Long-term trends in the abundance and breeding performance in Adélie penguins:the Argentine Ecosystem Monitoring Program

In this work,we report long-term trends in the abundance and breeding performance of Adélie penguins(Pygoscelis adeliae)nesting in three Antarctic colonies(i.e.,at Martin Point,South Orkneys Islands;Stranger Point/Cabo Funes,South Shetland Islands;and Esperanza/Hope Bay in the Antarctic Peninsula)from 1995/96 to 2022/23.Using yearly count data of breeding groups selected,we observed a decline in the number of breeding pairs and chicks in crèche at all colonies studied.However,the magnitude of change was higher at Stranger Point than that in the remaining colonies.Moreover,the index of breeding success,which was calculated as the ratio of chicks in crèche to breeding pairs,exhibited no apparent trend throughout the study period.However,it displayed greater variability at Martin Point compared to the other two colonies under investigation.Although the number of chicks in crèche of Adélie penguins showed a declining pattern,the average breeding performance was similar to that reported in gentoo penguin colonies,specifically,those undergoing a population increase(even in sympatric colonies facing similar local conditions).Consequently,it is plausible to assume a reduction of the over-winter survival as a likely cause of the declining trend observed,at least in the Stranger Point and Esperanza colonies.However,we cannot rule out local effects during the breeding season affecting the Adélie population of Martin Point.

Pretreatment and analysis techniques development of TKIs in biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)have emerged as the first-line small molecule drugs in many cancer therapies,exerting their effects by impeding aberrant cell growth and proliferation through the modulation of tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling pathways.However,there exists a substantial inter-individual variability in the concentrations of certain TKIs and their metabolites,which may render patients with compromised immune function susceptible to diverse infections despite receiving theoretically efficacious anticancer treatments,alongside other potential side effects or adverse reactions.Therefore,an urgent need exists for an up-to-date review concerning the biological matrices relevant to bioanalysis and the sampling methods,clinical pharmacokinetics,and therapeutic drug monitoring of different TKIs.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in pretreatment methods,such as protein precipitation(PPT),liquid-liquid extraction(LLE),solid-phase extraction(SPE),micro-SPE(μ-SPE),magnetic SPE(MSPE),and vortex-assisted dispersive SPE(VA-DSPE)achieved since 2017.It also highlights the latest analysis techniques such as newly developed high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and high-resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)methods,capillary electrophoresis(CE),gas chromatography(GC),supercritical fluid chromatography(SFC)procedures,surface plasmon resonance(SPR)assays as well as novel nanoprobes-based biosensing techniques.In addition,a comparison is made between the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches while presenting critical challenges and prospects in pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.

Technical Analysis of Safety Monitoring and Evaluation of Existing Bridge Structures

Bridge structure safety monitoring and assessment has been a great concern for the government and the public,and bridge structure safety monitoring and assessment technology has also developed rapidly over the years.Its goal is to equip relevant organizations and professionals with a deep understanding of the principles and practical applications of these technologies.By doing so,it seeks to facilitate the effective implementation of safety monitoring and assessment practices in bridge management.Ultimately,the aim is to foster the constructive development of road and bridge construction and operational management at a broader level.

Fatigue Safety Assessment of Concrete Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge Based on Rain Flow Counting Method and Health Monitoring Data

The fatigue of concrete structures will gradually appear after being subjected to alternating loads for a long time,and the accidents caused by fatigue failure of bridge structures also appear from time to time.Aiming at the problem of degradation of long-span continuous rigid frame bridges due to fatigue and environmental effects,this paper suggests a method to analyze the fatigue degradation mechanism of this type of bridge,which combines long-term in-site monitoring data collected by the health monitoring system(HMS)and fatigue theory.In the paper,the authors mainly carry out the research work in the following aspects:First of all,a long-span continuous rigid frame bridge installed with HMS is used as an example,and a large amount of health monitoring data have been acquired,which can provide efficient information for fatigue in terms of equivalent stress range and cumulative number of stress cycles;next,for calculating the cumulative fatigue damage of the bridge structure,fatigue stress spectrum got by rain flow counting method,S-N curves and damage criteria are used for fatigue damage analysis.Moreover,it was considered a linear accumulation damage through the Palmgren-Miner rule for the counting of stress cycles.The health monitoring data are adopted to obtain fatigue stress data and the rain flow counting method is used to count the amplitude varying fatigue stress.The proposed fatigue reliability approach in the paper can estimate the fatigue damage degree and its evolution law of bridge structures well,and also can help bridge engineers do the assessment of future service duration.

