Long-Term Bending Behaviour of Prestressed Glulam Bamboo-Wood Beam Based on Creep Effect

Creep is an important characteristic of bamboo and wood materials under long-term loading.This paper aims to study the long-term bending beha-viour of prestressed glulam bamboo-wood beam(GBWB).For this,14 pre-stressed GBWBs were selected and subjected to a long-term loading test for 60 days.Then,a comparative analysis was performed for the effects of pre-tension values,the number of pre-stressed wires,and long-term load on the stress variation of the steel wire and the long-term deflection of the beam midspan.The test results showed that with the number of prestressed wires increasing,the total stress of the steel wire in the beam midspan and the ratio of the long-term deflec-tion to the total deflection decreases decreased,but when the number of steel wires exceeded 4,the total stress and long-term deflection was less infuenced;with the pre-tension value increasing,the ratio of the total stress of the steel wire in the beam midspan and the ratio of the long-temm deflection to the total deflec-tion also decreased,but when the prestress force was greater than 3.975 kN,the:total stress and long-term deflection were less affected;with the other parameters unchanged,when the value of the long-term load increased,the total stress of the steel wire decreased,and the long-temm deflection of the beam midspan increased,which shall be more significant with the long-term load greater than 30%of the standard ultimate bearing capacity.After the test,the experimental data were fitted,and the creep coefficient was given.Finally,the long-term stiffness calcula-tion fommula of the pre-stressed GBWB based on creep effect was proposed.The research findings have certain theoretical significance and engineering value.

Coupling model for calculating prestress loss caused by relaxation loss,shrinkage,and creep of concrete

The calculation model for the relaxation loss of concrete mentioned in the Code for Design of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridges and Culverts(JTG D62—2004) was modified according to experimental data. Time-varying relaxation loss was considered in the new model. Moreover, prestressed reinforcement with varying lengths(caused by the shrinkage and creep of concrete) might influence the final values and the time-varying function of the forecast relaxation loss. Hence, the effects of concrete shrinkage and creep were considered when calculating prestress loss, which reflected the coupling relation between these effects and relaxation loss in concrete. Hence, the forecast relaxation loss of prestressed reinforcement under the effects of different initial stress levels at any time point can be calculated using the modified model. To simplify the calculation, the integral expression of the model can be changed into an algebraic equation. The accuracy of the result is related to the division of the periods within the ending time of deriving the final value of the relaxation loss of prestressed reinforcement. When the time division is reasonable, result accuracy is high. The modified model works excellently according to the comparison of the test results. The calculation result of the modified model mainly reflects the prestress loss values of prestressed reinforcement at each time point, which confirms that adopting the finding in practical applications is reasonable.

Study on damage-stress loss coupling model of rock and prestressed anchor cable in dry-wet environment

The loss of anchoring force is one of the problems to be solved urgently.The anchorage loss is a key factor causing the failure of anchoring engineering,so it is crucial to study the time-dependent variation of anchoring force.Alternating dry and wet(D-W)conditions have a significant effect on deformation of rock.The anchoring system is composed of anchoring components and rock mass,and thus rock deformation has a significant impact on the loss of anchoring force.Quantifying rock deformation under the effects of D-W cycles is a prerequisite to understanding the factors that influence loss of anchoring force in anchor bolts.In this study,we designed an anchoring device that enabled real-time monitoring of the variation in strain during D-W periods and rock testing.Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)measurements showed that under D-W conditions,the increment in porosity was smaller for prestressed rock than unstressed rock.The trends of prestress loss and strain variation are consistent,which can be divided into three characteristic intervals:rapid attenuation stage,slow attenuation stage and relatively stable stage.At the same stress level,the rate of stress loss and strain for the soaking specimen was the highest,while that of the dried specimen was the lowest.In the same D-W cycling conditions,the greater the prestress,the smaller the strain loss rate of the rock,especially under soaking conditions.The characteristics of pore structure and physical mechanical parameters indicated that prestress could effectively suppress damage caused by erosion related to D-W cycles.The study reveals the fluctuation behavior of rock strain and prestress loss under D-W conditions,providing a reference for effectively controlling anchoring loss and ideas for inventing new anchoring components.

Unified analogue method of effective prestress for post-prestressed tendon

In order to obtain the present effective prestress and its longitudinal distribution of prestressed tendon during the process of inspection and evaluation, a unified analogue method was put forward. Based on the theory for calculating instantaneous prestress loss of the tendons with complicated geometry, a universal numerical model was established. Therefore, the distribution of effective prestress could be simulated after recognizing the nominal coefficients of prestress loss with the obtained stress data of objective steel tendon. The numerical simulation results of a full-length tendon of a three-span continuous beam bridge show that the relative errors between the calculated value and the value in the code are within 5%, which meets the requirement for engineering application.

