Moderate point: Balanced entropy and enthalpy contributions in soft matter

Various soft materials share some common features, such as significant entropic effect, large fluctuations, sensitivity to thermodynamic conditions, and mesoscopic characteristic spatial and temporal scales. However, no quantitative defini- tions have yet been provided for soft matter, and the intrinsic mechanisms leading to their common features are unclear. In this work, from the viewpoint of statistical mechanics, we show that soft matter works in the vicinity of a specific thermo- dynamic state named moderate point, at which entropy and enthalpy contributions among substates along a certain order parameter are well balanced or have a minimal difference. Around the moderate point, the order parameter fluctuation, the associated response function, and the spatial correlation length maximize, which explains the large fluctuation, the sensitivity to thermodynamic conditions, and mesoscopic spatial and temporal scales of soft matter, respectively. Possible applications to switching chemical bonds or allosteric biomachines determining their best working temperatures are also briefly discussed.

Fast and Balanced Charge Transport Enabled by Solution-Processed Metal Oxide Layers for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Metal oxide charge transport materials are preferable for realizing long-term stable and potentially low-cost perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,due to some technical difficulties(e.g.,intricate fabrication protocols,high-temperature heating process,incompatible solvents,etc.),it is still challenging to achieve efficient and reliable all-metal-oxide-based devices.Here,we developed efficient inverted PSCs(IPSCs)based on solution-processed nickel oxide(NiO_(x))and tin oxide(SnO_(2))nanoparticles,working as hole and electron transport materials respectively,enabling a fast and balanced charge transfer for photogenerated charge carriers.Through further understanding and optimizing the perovskite/metal oxide interfaces,we have realized an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 23.5%(the bandgap of the perovskite is 1.62 eV),which is the highest efficiency among IPSCs based on all-metal-oxide charge transport materials.Thanks to these stable metal oxides and improved interface properties,ambient stability(retaining 95%of initial PCE after 1 month),thermal stability(retaining 80%of initial PCE after 2 weeks)and light stability(retaining 90%of initial PCE after 1000 hours aging)of resultant devices are enhanced significantly.In addition,owing to the low-temperature fabrication procedures of the entire device,we have obtained a PCE of over 21%for flexible IPSCs with enhanced operational stability.

Long-term Performance of Moderate Heat Portland Cement with Double-expansive Sources

The long-term performance of moderate heat Portland cement with double-expansive sources （DE cement） in the system of high MgO clinker and gypsum was studied by XRD, SEM/EDAX and test methods for strength and expansion of cement. Results indicate that the periclase particle, whose size was 5-7.5μm in DE cement clinker containing 4.8 % MgO, existed individually. The periclase hydration in hardened DE cement paste started at about 60 days and completed up to 2 000 days, and ettringite in the paste was stable from 3 days to 2 000 days. Under the conditions of 4.5%-5.0 % MgO in clinker and 2.8%-3.4 %SO3 in cement, ettringite expansion and brucite expansion in DE cement paste had a continuity, entirety and stability. At the ages of 90, 365,730 and 2 000 days the expansion of the paste reached 0.07%-0.11%, 0.16%-0.21%, 0.21%-0.27 %, and 0.29%-0.38%, respectively. The results suggest that by using this cement in mass concrete it may compensate its temperature shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage to some extent.

Evapotranspiration Estimation Based on MODIS Products and Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) Model in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

In this study,the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) products from Terra satellite were combined with meteorological data to estimate evapotranspiration(ET) over the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Land cover/land use was classified by using a recursive partitioning and regression tree with MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data,which were reconstructed based on the Savitzky-Golay filtering approach.The MODIS product Quality Assessment Science Data Sets(QA-SDS) was analyzed and all scenes with valid data covering more than 75% of the Sanjiang Plain were selected for the SEBAL modeling.This provided 12 overpasses during 184-day growing season from May 1st to October 31st,2006.Daily ET estimated by the SEBAL model was misestimaed at the range of-11.29% to 27.57% compared with that measured by Eddy Covariance system(10.52% on average).The validation results show that seasonal ET from the SEBAL model is comparable to that from ground observation within 8.86% of deviation.Our results reveal that the time series daily ET of different land cover/use increases from vegetation on-going until June or July and then decreases as vegetation senesced.Seasonal ET is lower in dry farmland(average(Ave):491 mm) and paddy field(Ave:522 mm) and increases in wetlands to more than 586 mm.As expected,higher seasonal ET values are observed for the Xingkai Lake in the southeastern part of the Sanjiang Plain(Ave:823 mm),broadleaf forest(Ave:666 mm) and mixed wood(Ave:622 mm) in the southern/western Sanjiang Plain.The ET estimation with SEBAL using MODIS products can provide decision support for operational water management issues.

