1。结论内蒙古自治区部分地区鸡蛋样本中存在少量的土霉素和强力霉素残留,暴露风险较低,对人体健康危害处在可接受范围。

龙眼及其制品中44种真菌毒素高通量检测方法的建立及其膳食暴露风险评估

建立基于UPLC-MS/MS测定龙眼及其制品中44种真菌毒素的高通量检测方法。样品经80%乙腈水溶液(V/V,含1%乙酸)提取,PSA和C18净化。采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱分离,以φ=0.2%甲酸(Formic Acid,FA)-乙腈和水-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在正负离子多反应监测模式下内标法定量。结果表明,44种真菌毒素线性关系均良好,R2≥0.99041,检出限为0.003~0.7μg/kg,定量限为0.01~2.0μg/kg;方法的精密度RSD(n=6)为0.7%~9.7%,低、中、高3个添加水平的回收率为70.7%~123.6%。通过对市售17批次龙眼及其制品中44种真菌毒素进行检测,阳性率为100%,其中15-ADON、Fus X、PAT、TeA等含量较高,说明在龙眼生长、贮藏及加工过程中,这4类真菌毒素为主要污染毒素。采用风险商(Hazard Quotient,HQ)进行膳食暴露风险评估,评估结果显示,21种真菌毒素的风险商值HQ为0~0.01237,均低于1,说明没有风险,对人体健康威胁性较小。