Long-Term Loading Test of Reinforced Glulam Beam

Due to creep characteristics of wood,long-term loading can cause a significant stress loss of steel bars in rein-forced glulam beams and high long-term deflection of the beam midspan.In this study,15 glulam beams were subjected to a 90-day long-term loading test,and the effects of long-term loading value,reinforcement ratio and prestress level on the stress of steel bars,midspan long-term deflection,and other parameters were compared and analyzed.The main conclusions drawn from this study were that the long-term deflection of the reinforced glulam beams accounted for 22.5%,20.6%,and 18.2%of the total deflection respectively when the loading value was 20%,30%,and 40%of the estimated ultimate load under the long-term loading.The higher the loading level was,the smaller the proportion of the long-term deflection in the total deflection was.Compared with ordinary glulam beams,the long-term deflection of the reinforced glulam beam was even smaller.Under the condition of the constant loading level,the total stress value of the steel bars decreased by 17.5%,13.6%,and 9.1%,and the proportion of the long-term deflection of the beam midspan in the total deflection was 26.9%,24.2%,and 20.6%respectively when the reinforcement ratio was 2.05%,2.68%,and 3.39%.With the increase of the reinfor-cement ratio,the stress loss of the steel bars decreased,and the proportion of the long-term deflection decreased as well.When other conditions remained constant and the prestress level of the steel bars was 0 MPa,30 MPa,and 60 MPa,the total stress value of the steel bars decreased by 9.1%,9.4%,and 10.2%,respectively,and the propor-tion of the long-term deflection in the total deflection was 20.6%,26.1%,and 64.9%,respectively.With the increase of the prestress value,the stress loss of the steel bars increased,and the proportion of the long-term deflection increased as well.

Influences of Installment Tensioning Technology on Bearing Capacity of Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beam

To obtain the relationship between use of installment tensioning technology and the bearing capacity of prestressed concrete beams, tensile and cyclic loading tests are conducted on five rectangular prestressed concreted specimens. Two types of prestressed tensioning methods are adopted in the tests, one uses installment tensioning technology to tension beams on days 4, 12, and 8, 12, respectively, and the other adopts the conventional method to tension the beam on day 28 only. The age of concrete, number of times tensioned, and the prestress value of early tensioning are considered in tests. Results show that use of installment tensioning technology has no effect on the bending failure pattern of prestressed concrete beams, but it reduces prestress loss and increases crack and yield loads. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

基于缩尺模型的高铁桥梁预应力损失试验研究

【目的】为更好的评估在役预应力混凝土桥梁结构预应力损失状况。【方法】选用国内高铁中应用最广的32 m预应力混凝土箱梁作为研究对象,按照1:16的缩尺比例将箱梁转化为T形截面制作了26根C50混凝土试验模型梁。通过对试验梁预应力钢绞线应变、伸长量的瞬时和长期监测得到预应力损失的实际值,并将此实际值与目前国内外常用预应力损失规范计算所得值进行对比分析。【结果】预应力损失主要发生在前期即瞬时损失,约占总损失的70%;84.6%的试验梁锚固损失占瞬时损失总和的70%以上,最高达80.57%;试验梁的长期损失在锚固后的前10 d内变化较快,后期逐渐趋于稳定;将5种规范的计算结果与试验实测值进行对比,对于长期损失,数据显示实测数据与《铁路桥涵设计规范》(TB 10002—2017)计算结果最为吻合。【结论】研究结果可为实际工程中预应力梁的预应力损失计算提供参考。

PCCP断丝破坏规律Ⅱ:数值模拟研究

目前预应力钢筒混凝土管(Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe,PCCP)断丝的数值模拟要么整圈删除断丝,要么将断丝的预应力损失范围假设为固定值,无法依据砂浆损伤程度来判断断丝预应力损失范围是否扩展。本文通过抽象分析砂浆、预应力钢丝和管芯混凝土之间的两两相互作用机制,引入弹簧单元、内聚力模型和塑性损伤模型,提出了管芯混凝土预压应力施加、任意位置钢丝割断和断丝预应力损失范围扩展的全过程模拟方法,明确了调控断丝预应力损失范围的初始大小、扩展时机和扩展幅度的关键参数。基于原型试验建立了恒定内压下集中和离散断丝的数值模型,从内压加载到断丝破坏的全过程角度验证了新模拟方法的合理性,揭示了管芯的预应力损失和破坏规律,使实际工程中各种三维断点分布的模拟成为可能,可为更精准地预测和评估断丝PCCP结构性能提供新手段。