Microseismic monitoring and forecasting of dynamic disasters in underground hydropower projects in southwest China:A review

The underground hydropower projects in Southwest China is characterized by large excavation sizes,high geostresses,complicated geological conditions and multiple construction processes.Various disasters such as collapses,large deformations,rockbursts are frequently encountered,resulting in serious casualties and huge economic losses.This review mainly presents some representative results on microseismic(MS)monitoring and forecasting for disasters in hydropower underground engineering.First,a set of new denoising,spectral analysis,and location methods were developed for better identification and location of MS signals.Then,the tempo-spatial characteristics of MS events were analyzed to understand the relationship between field construction and damages of surrounding rocks.Combined with field construction,geological data,numerical simulation and parametric analysis of MS sources,the focal mechanism of MS events was revealed.A damage constitutive model considering MS fracturing size was put forward and feedback analysis considering the MS damage of underground surrounding rocks was conducted.Next,an MS multi-parameter based risk assessment and early warning method for dynamic disasters were proposed.The technology for control of the damage and deformation of underground surrounding rocks was proposed for underground caverns.Finally,two typical underground powerhouses were selected as case studies.These achievements can provide significant references for prevention and control of dynamic disasters for underground engineering with similar complicated geological conditions.

Accurate positioning of the 24-hour pH monitoring catheter:Agreement between manometry and pH step-up method in two patient positions

AIM： TO investigate the agreement between esophageal manometry and pH step-up method in two different patient positions. METHODS： Eighteen subjects were included in the study. First, the distance from the nose to the proximal border of the lower esophageal sphincter （LES） was measured manometrically. Then a different investigator, who was blinded to the results of the first study, measured the same distance using the pH step-up method, with the patient in both upright and supine positions. An assessment of agreement between the two techniques was performed. RESULTS： In the supine position, the measurement of only one subject was outside the range accepted for correct positioning （~〈 3 cm distal or proximal to the LES）. In the upright position, errors in measurement were recognized in five subjects. Bland-Airman plots revealed good agreement between measurements obtained manometrically and by the pH-step up method with the patient in the supine position. CONCLUSION： In the case of nonavailability of manometric detection device, the pH step-up method can facilitate the positioning of the 24 h pH monitoring catheter with the patient in the supine position. Thisshould increase the use of pH-metry in clinical practice for subjects with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease if our results are supported by further studies.

The State-of-the-Art Review on Applications of Intrusive Sensing,Image Processing Techniques,and Machine Learning Methods in Pavement Monitoring and Analysis

In modern transportation,pavement is one of the most important civil infrastructures for the movement of vehicles and pedestrians.Pavement service quality and service life are of great importance for civil engineers as they directly affect the regular service for the users.Therefore,monitoring the health status of pavement before irreversible damage occurs is essential for timely maintenance,which in turn ensures public transportation safety.Many pavement damages can be detected and analyzed by monitoring the structure dynamic responses and evaluating road surface conditions.Advanced technologies can be employed for the collection and analysis of such data,including various intrusive sensing techniques,image processing techniques,and machine learning methods.This review summarizes the state-ofthe-art of these three technologies in pavement engineering in recent years and suggests possible developments for future pavement monitoring and analysis based on these approaches.

Investigation on long-term progressive deformation of engineering slope based on comprehensive monitoring

A landslide always results from a progressive process of slope deformation. In recent years, an increasing number of slope instabilities have occurred with regard to human engineering activities such as hydropower or traffic construction in mountainous area, which cause even greater casualties and economic loss compared with the natural hazards. The development of such earth surface process may hold long period with mechanisms still not fully understood. Using monitoring technology is an effective and intuitive approach to assist analyzing the slope deformation process and their driving factors. This study presents an engineering slope excavated during the construction of Changheba Hydropower Station, which is located in the upper reaches of Dadu River, Sichuan Province, southwest China. The engineering slope experienced and featured a five-year continuous deformation which caused continuous high risks to the engineering activities. We conducted in-depth analysis for such a long-term deformation process based on ground and subsurface monitoring data, collected successive data with a series of monitoring equipment such as automated total station, borehole inclinometers and other auxiliary apparatus, and identified the deformation process based on the comprehensive analysis of monitoring data as well as field investigation. After analyzing the effects of engineering activities and natural factors on the continuous deformation, we found that the overburden strata provided deformable mass while the excavation-produced steep terrain initiated the slope deformation in limit equilibrium state over a long period of time;afterwards, the intense rainwater accelerated slope deformation in the rainy season.

Statistical Monitoring Method for Pesticides and Harmful Substances

A statistical monitoring method has been developedfor accurate, safety surveillance methods of γ-BHC resideueor harmful substances in foods or feeds. It is very importantfor safety monitoring and arbitrament inspections. This paperintroduces a calculation formula by a six-point calibrationmethod and an example for detection of Y-BHC in corn.The method can guarantee the accuracy of the results,and it does very substantially reduce the probability of an er-ror by one-point calibration.