Soil phosphorus dynamic, balance and critical P values in longterm fertilization experiment in Taihu Lake region, China

Phosphorus（P） is an important macronutrient for plant but can also cause potential environmental risk. In this paper, we studied the long-term fertilizer experiment（started 1980） to assess the soil P dynamic, balance, critical P value and the crop yield response in Taihu Lake region, China. To avoid the effect of nitrogen（N） and potassium（K）, only the following treatments were chosen for subsequent discussion, including： C0（control treatment without any fertilizer or organic manure）, CNK treatment（mineral N and K only）, CNPK（balanced fertilization with mineral N, P and K）, MNK（integrated organic manure and mineral N and K）, and MNPK（organic manure plus balanced fertilization）. The results revealed that the response of wheat yield was more sensitive than rice, and no significant differences of crop yield had been detected among MNK, CNPK and MNPK until 2013. Dynamic and balance of soil total P（TP） and Olsen-P showed soil TP pool was enlarged significantly over consistent fertilization. However, the diminishing marginal utility of soil Olsen-P was also found, indicating that high-level P application in the present condition could not increase soil Olsen-P contents anymore. Linear-linear and Mitscherlich models were used to estimate the critical value of Olsen-P for crops. The average critical P value for rice and wheat was 3.40 and 4.08 mg kg^（–1）, respectively. The smaller critical P value than in uplands indicated a stronger ability of P supply for crops in this paddy soil. We concluded that no more mineral P should be applied in rice-wheat system in Taihu Lake region if soil Olsen-P is higher than the critical P value. The agricultural technique and management referring to activate the plant-available P pool are also considerable, such as integrated use of low-P organic manure with mineral N and K.

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield.The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary.Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station,seven different fertilization treatments including CK(no fertilization),NPK(nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer),M(cow manure),NPKM(nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium with cow manure),NPM(nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure),NKM(nitrogen and potassium with cow manure),and PKM(phosphorus and potassium with cow manure)were applied to study the effects on rice yield,soil fertility,and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field.The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM,NPM,NKM,PKM,M,NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6214 to 11562 kg ha-1.Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments(NPKM,NPM,NKM and PKM)were 22.58,15.35,10.53 and 4.41%,respectively,greater than under the NPK treatment.Soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),available nitrogen(AN)and available potassium(AK)concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment(NPKM,NPM,NKM and PKM)were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer(NPK)treatments.Soil total phosphorus(TP)and available phosphorus(AP)contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment(NPKM,NPM and PKM)were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone(NPK treatments).The average annual rice yield(11562 kg ha-1),SOC(20.88 g kg-1),TN(2.30 g kg-1),TP(0.95 g kg-1),TK(22.50 g kg-1)and AP(38.94 mg kg-1)concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment.The soil AN concentration(152.40 mg kg-1)and AK contentration(151.00 mg kg-1)were the highest in the NKM treatment.N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil,but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments.Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium.Correlation analysis showed that SOC,TN,AN,TP,and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield;the correlation coefficients were 0.428,0.496,0.518,0.501,and 0.438,respectively.This study showed that the combined application of N,P,and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility,but balanced application of N,P,and K with cow manure was required.

Nitrogen mobility,ammonia volatilization,and estimated leaching loss from long-term manure incorporation in red soil

Nitrogen（N） loss from fertilization in agricultural fields has an unavoidable negative impact on the environment and a better understanding of the major pathways can assist in developing the best management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fate of N fertilizers applied to acidic red soil（Ferralic Cambisol） after 19 years of mineral（synthetic） and manure fertilizer treatments under a cropping system with wheat-maize rotations. Five field treatments were examined： control（CK）, chemical nitrogen and potash fertilizer（NK）, chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer（NP）, chemical nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer（NPK） and the NPK with manure（NPKM, 70% N from manure）. Based on the soil total N storage change in 0–100 cm depth, ammonia（NH_3） volatilization, nitrous oxide（N_2O） emission, N plant uptake, and the potential N leaching loss were estimated using a mass balance approach. In contrast to the NPKM, all mineral fertilizer treatments（NK, NP and NPK） showed increased nitrate（NO_3~–） concentration with increasing soil depth, indicating higher leaching potential. However, total NH_3 volatilization loss was much higher in the NPKM（19.7%） than other mineral fertilizer treatments（≤4.2%）. The N_2O emissions were generally low（0.2–0.9%, the highest from the NPKM）. Total gaseous loss accounted for 1.7, 3.3, 5.1, and 21.9% for NK, NP, NPK, and NPKM treatments, respectively. Estimated N leaching loss from the NPKM was only about 5% of the losses from mineral fertilizer treatments. All data demonstrated that manure incorporation improved soil productivity, increased yield, and reduced potential leaching, but with significantly higher NH_3 volatilization, which could be reduced by improving the application method. This study confirms that manure incorporationis an essential strategy in N fertilization management in upland red soil cropping system.

