Determination of long-term strength of frozen loess after numerous freeze-thaw cycles

In order to determine the changing rule of long-term frozen soil strength and elucidate the connection between long-term strength and soil physical properties,frozen loess was subjected to 4,6,8,10,and 50 freeze-thaw cycles,under closed-state conditions in a constant-temperature box.The frozen samples were tested on a spherical template indenter,and the results show that under the effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles,the long-term strength of frozen loess decreased; changes in the mechanical property indices were highly unstable during the first 10 cycles; the soil strength and density were the greatest at the eighth cycle while the void ratio was the smallest; and after eight cycles all of the indices had less fluctuation and certain rising or falling tendencies.By converting the number of freeze-thaw cycles into elapsed time in the tests,three different forecasting methods of long-term soil strength could be assessed and the soil equivalent cohesive force after 10 years,20 years,or 30 years could be estimated.

Characteristics of dynamic strain and strength of frozen silt under long-term dynamic loading

The dynamic swain and strength of frozen silt under long-term dynamic loading are studied based on creep tests. Three groups of tests are performed (Groups I, II, and III). The initial deviator stresses of Groups I and II are same and the dynamic stress ampli- tude of Group II is twice as that of Group I. The minimum value of dynamic stress in Group IlI is near zero and its dynamic stress amplitude is larger than those of Groups I and II. In tests of all three groups there are similar change trends of accttmulative sWain, but with different values. The accumulative swain curves consist of three stages, namely, the initial stage, the steady stage, and the gradual flow stage. In the tests of Groups I and II, during the initial stage with vibration times less than 50 loops the strain ampli- tude decreased with the increase of vibration times and then basically remained constant, fluctuating in a very small range. For the tests of Group III, during the initial and steady stages the sWain amplitude decreased with the increase of vibration times, and then increased rapidly in the gradual flow stage. The dynamic strength of frozen silt decreases and trends to terminal dynamic strength as the vibration times of loading increase.

Strength of undisturbed and reconstituted frozen soil at temperatures close to 0 ℃

The strength of warm frozen soils in permafrost is fundamentally significant to estimate and predict the ground settlements from construction activities. A study was therefore initiated to assess the strength and its behaviors of undisturbed and reconstituted frozen soils at temperatures close to 0 ℃. A series of triaxial compression tests(TCT) were performed by using a developed testing apparatus and a matching specimen-preparation method. The confinement was applied from air pressure, the temperature in the specimen was maintained using two-end refrigeration, and multi-stage loading on a single specimen was adopted to determine the strength. The test results showed that the strength, both for the undisturbed and reconstituted frozen-soil specimens, was significantly dependent on the temperatures and independent of the applied confining pressures. Additionally, the strength of undisturbed frozen soils was about 1.6 times more than that for reconstituted frozen soils. These observations were closely associated with the structures existing between pore-ice and gravels with large diameters.

Strength and stiffness variation of frozen soils according to confinement during freezing

When water between soil particles is frozen, the strength and stiffness behavior of soils significantly change. Thus, nu- merous experimental studies in the laboratory have been carried out to characterize the strength and stiffness of frozen soils. The goals of this study are to evaluate the strength characteristics of frozen soils, which underwent confinement in freezing and shearing stages, and to estimate the stiffness variation by shear wave velocity during shear phase. The specimens are prepared in a brass cell by mixing sand and silt with 10% degree of saturation at a relative density of 60%. The applied normal stresses as confining stresses are 5, 10, 25 and 50 kPa. When the temperature of the specimens is lowered up to -5 ~C, direct shear tests are carried out. Furthermore, shear waves are continuously measured through bender elements during shearing stage for the investigation of stiffness change. Test results show that shear strength and stiffness are significantly affected by the confining stress in freezing and shearing phases. This study suggests that the strength and stiffness of frozen soils may be dependent on the confining stresses applied during freezing and shearing.