A framework for computer vision-based health monitoring of a truss structure subjected to unknown excitations

Computer vision(CV)methods for measurement of structural vibration are less expensive,and their application is more straightforward than methods based on sensors that measure physical quantities at particular points of a structure.However,CV methods produce significantly more measurement errors.Thus,computer vision-based structural health monitoring(CVSHM)requires appropriate methods of damage assessment that are robust with respect to highly contaminated measurement data.In this paper a complete CVSHM framework is proposed,and three damage assessment methods are tested.The first is the augmented inverse estimate(AIE),proposed by Peng et al.in 2021.This method is designed to work with highly contaminated measurement data,but it fails with a large noise provided by CV measurement.The second method,as proposed in this paper,is based on the AIE,but it introduces a weighting matrix that enhances the conditioning of the problem.The third method,also proposed in this paper,introduces additional constraints in the optimization process;these constraints ensure that the stiffness of structural elements can only decrease.Both proposed methods perform better than the original AIE.The latter of the two proposed methods gives the best results,and it is robust with respect to the selected coefficients,as required by the algorithm.

Piezoelectric Actuator/Sensor Wave Propagation Based Nondestructive Active Monitoring Method of Concrete Structures

In order to monitor the basic mechanical properties and interior damage of concrete structures,the piezoelectric actuator/sensor based wave propagation method was investigated experimentally in the laboratory using a specifically designed test setup.The energy attenuation of stress waves was measured by the relative index between the output voltage of sensors and the excitation voltage at the actuator.Based on the experimental results of concrete cube and cylinder specimens,the effect of excitation frequencies,excitation amplitude,wave propagation paths and the curing age on the output signals of sensors are evaluated.The results show that the relative voltage attenuation coefficient RVAC is an effective indicator for measuring the attenuation of stress waves through the interior of concrete.

Development of piezoelectric-based technology for application in civil structural health monitoring

Piezoelectric material,as one of the great potential materials,had attracted lots of attention all over the world due to its distinguish advantages.In this paper,the development of piezoelectric-based technology for application in the field of civil structural health monitoring(CSHM),was summarized and discussed.Based on the different identification mechanisms,the piezoelectric transducer-based technology can be divided into two main approaches as the active or passive sensing and detection methods.This paper summarized the development of these two approaches and discussed their applications in the area of civil structural health monitoring,such as structural and concrete engineering,bridge engineering,pipeline engineering,protection engineering for geological hazards and earthquake disasters,and so on.In addition,the electrical mechanical impedance(EMI)technique,as one of the active identification methods,was also detailly presented.Finally,its great potential for the piezoelectric-based technique was presented based on the detail discussion,especially in the areas of civil structural health monitoring.

Satellite remote sensing of sea-ice and its operational monitoring method along the coast of China

Sea-ice is an important operational item for real timely monitoring and forecasting marine environment of China. This paper introduces an operational method of satellite remote sensing to monitor sea- ice using quantitative data of NOAA, and its contents include computer processing of AVHRR sounding data of NOAA and its program design, imagery processing of sea-ice imagery from satellite and their thematic analysis. The sea-ice satellite colour imageries processed via this software system are able to interpret sea-ice pattern, characterizing it by thickness, maximum position of ice boundary, floe concentration and dynamic process of ice changing. At the same time, analyses of the ice condition of the Bohai Sea for the two-year period (1986-1988) as monitored by satellite have been summarized.

Study on the System of Aquatic Environmental Monitoring Methods in China

The development of Chinese system of aquatic environmental monitoring methods was summarized. The existing problem of the system of aquatic environmental monitoring methods was analyzed. At last, some suggestions were made on setting and implementing the system of aquat- ic environmental monitoring methods in China.

Progress on Monitoring Methods of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases

There are many types of methods for monitoring atmospheric greenhouse gases,and the differences between the methods have introduced many uncertainties for the accurate monitoring of atmospheric greenhouse gases.In this paper,the monitoring methods of 7 long-lived greenhouse gases(LLGHG),including carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4)),nitrous oxide(N_(2)O),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),perfluorocarbons(PFCs),sulfur hexafluoride(SF_(6))and nitrogen trifluoride(NF_(3)),which are regulated and controlled in the Kyoto Protocol and the Doha Amendment,were summarized,and the principle,characteristics and application research progress of each method were systematically studied.Besides,their application scope was analyzed,and the domestication research of relevant instruments was analyzed and prospected.At present,the monitoring methods of atmospheric greenhouse gases are developing towards automation and multi-component simultaneous rapid detection,and are accelerating its integration with new technologies such as big data and satellite remote sensing monitoring;top-down and bottom-up methods are used to provide strong data support for carbon peaking and carbon neutral management decisions in various countries.