Long-Term Study of Lake Evaporation and Evaluation of Seven Estimation Methods: Results from Dickie Lake, South-Central Ontario, Canada

Establishing satisfactory calculation methods of lake evaporation has been crucial for research and manage-ment of water resources and ecosystems. A 30 year dataset from Dickie Lake, south-central Ontario, Canada added to the limited long-term studies on lake evaporation. Evaporation during ice-free season was calcu-lated separately using seven evaporation methods, based on field meteorology, hydrology and lake water temperature data. Actual evaporation determined during a portion of a year was estimated using a lake en-ergy budget model, and the estimation was used as reference evaporation for evaluation of the seven methods. The deviation of method-induced evaporation from the reference evaporation was compared among the seven methods, and a performance rank was proposed based on the root mean squared deviation and coeffi-cient of efficiency. As for the whole ice-free season (roughly May to November), the water balance was the best method, followed by Makkink, DeBruin-Kejiman, Penman, Priestley-Taylor, Hamon, and Jensen-Haise methods. As for shorter duration (a week to a month), the DeBruin-Kejiman was the best method, followed by Penman, Priestley-Taylor, Makkink, Hamon, Jensen-Haise, and water balance method. Annual and sea-sonal changes of energy budget terms and the compensation function of lake heat storage in evaporation flux were also analyzed.

和平发展作为中国国家理想与民族品性——兼谈建构中国国家历史形象

和平发展是中国的国家理想、国家目标本身,也是中国传统天下观的核心内容,这是中华民族固有品性内在决定的,有着坚实的历史依据。中国的传统文化为中和文化,这种文化浸润了中国人乃至中华民族的和合品性。以中原为核心的单元历史在对外关系上呈现整体上的和平礼仪外交与非攻击性,历朝历代都以天下太平四海咸宁为最高理想,从来没有主动发动大规模对外战争。即使有战争也是“平天下”,以天下太平为目的,而不是屠杀、占领、掠夺、奴役乃至种族灭绝。所谓“朝贡制”主要是保证天下太平四海咸宁的礼仪,经济上基本都是倒贴的。中国自身数千年“协和万邦”的实践为当今人类和平发展提供了具有特殊启示意义的宝贵经验,“中和天下观”的构想,可以为人类走向善善与共的美好明天提供新的智慧。

长期体育锻炼对青年人不同认知任务干扰时平衡能力的影响

目的:探索青年人在不同认知任务干扰时的平衡表现,以及长期体育锻炼的调节效应。方法:测试有体育锻炼习惯组和无体育锻炼习惯组的健康青年人在不同认知任务干扰时的静态、动态平衡,并以分组变量(group)为主体间变量、多次平衡测试结果(task)为主体内变量进行单因素重复测量方差分析。结果:长期体育锻炼对计算、唱歌、书写干扰时的静态平衡、书写干扰时的静态左右对称平衡、唱歌干扰时的静态前后对称平衡以及计算干扰时的动态平衡具有积极的调节效应(P<0.05),且能够明显降低青年人受到相应认知任务干扰时的双任务成本(P<0.05),但是对计算干扰时的静态左右对称平衡、朗读干扰时的静态前后对称平衡以及计算和唱歌干扰时的动态左右对称平衡具有消极的调节效应(P<0.05)。结论:长期体育锻炼对青年人在不同认知任务干扰时的动态和静态平衡表现都具有显著的调节效应。