STRENGTH AND WAVE VELOCITY TEST ON ARTIFICIALLY FROZEN SOILS

Theoretical analysis conducted of uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of artificially frozen soil and P waves and S waves and of the relationship between the two. Experiments are made on frozen sand and frozen clay respectively at the temperature of - 7℃, - 12℃and - 17℃. Of the data obtained, regression analysis and gray-system correlation are conducted. As indicated by the results, the frozen soil tensile strength is closely correIated with the P wave velocity and the compressive with the S wave, hence the former is well described by the latter.

Characterization of frozen soil-cement mixture for berm construction in cold regions

Lagoon berms in western Alaska are difficult to design and build due to limited resources, high cost of construction and materials, and warm permafrost conditions. This paper explores methods to treat locally available frozen materials and use them for berm construction. The goal is to find an optimized mix ratio for cement and additives that can be effective in increasing the strength and decreasing the thaw settlement of an ice-rich frozen silty soil. Soil of similar type and ice content to the permafrost found at a project site in Eek, Alaska is prepared in a cold room. The frozen soil is pulverized and cement, additives and fibers are added to the samples for enhancing shear strength and controlling thaw settlement. Thaw settlement and direct shear tests are performed to assess strength and settlement characteristics. This paper presents a sample preparation method, data from thaw settlement and direct shear tests, and analyses of the test results and preliminary conclusions.

Effects of confining pressure and temperature on strength and deformation behavior of frozen saline silty clay

Buildings are always affected by frost heave and thaw settlement in cold regions,even where saline soil is present.This paper describes the triaxial testing results of frozen silty clay with high salt content and examines the in-fluence of confining pressure and temperature on its mechanical characteristics.Conventional triaxial compression tests were conducted under different confining pressures(0.5–7.0 MPa)and temperatures(-6℃,-8℃,-10℃,and-12℃).The test results show that when the confining pressure is less than 1 MPa,the frozen saline silty clay is dominated by brittle behavior with the X-shaped dilatancy failure mode.As the confining pressure increases,the sample gradually transitions from brittle to plastic behavior.The strength of frozen saline silty clay rises first and then decreases with increasing confining pressure.The improved Duncan-Chang hyperbolic model can describe the stress-strain relationship of frozen saline silty clay.And the parabolic strength criterion can be used to describe the strength evolution of frozen saline silty clay.The function relation of strength parameters with temperature is obtained by fitting,and the results of the parabolic strength criterion are in good agreement with the experimental results,especially when confining pressure is less than 5 MPa.Therefore,the study has important guiding significance for design and construction when considering high salinity soil as an engineering material in cold regions.

Constitutive models and salt migration mechanisms of saline frozen soil and the-state-of-the-practice countermeasures in cold regions

A series of saline soil-related problems,including salt expansion and collapse,frost heave and thaw settlement,threaten the safety of the road traffic and the built infrastructure in cold regions.This article presents a comprehensive review of the physical and mechanical properties,salt migration mechanisms of saline soil in cold environment,and the countermeasures in practice.It is organized as follows:(1)The basic physical characteristics;(2)The strength criteria and constitutive models;(3)Water and salt migration characteristics and mechanisms;and(4)Countermeasures of frost heave and salt expansion.The review provides a holistic perspective for recent progress in the strength characteristics,mechanisms of frost heave and salt expansion,engineering countermeasures of saline soil in cold regions.Future research is proposed on issues such as the effects of salt erosion on concrete and salt corrosion of metal under the joint action of evaporation and freeze-thaw cycles.

An experimental study on the relationship between acoustic parameters and mechanical properties of frozen silty clay

To study the influence of temperature and water content on ultrasonic wave velocity and to establish the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and frozen silty clay strength, ultrasonic tests were conducted to frozen silty clay by using RSM-SY5（T） nonmetal supersonic test meter, and the tensile strength and compressive strength of silty clay were measured under various negative temperatures. Test and analysis results indicate that, ultrasonic wave velocity rapidly changes in the temperature range of-1 ℃ to -5 ℃. Ultrasonic wave velocity increased with an increase of water content until the water content reached the critical water content, while decreased with an increase of water content after the water content exceeded the critical water content. This study showed that there was strong positive correlation between the ul- trasonic wave velocity and the frozen soil strength. As ultrasonic wave velocity increased, either tensile strength or com- pressive strength increased. Based on the experimental data, the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and frozen silty clay strength was obtained through regression analysis. It was found that the ultrasonic test technique can be used to test frozen soils and lay the foundation for the determination of frozen soil strength.