Adaptive Change Detection for Long-Term Machinery Monitoring Using Incremental Sliding-Window

Detection of structural changes from an opera- tional process is a major goal in machine condition moni- toring. Existing methods for this purpose are mainly based on retrospective analysis, resulting in a large detection delay that limits their usages in real applications. This paper presents a new adaptive real-time change detection algorithm, an extension of the recent research by combin- ing with an incremental sliding-window strategy, to handle the multi-change detection in long-term monitoring of machine operations. In particular, in the framework, Hil- bert space embedding of distribution is used to map the original data into the Re-producing Kernel Hilbert Space （RK_HS） for change detection; then, a new adaptive threshold strategy can be developed when making change decision, in which a global factor （used to control the coarse-to-fine level of detection） is introduced to replace the fixed value of threshold. Through experiments on a range of real testing data which was collected from an experimental rotating machinery system, the excellent detection performances of the algorithm for engineering applications were demonstrated. Compared with state-of- the-art methods, the proposed algorithm can be more suitable for long-term machinery condition monitoring without any manual re-calibration, thus is promising in modern industries.

RESEARCH ON OPTICAL METHOD OF MONITORING PHOTOCATHODE PROCESS

The principle of an optical method of photocathode processing control, which is one ofphotocathode processing monitoring techniques, is discussed. A designed monitoring apparatus is describedand has been applied to investigate the optical parameters of multialkali photoemitter during the process offabrication. Some actual schemes using the method to monitor the preparation of photocathodεs are sug-gested.

Analysis and Application of the Synthetic Relative Measuring Method in On-Line Monitoring for Capacitive Equipment in Power Systems

On-line measurement for dielectric loss angle can effectively monitor the insulation condition of capacitive equipment in power systems. Synthetic relative measuring methods not only markedly overcome the shortcomings of traditional absolute measuring methods but also greatly improve the accuracy of dielectric loss angle measurement. However, synthetic relative measuring methods based on two or three pieces of capacitive equipment do not have the characteristic of generality. In this paper, a principle of synthetic relative measuring method is presented. The example of application for synthetic relative methods based on three and four pieces of capacitive equipment running in the same phase is taken to present the failure judgment matrices for N pieces of equipment. According to these matrices, the fault condition of N pieces of capacitive equipment can be watched, which is more general. Then some problems needing to be concerned along with two diagnostic methods used in diagnostic system are introduced. Finally, two programmable flow charts for the two methods are given and corresponding examples demonstrate their feasibility in practice.

Method of Phase Diagrams for the Analysis of Seism-Acoustical Spatial-Time Monitoring Data in Oil Wells

Experimental and theoretical studies of the mechanisms of vibration stimulation of oil recovery in watered fields lead to the conclusion that resonance oscillations develop in fractured-block formations. These oscillations, caused by weak but long-lasting and frequency-stable influences, create the conditions for ultrasonic wave’s generation in the layers, which are capable of destroying thickened oil membranes in reservoir cracks. For fractured-porous reservoirs in the process of exploitation by the method of water high-pressure oil displacement, the possibility of intensifying ultrasonic vibrations can have an important technological significance. Even a very weak ultrasound can destroy, over a long period of time, the viscous oil membranes formed in the cracks between the blocks, which can be the reason for lowering the permeability of the layers and increasing the oil recovery. To describe these effects, it is necessary to consider the wave process in a hierarchically blocky environment and theoretically simulate the mechanism of the appearance of self-oscillations under the action of relaxation shear stresses. For the analysis of seism acoustic response in time on fixed intervals along the borehole an algorithm of phase diagrams of the state of many-phase medium is suggested.

A differential wide field electromagnetic method and its application in alkaline-surfactant-polymer(ASP) flooding monitoring

To improve effectiveness of ASP flooding, it is necessary to establish a reliable parameter design and tracking adjustment method to monitor the process of oil displacement. A differential wide field electromagnetic method was proposed and applied to the ASP displacement monitoring test in a block of the Daqing Oilfield. In the process of ASP flooding, the electromagnetic field was measured many times. The data acquired before the ASP flooding were set as the background field, and the resistivity model was obtained by inversion. Then, the resistivity data were calibrated by logging data and the resistivity model was established. Finally, the range and front of ASP flooding were deduced with the residual gradient from the spatial domain first-order difference of the resistivity model. Production data of well groups in this block have proved that this method can work out the range and front of ASP flooding accurately, providing support for optimization of ASP flooding parameters.