非均布压力作用下纯弯曲孔道预应力摩阻损失

为获得更准确的孔道预应力摩阻损失计算方法,保证桥梁结构设计的有效预应力和桥梁结构的安全运行。根据赫兹接触理论,综合考虑摩擦力、接触压力与张拉力间的相互作用,导出了纯弯曲孔道在非均匀压力作用下摩阻损失公式。通过有限元软件分析不同参数对摩阻损失计算值的影响。通过实际工程的摩阻试验探究纯弯曲孔道在非均匀压力下预应力摩阻损失的具体分布规律,并通过规范公式、推导公式的理论计算值与现场实测数据的偏差,验证公式的合理性。结果表明:弯曲角度小于120°、摩擦系数为0.2~0.4范围内,推导公式计算值更接近实际情况;随着张拉应力和弯曲角度的增加,利用推导公式计算得到的摩阻损失值更接近实测结果。

钢套管-钢纤维砂浆加固预损柱轴压性能研究

为改善钢套管加固法的力学性能,引入新型加固材料钢纤维水泥砂浆,提出了钢套管-钢纤维水泥砂浆加固预损RC柱的新型组合结构形式。基于试验研究,利用ABAQUS建立了相应的加固柱计算模型并验证其合理性,并对影响此类加固柱轴压力学性能的关键因素进行了非线性参数分析。结果表明:加固柱极限承载力随钢套管厚度、钢材强度和钢纤维水泥砂浆强度的增大而提高,变化钢套管厚度对加固柱延性影响更大,而增大钢纤维水泥砂浆强度会对延性产生不利影响;采用套箍加载方式能够获得更高的承载力提升效果与变形性能;相同损伤程度情况下,变化内柱混凝土强度对加固柱性能影响很小;根据叠加原理推导了此类加固柱的轴压承载力计算公式,公式计算结果与有限元模拟结果吻合良好。

装配式混凝土梁桥预应力摩阻损失研究

装配式预应力混凝土梁桥以其施工效率高、构件质量好等优势应运而生,混凝土构件在工厂可以标准化生产确保质量,而预应力损失却难以把控。现行规范中对于弯曲孔道预应力摩阻损失的计算在接触压力、弯曲夹角等方面存在不适用性。基于弹性接触理论,揭示该公式在推导过程中的缺陷,对某线路装配式混凝土梁桥进行预应力沿程损失试验,验证预应力混凝土梁桥的有效预应力不足来源于计算公式缺陷。

土岩二元基坑不同材质腰梁对锚索预应力损失的影响规律研究

为研究土岩二元基坑不同材质腰梁对锚索预应力损失影响的时变规律,本文依托青岛某土岩基坑工程,开展了GFRP腰梁和双背槽钢腰梁作用下的锚索预应力损失监测的现场试验。研究结果表明:两种材质的腰梁各具优势,GFRP腰梁对锚索短期预应力损失更有利,而双背槽钢腰梁长期损失率更低;双背槽钢腰梁作用下锚索预应力变化趋势更加平缓,浮动范围更小;GFRP腰梁可以有效减少锚索预应力在快速下降阶段的预应力损失量。研究成果可为类似地质条件下基坑支护设计、施工和监测提供参考和借鉴。

预应力混凝土风机塔架结构安全性影响因素研究

预应力混凝土塔架较钢制塔架具有更高的抗疲劳特性及稳定性,能够满足复杂地形的建设需求。基于现场监测数据,利用混凝土塑性损伤模型对塔架结构进行全尺寸建模,通过对比监测数据与数值仿真结果,研究了预应力损失、混凝土劣化及表观缺陷等因素对塔架结构力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,预应力混凝土塔架结构安全受多种因素影响,随着结构的劣化塔架刚度逐渐软化,低阶振型对结构共振的影响较大,塔架结构损伤形式趋向于受拉破坏。

预应力混凝土构件时变预应力损失计算

较准确预测混凝土收缩徐变和预应力筋松弛引起的时变预应力损失是进行预应力混凝土结构抗裂性和变形控制的基础,预测值过高或过低均直接影响设计配筋及结构的服役性能。包括设计规范给出的现有各种时变预应力损失公式均为近似式,这些公式的表达形式并不一致,对是否考虑普通钢筋配筋等参量影响存在较大差别。同时各公式中引入的简化系数值及简化项亦不相同,且所有这些公式均不能严谨体现收缩徐变与松弛的耦合影响,因此其时变预应力损失的预测精度难以保证。根据任意时刻截面内力增量平衡和变形协调条件,运用按龄期调整的有效模量法,建立预应力混凝土受弯构件时变预应力损失统一计算方法;结合预应力筋时变应变变化特点和松弛折减系数分析模型,推导松弛折减系数求解方程,从而获得了预测时变预应力损失的实用公式。计算式全面考虑了预应力筋与普通钢筋截面配筋率、钢筋位置等各个影响因素,并能体现混凝土收缩徐变与预应力筋松弛的耦合影响。该公式的计算值、各规范公式值与长期预应力损失试验值比较表明,AASHTO规范与EN 1992-1-1规范的公式理论值比试验值大17%~24%,TB 10092—2017与JTG 3362—2018规范的公式理论值则比试验值少9%~21%,该公式的计算值与试验值差别在6%以内,说明该公式具有良好计算精度。