Analysis of Soil Fertility Evolution Characteristics in Main Eucalyptus Producing Areas of Guangxi from 1993 to 2018

The research aimed to explore the impact of long-term continuous planting management mode on soil fertility evolution of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi and evolution characteristics of each soil fertility index,and establish a reasonable management method of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi.Main production area of eucalyptus in Guangxi was taken as the research object,and the soil fertility quality of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi from 1993 to 2018 was evaluated by means of fuzzy mathematics by selecting soil chemical properties such as p H,organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium.The results showed that the soil p H value of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi decreased from 4.83 to 4.63,a decrease of 4.14%.The contents of soil organic matter,total phosphorus,available nitrogen and available potassium all showed a significant decreasing trend.The soil fertility quality index( IFI) was between 0.475 and 0.613,and the overall fertility index was low.The soil of eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi showed a trend of acidification under continuous management during 1993-2018.In the actual production,it should pay more attention to soil improvement,advocate soil testing and reasonable fertilization,reduce the use of acid fertilizer,increase the application of organic fertilizer and slow release fertilizer,and ensure the ecological health and sustainable development of eucalyptus plantation.

短时冻融条件下残积土与冻融界面抗剪强度衰减规律对比分析

为了分析短时冻融对浅层边坡稳定性造成的影响,揭示短时冻融条件下残积土和冻融界面抗剪强度损伤规律,通过盐水降低冰点实现冻融界面,进行不同冻融条件下快剪试验。试验结果表明:冻融主要损伤发生在前3次冻融循环过程中,含水率为21.5%时损伤最大,残积土和冻融界面的黏聚力损伤分别为41%和22%,内摩擦角为14%和10%,约占趋于稳定时的85%。黏聚力的损伤程度大于内摩擦角,且随含水率的增大而增大。冻融循环对残积土和冻融界面的强度及强度指标的影响差异随含水率增大、循环次数增加、冷端温度增大而增大。冻融作用对残积土的强度指标损伤程度均较冻融界面大,且强度指标均随着冻融次数增多呈指数衰减趋势。

冻融循环对季冻土区粉质黏土-混凝土界面剪切性能的影响

为探究季冻土区粉质黏土-混凝土界面剪切性能,进行了不同冻融循环次数、土体含水率和法向应力的粉质黏土-混凝土二元体冻融循环试验和直剪试验,探讨了界面抗剪强度、抗剪强度参数和抗剪强度损伤度的变化规律。结果表明:直剪试验得到的应力-应变曲线均发生应变硬化现象,可分为弹性变形阶段(剪切位移为0~3 mm)和弹塑性变形阶段(剪切位移为4~15 mm);冻融循环对界面抗剪强度有劣化作用,即通过对土体造成损伤,导致界面内摩擦角和黏聚力下降,从而降低界面抗剪强度;随着冻融循环次数增加,界面抗剪强度损伤度增加,当冻融循环进行0、4次,抗剪强度损伤迅速,冻融循环进行12~20次,抗剪强度损伤较缓,最大界面抗剪强度损伤度为25%;土体含水率的增加对抗剪强度有削弱作用,随着土体含水率的增加,界面内摩擦角降低,但黏聚力先增加后减小,当土体含水率为20.7%时,黏聚力达到最大值;法向应力的增加对抗剪强度有增强作用。

开敞系统中冻土-混凝土界面抗拉强度试验研究

在寒区桩基工程中,冻土-混凝土界面强度对于桩基础的受力状态有着重要的影响。在开敞系统条件下进行了冻土-混凝土界面区的抗拉强度正交试验,利用极差方差分析法,厘清了界面粗糙度、土样含水率、试验温度及干密度4种试验因素对界面冻结抗拉强度影响的主次顺序。分析试验结果表明,土样含水率的增大、试验温度的降低及接触面粗糙度的提升均可使界面冻结抗拉强度不断提高;存在临界土样含水率,当含水率位于临界含水率两侧时,接触面粗糙度因水分迁移所形成冰膜改变的程度不同,导致接触面粗糙度的增加对界面冻结抗拉强度增幅的影响程度具有不同的规律。