倍他司汀联合前庭功能康复训练对中重度持续性姿势-感知性头晕患者平衡功能的影响

目的探讨倍他司汀联合前庭功能康复训练(VRT)对中重度持续性姿势-感知性头晕(PPPD)患者平衡功能的影响。方法将2021年5月~2023年5月期间于本院神经内科门诊医治的62例中重度PPPD患者,利用简单随机分组分为研究组(使用倍他司汀联合VRT治疗)和对照组(使用倍他司汀治疗),每组患者各31例,均持续治疗2个月。比较两组患者治疗效果、治疗前后前庭症状、平衡功能、眩晕程度及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,研究组患者治疗总有效率为90.32%,对照组治疗总有效率为67.74%,研究组治疗效果高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,研究组患者前庭症状指数(VSI)评分较对照组低,Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,研究组患者眩晕程度(身躯、情感及功能)评分较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组患者发生胃部不适、口干、头痛、皮肤瘙痒的情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论倍他司汀联合VRT能有效改善中重度PPPD患者平衡功能,减轻眩晕程度,具有良好的治疗效果。

髌旁内外侧入路全膝关节置换治疗中重度外翻膝

背景:中重度外翻膝全膝关节置换术中仍有假体限制性选择、软组织松解、髌骨轨迹恢复及骨缺损重建等关键问题需要优化,髌旁内侧入路治疗外翻膝存在加剧内侧软组织松弛等缺点,近年来发现髌旁外侧入路治疗外翻膝中具有显露及松解等优点。目的:观察髌旁内外侧入路全膝关节置换应用于中重度外翻膝的疗效,旨在探讨更加适合中重度外翻膝的手术入路。方法:选择56例中重度外翻膝行全膝关节置换的患者,按照患者入院先后顺序轮流进行髌旁内、外侧入路手术,外侧组28例行髌旁外侧入路全膝关节置换,内侧组28例行髌旁内侧入路全膝关节置换,所有患者均使用后稳定型膝关节假体。收集两组患者术中假体限制性种类、聚乙烯衬垫厚度、手术时间、出血量、股胫角、髌骨倾斜角、活动度、纽约特种外科医院评分、西安大略省和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分及并发症作为观察指标并进行统计分析。结果与结论:①外侧组髁限制性假体使用率明显低于内侧组,聚乙烯衬垫平均厚度低于内侧组,手术时间更短,两组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);手术出血量两组之间无显著性差异;②56例患者随访2-5年,所有患者无假体松动及骨吸收迹象;末次随访外侧组髌骨倾斜角及胫股角小于内侧组,纽约特种外科医院评分及西安大略省和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分高于外侧组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);两组膝关节活动度无显著性差异;③两组各有1例患者切口脂肪液化及小腿肌间静脉血栓形成;随访期间未发生感染、切口愈合不良、切口血肿、假体脱位、医源性神经损伤、异位骨化、假体周围骨折等情况;④提示髌旁外侧入路治疗中重度外翻膝可有效保护膝内侧软组织张力,更少使用髁限制性假体,髌骨轨迹更加友好,术后功能评分更高。

经舌神经刺激加物理疗法治疗由轻度至中度创伤性脑损伤引起的慢性平衡缺陷的安全性和有效性

目的探讨经舌外神经刺激(TLNS)加物理疗法治疗由轻度至中度创伤性脑损伤引起的慢性平衡缺陷的安全性和有效性。方法选取2018年4月至2022年6月诊治的117例创伤性脑损伤致慢性平衡缺陷患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组(给予TLNS联合物理疗法治疗,58例)与对照组(给予TLNS治疗,59例),对比Fugl-Meyer运动功能(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分、修订版跌倒效能量表(MFES)评分、步态参数(步长、步宽、步频、步速)、Barthel指数、共济失调疾病神经功能量表(ICARS)评分。结果治疗3个月后,观察组的FMA评分(上肢、下肢及总分)、BBS评分、MFES评分、Barthel指数、ICARS评分、步长、步频、步速均高于对照组,而步宽低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论TLNS联合物理疗法治疗轻中度创伤性脑损伤致慢性平衡缺陷具有较为理想效果,有利于改善患者的平衡能力。

赵氏微调平衡法治疗晚期癌症367例临床研究

本文运用“微调平衡法”治疗晚期癌症。通过１７６例Ⅳ期胃癌病人的随机分组观察，证明该法在稳定病灶、延长生存期诸方面明显优于西药化疗组和中药攻消组。在扩大开放研究中，该法治疗３６７例晚期癌症病人，５年生存率为３８．２９％，在国内处于领先水平。

中国文化情境下包容性领导对员工敬业度的影响

包容性领导是一种当前备受关注的新型领导方式。本文通过对国内95家企业共665位员工进行问卷调查,主要考察包容性领导对员工敬业度的影响、组织认同的中介作用和平衡互惠的调节作用。研究结果显示:包容性领导显著正向影响员工敬业度;组织认同在包容性领导与员工敬业度之间起到中介作用;平衡互惠在组织认同与员工敬业度之间起到调节作用;并且平衡互惠正向调节组织认同对包容性领导与员工敬业度的中介作用。因此,企业应该采取开放包容的领导方式,通过提高员工的组织认同感,提升员工敬业度。