大跨度缓粘结预应力混凝土结构施工技术应用

预应力技术在结构施工中应用广泛,目前较常见的有无粘结预应力技术、有粘结预应力技术及缓粘结预应力技术。缓粘结预应力施工技术具有施工方便、造价低、结构延性好、抗震性能优等特点。结合本项目对大跨缓粘结预应力技术进行总结,阐述大跨度缓粘结预应力施工技术的要点。

半刚接柱脚自复位装配式钢框架拟动力试验研究

为解决刚接柱脚自复位装配式钢框架结构在中震或大震下底层柱可能发生较大的塑性变形的问题,设计一种半刚接柱脚自复位装配式钢框架结构。对其子结构进行拟动力试验,对比框架在Taft地震波、LOS000地震波和El-Centro地震波输入及不同等级地震下的节点开口、耗能能力、刚度退化、预应力损失和应变变化。试验结果表明,钢框架在大震作用下具有良好的自复位功能和耗能能力。钢绞线平均预应力损失最多仅为1.58%,说明施加预应力的方法是可靠的。钢框架柱脚能够始终保持弹性状态,因此震后仅需修复钢梁,大大降低了修复成本。

基于响应面法的PC 箱梁桥病害成因敏感性分析

基于响应面法通过抽样计算有限元模拟结果,建立了预应力混凝土(Prestressed Concrete,PC)连续箱梁桥典型病害的函数关系,研究PC连续箱梁桥开裂和下挠的病害成因以及影响因素权重。响应面方程包含7个结构参数和4个结构响应,从敏感因子和敏感百分比分析病害成因和影响因素的关联性。结果表明:悬臂顶板束、中跨合龙束和腹板束预应力损失是造成箱梁挠度过大的主要原因,三者的敏感百分比分别为35.0%、21.7%和19.9%。中跨合龙束和悬臂顶板束预应力损失是造成跨中箱梁底板横向裂缝的主要原因,二者敏感百分比分别为46.1%和36.1%。悬臂顶板束预应力损失是造成墩顶箱梁顶板横向裂缝的主要原因,敏感百分比达到67.8%。腹板束、悬臂顶板束、中跨合龙束和竖向预应力束的预应力损失是造成腹板斜裂缝的主要原因。

箱梁竖向预应力损失影响机理及控制措施研究

混凝土箱梁桥腹板竖向预应力损失会造成腹板开裂。竖向预应力损失与施工工艺、机具、控制精度等因素有关。通过对预应力损失5个分项的计算分析,讨论各个分项对腹板竖向预应力损失的贡献值。采用有限元模型展开数值分析,研究了竖向预应力损失对箱梁各个部分的影响机理。得出以下结论:(1)对竖向预应力损失影响最大的是锚具变形和钢筋回缩损失,预应力筋与管道摩擦、混凝土弹性压缩、钢筋松弛、混凝土收缩徐变造成的竖向预应力损失较小;(2)在等截面箱梁中,梁高越小,竖向预应力损失对腹板的受力影响越大;在变截面箱梁中,竖向预应力损失对悬臂端部腹板受力影响较大,对悬臂根部影响较小;(3)竖向预应力控制的重点是优化张拉锚固机具,改进施工工艺。

CFRP板加固RC梁预应力损失试验研究

针对目前预应力CFRP板加固RC梁预应力损失大、预应力损失不易控制及预应力张拉工艺复杂等问题,利用自己设计的两套锚固装置对6根RC梁进行预应力CFRP板加固后的预应力损失研究。研究锚具类别、开槽与否和施加预应力大小对加固构件预应力损失的影响。试验结果得知:锚具MJ1比锚具MJ2总预应力损失小;随着张拉预应力的增大总预应力损失增大;与不开槽的锚具相比,开槽嵌入式锚具的总预应力总损失减小;预应力损失分为3种:锚具张拉变形引起的预应力损失、CFRP板与锚具滑移引起的预应力损失、CFRP板应力松弛引起的预应力损失;采用一次超张拉方法可以有效控制预应力损失,锚具MJ1锚固过程中对CFRP板的二次超张拉显著减小了预应力损失。

持有荷载法测试锚索锁定力试验研究

依托某深基坑支护工程,采用持有荷载法对基坑锚索展开锁定力测试,得到各实测锁定力,并对初始预应力损失原因进行分析,根据测试结果为优化锁定工艺提供了依据。同时分析各锚索的荷载-位移变化规律,通过对比发现荷载-位移增量曲线在分析判定锁定力值方面更加直观,具有重要参考作用。相关结论可为预应力锚索张拉锁定施工提供有益的参考。