冻结二灰固化碳酸盐渍土及损伤模型研究

在寒区工程中,盐-冻耦合效应往往会放大盐渍土体的强度损失。因此,考虑探究冻结作用下二灰固化碳酸盐渍土抗压性能的变化规律,以固化剂掺量、温度和加载速率作为影响因素,对二灰固化盐渍土进行了无侧限抗压试验,并提出一种考虑温度和加载速率的二灰固化盐渍土损伤本构模型。结果表明:石灰和粉煤灰能明显提高碳酸盐渍土的抗压强度,且使得改良土的应力-应变曲线由应变弱软化变为应变明显软化,当掺入3%石灰和12%粉煤灰时对碳酸盐渍土的固化效果最显著;温度和加载速率显著影响二灰固化土的抗压强度和弹性模量,三者之间关系可用非线性函数表达;二灰固化土抗压强度的影响因素按照重要性排序为温度>固化剂掺量>加载速率,且温度对改良土的影响远大于固化剂掺量和加载速率;所构建的二灰固化土损伤模型能较好地反映土体的应力应变关系和损伤变量的变化趋势。

冻结温度对不同粒径冻土石混合体劈裂特性的影响

为研究冻结温度与尺寸效应耦合作用下的冻土石混合体巴西劈裂特性,分别对经过-10、-15、-20、-25、-30、-35、-40℃冻结处理后的5~10、10~15、15~20、5~20 mm粒径冻土石混合体试件进行巴西劈裂实验;研究冻结温度和不同粒径块石对试件劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律,并进一步通过数字图像相关技术(digital imagine correlation,DIC)再现了冻土石混合体在巴西劈裂实验过程中的应变场演化过程。实验结果表明:在劈裂拉应力作用下,试件从中心开裂并产生初始裂纹,沿着土石界面向两加载端贯穿试件,试件破裂面裂纹呈弯曲折线型,且块石粒径越大,裂纹越曲折;冻土石混合体在破坏时会经历线弹性变形阶段,并随着拉应力的增大和冻结温度的降低会经历塑性-脆性破坏阶段;试件劈裂抗拉强度具有强温度敏感性,会随着冻结温度的降低而近似线性增加;块石尺寸效应会导致试件强度的差异性,试件劈裂抗拉强度大小依次为5~10、5~20、10~15、15~20 mm粒径试件。

湿、冻环境下工业固废协同水泥固化盐渍土强度特性研究

盐渍土区域主要环境特点为潮湿和季节交替,为研究在该环境中工业固废胶凝材料固化盐渍土的强度特性,通过浸水、干冻、湿冻方法模拟实际环境,对比分析矿渣-水泥、煤矸石-水泥、粉煤灰-水泥固化剂固化盐渍土的无侧限抗压强度和强度损失率。同时采用XRD、FTIR、SEM等微观表征手段揭示其微观机理。试验结果表明:浸水、干冻、湿冻环境对矿渣-水泥固化盐渍土强度影响最小,粉煤灰-水泥固化盐渍土次之,煤矸石-水泥固化盐渍土较强。湿冻环境对固化土影响最大,其次为水浸泡,干冻环境影响最小。湿冻融环境为最不利环境,建议矿渣-水泥固化剂合理配合比为10%~40%固废替换率,固化剂掺量为30%~40%。粉煤灰-水泥固化剂和煤矸石-水泥固化剂合理配合比为固废替换率≤10%,固化剂掺量≥40%。固废-水泥固化盐渍土反应过程包含水泥自身硬化、地聚合反应、固化剂与土颗粒相互作用、环境交互作用。水化产物主要为C-S-H、C-A-S-H、C-N-A-S-H和AFt等矿物,其填充于孔隙、黏附于土颗粒表面、包裹土颗粒,从而提高了土体整体强度。