论干热河谷植被恢复过程中的适度造林技术

本文分析了攀枝花市干热河谷区自然条件和自然植被的特征,针对攀枝花干热河谷植被恢复过程中存在的问题,结合我国干旱地区植被恢复技术的问题,提出植被恢复与重建应遵守植被分布规律,根据区内环境空间异质性和多样性,参照自然植被的空间结构确定人工植被的空间结构,为加快植被恢复进程,提出干热河谷"适度"造林技术;并从生态、经济和生态经济角度,讨论了"适度"的内涵和"适度"造林的概念与含义。

高校女性管理者的自我认知与社会认同

本文分析了高校女性管理者在自我认知的基础上如何寻求自我价值的实现和在现存的社会制度和文化建构下,高校女性管理者得到社会认同的主要障碍;文章最后从经济学视角探讨了女性管理者如何通过寻求自我认知与社会认同的适度均衡问题,最大限度地实现自身的自我价值和社会价值。

放牧的环境效应及其对环境保护的负面影响

环境效应是指自然和人为原因导致环境变化而产生的环境效果。草食动物和植物之间在长期的协同进化中形成了共生关系,这种关系也称之为放牧系统。本文从生物和非生物两个方面综述了放牧活动本身的实质及其环境效应。(1)放牧对植物群落组成、生产力、资源分配、营养物质、演替以及森林和灌木林更新和生长的影响及其适应性问题;(2)放牧通过影响栖息地数量和质量对动物多样性产生明显的影响;(3)放牧本身的踩踏影响到土壤水分、土壤微生物、土壤理化性质、土壤碳库等。这些放牧效应的范围和强度都与放牧强度有关。从放牧生态学角度看,放牧环境效应主要是放牧本身导致草地退化、干扰自然群落演替和调节景观格局、影响物质积累和土地承载力、生物多样性丧失、破坏生态平衡、恶化生态系统健康等。最后,考虑环境保护在谋求人类福祉中的重要地位,环境保护需要考虑适度放牧,进行牧业生产的标准化管理,强调放牧系统的综合效益。

饮食方式调查表的编制及其信度与效度研究

目的编制饮食方式调查表,并对该表进行信度和效度检验。方法采用现场调查的方法在北京地区选取943份样本,3个月后随机抽取32人对饮食方式调查表重测。结果探索性因素分析和专家经验支持饮食方式调查表包含"膳食平衡"和"饮食有节"两个维度,Cronbach's α系数分别为0.82和0.67,3个月重测信度分别为0.73和0.55。亚健康组较多地采用不良的饮食方式。结论饮食方式调查表有较好的信度和效度指标,可用于成人饮食方式的评估。

适度液体负平衡策略对老年机械通气患者撤机的影响

目的观察适度液体负平衡策略对老年ICU机械通气撤机的影响。方法选取90例ICU患者进行前瞻性研究,按随机数表法分为观察组与对照组,各45例。观察组采取限制性液体管理维持适度液体负平衡状态,对照组采用非限制性液体管理。比较两组撤机前、撤机后48 h的平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、血清氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平、呋塞米日剂量、日均入量、日均出量、脱机当天液体平衡、机械通气时间、撤机成功率撤机期间并发症发生发生率。结果两组撤机前的MAP、CVP与血清NTpro BNP水平的差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。撤机后48 h,两组MAP、CVP均未见明显变化(P> 0. 05),血清NT-proBNP水平均较撤机前显著降低(P <0. 05)。观察组撤机48 h的血清NT-proBNP水平为(430. 42±89. 77) pg/m L,显著低于对照组(526. 75±92. 88) pg/m L(P <0. 05)。两组呋塞米日剂量、日均出量的差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。观察组整个脱机过程中液体日均入量较对照组显著减少、脱机当天液体负平衡较对照组更为明显(P <0. 05)。观察组机械通气时间为(6. 02±1. 90) d,显著短于对照组(8. 01±2. 14) d,撤机成功率为86. 67%,显著高于对照组68. 89%(P <0. 05)。观察组撤机期间并发症总发生率为24. 44%,显著低于对照组44. 44%(P <0. 05)。结论适度液体负平衡可改善老年ICU机械通气患者的心功能,使机械通气时间缩短、撤机成功率提高。