冻土强度准则在冻土边坡稳定性计算中的应用

冻土是由冰胶结体、土颗粒、气体、未冻水组成的四相胶结体,其强度受温度影响较大,以至于冻土的强度准则比普通土的强度准则更为复杂。冻土强度准则在实际工程中有很广泛的应用,比如,可用于冻土边坡稳定性计算。由于冻土的复杂性,将未冻土的强度准则直接用于冻土边坡工程稳定性计算分析是不合理的。为研究冻土强度准则在冻土边坡稳定性判断中的应用,本研究首先在已有的冻土强度准则中选取Liao和Lai提出的代表性冻土强度准则,利用瑞典条分法和该强度准则推导了冻土土坡安全系数的解。其次,基于此强度准则推导的冻土土坡安全系数的解进行冻土边坡稳定性计算分析,并将计算结果与已有的冻土边坡分析数据作对比,验证该强度准则的适用性。计算结果表明:选用的强度准则计算出的安全系数与原冻土边坡安全系数比较接近,误差较小,该强度准则在冻土边坡稳定性计算方面有较高的精确性和适用性。最后,鉴于实际工程中非稳定状态冻土边坡较多,基于工程实用性,进一步总结给出了冻土边坡失稳防治措施。本研究可为寒冷地区冻土土质边坡的设计、建设、维护提供理论指导与参考。

湿干循环作用对冻土-复合土工布界面常法向应力剪切特性的影响试验研究

土工合成材料广泛应用于寒区工程建设,但土体与材料界面的剪切强度是其薄弱环节。受降雨、灌溉等因素影响,土体在一定深度范围内经历湿干循环作用。为研究湿干循环作用对冻土与土工合成材料界面剪切强度的影响,本文基于控温直剪仪对粉质黏土-复合土工布在常法向应力条件下界面剪切特性开展试验研究,试验因素包括湿干循环次数、温度和法向应力。结果表明,常温条件下湿干循环对界面剪切强度有劣化作用,负温条件下界面剪切强度随湿干循环次数增大整体呈现增大趋势,经过一定循环次数后趋于稳定。湿干循环作用下界面黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化规律与界面剪切强度变化规律相对应,而界面黏聚力的变化是引起剪切强度变化的主要因素。通过对剪切强度的影响变量及其交互作用进行显著性分析,发现法向应力、冻结温度和湿干循环次数均对剪切强度有强显著影响,法向应力和温度的交互作用以及温度和湿干循环次数的交互作用也对剪切强度有显著影响。本文研究成果可为复合土工布在冻土工程中的应用提供参考。

冻土动力学研究综述

冻土动力学是寒区岩土工程所要考虑的重要内容,是研究冻土抗震和抗长期循环荷载的理论基础。本文主要介绍了冻土动力学参数的测试方法,回顾了冻土动力学参数、冻土动强度、冻土动蠕变破坏特征和冻土动蠕变强度的研究进展,并对部分冻土动态本构模型和动蠕变模型进行了简单的介绍,最后对冻土动力学的发展趋势进行了展望。

饱和含盐冻土冲击能量分析及动态强度理论

本文利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置探究冲击加载下含盐量和应变率对饱和含盐冻土动态强度的影响。试验结果表明,当含盐量介于0%~2%时,土体的动态强度大约随含盐量每增加1%而减小1.5 MPa;随应变率每升高250 s^(-1)而增大2.0 MPa。从能量角度分析,土体冲击过程中的吸收能密度大约随含盐量每增加1%而减小0.1 J/cm^(3);随应变率每升高250 s^(-1)而增大0.2 J/cm^(3)。基于能量平衡和断裂理论,推导了饱和含盐冻土压缩膨胀拉伸破坏模型的动态强度理论计算式,计算结果与试验结果误差不超过10%,且能预测动态强度随含盐量和应变率的变化趋势,表明该理论可以揭示饱和含盐冻土的动态破坏机理,为工程实践提供理论基础和借鉴意义。