Basic Soil Productivity of Spring Maize in Black Soil Under Long-Term Fertilization Based on DSSAT Model

Increasing basic farmland soil productivity has significance in reducing fertilizer application and maintaining high yield of crops. In this study, we defined that the basic soil productivity （BSP） is the production capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local environment and field management. Based on 22-yr （1990-2011） long-term experimental data on black soil （Typic hapludoll） in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, Northeast China, the decision support system for an agro-technology transfer （DSSAT）-CERES-Maize model was applied to simulate the yield by BSP of spring maize （Zea mays L.） to examine the effects of long-term fertilization on changes of BSP and explore the mechanisms of BSP increasing. Five treatments were examined： （1） no-fertilization control （control）; （2） chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium （NPK）; （3） NPK plus farmyard manure （NPKM）; （4） 1.5 time of NPKM （1.5NPKM） and （5） NPK plus straw （NPKS）. Results showed that after 22-yr fertilization, the yield by BSP of spring maize significantly increased 78.0, 101.2, and 69.4% under the NPKM, 1.5NPKM and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value （in 1992）, but not significant under NPK （26.9% increase） and the control （8.9% decrease）. The contribution percentage of BSP showed a significant rising trend （P〈0.05） under 1.5NPKM. The average contribution percentage of BSP among fertilizations ranged from 74.4 to 84.7%, and ranked as 1.5NPKM〉NPKM〉NPK〉NPKS, indicating that organic manure combined with chemical fertilizers （I.5NPKM and NPKM） could more effectively increase BSP compared with the inorganic fertilizer application alone （NPK） in the black soil. This study showed that soil organic matter （SOM） was the key factor among various fertility factors that could affect BSP in the black soil, and total N, total P and/or available P also played important role in BSP increasing. Compared with the chemical fertilization, a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization （NPKM or NPKS） not only increased the concentrations of soil nutrient, but also improved the soil physical properties, and structure and diversity of soil microbial population, resulting in an iincrease of BSP. We recommend that a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization （NPKM or NPKS） should be the fertilization practices to enhance spring maize yield and improve BSP in the black soil of Northeast China.

Long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations enhanced basic soil productivity in a fluvo-aquic soil

The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity（BSP）. In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments（1989–2008） on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer（DSSAT ver. 4.0） crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat（Triticum aestivium L.） and summer maize（Zea mays L.） to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon（SOC） under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included：（1） no fertilization（control）,（2） nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers（NPK）,（3） NPK plus manure（NPKM）,（4） 1.5 times of NPKM（1.5NPKM）, and（5） NPK plus straw（NPKS）. After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize（P〈0.01）, and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha^（–1） when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha^（–1）. Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.

Performance enhancement and active sites identification of Cu-Cd bimetallic oxide derived catalysts for electrochemical CO_(2) reduction

The development of earth-abundant electrocatalysts with high performance for electrochemical CO_(2)reduction(ECR)is of great significance.Cu-based catalysts have been widely investigated for ECR due to their unique ability to generate various carbonaceous products,but directing selectivity toward one certain product and identifying the real active sites during ECR are still full of challenge.Here,after the incorporation of CdO into CuO,the Cu_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)-O catalyst achieves a 10.3-fold enhancement for CO selectivity in comparison with CuO,and a CO faradic efficiency nearly 90%with a current density around20 mA cm^(-2)could maintain at least 60 h.Interestingly,a wide CO/H_(2)ratio(0.07-10)is reached on Cu_(x)Cd_(1-x)-O catalysts by varying the Cu/Cd ratio,demonstrating the potential of syngas production using such catalysts.The results of ex situ XRD,XPS,and in situ Raman reveal that the real active sites of Cu_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)-O catalysts for CO production during ECR reaction are the reconstructed mixed phases of CuCd alloy and CdCO_(3).In situ FTIR and theoretical calculations further implicate the presence of Cd related species promotes the CO desorption and inhibits the H_(2)evolution,thus leading to an enhanced CO generation.

Research on the relationship between stand productivity and site condition of Larix kaempferi

In this research, fi ve plots are selected based on stand storage and productivity of planted forest of Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch) as well as their relationship with factors such as forest age, site condition and stand den-sity. Through standard plot investigation and method of trunk analysis, systematic research is conducted on storage and productivity of the planted forest and their relationship with site condition. As shown in the research, produc-tivity of planted forest of Larix kaempferi in low latitude area is higher than that in high latitude area while stand productivity is higher in slight acid soil. Contents of potassium element in the soil have considerable in? uence on productivity of the Larix kaempferi forest.

Study on the relationship between Toona sinensis Roem stand productivity and site conditions in Sichuan Basin

According to the relationship between Toona sinensis Roem stand volume,productivity and forest age,site conditions,stand density and other factors,through selecting 8 representative cities or counties,using standard investigation and stem analysis method,this paper makes relatively systematic research about the Toona sinensis Roem plantation accumulation,productivity,and the relationship between them and site conditions.Through comparative analysis indicators of multiple site conditions,this paper expects to give a more comprehensive picture about the source of accumulation and productivity difference.

A Study Into Marketing Strategies for Promoting Cultural and Creative Products of Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum in New Era

China’s booming economy and the growing demand of urban middle class are creating a favorable situation for the development of domestic cultural and creative industry.The consumption pattern has changed and families spend more outlay on cultural products and services.Within this flourishing industry,many museums caught development opportunities and began to get profit through successfully promoting their own cultural and creative products.However,it is unusual that Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum,enjoying high social status and a reputation for world cultural heritage as well as a national 5A level tourist attraction,regretfully,did not achieve noticeable achievements in this area.Therefore,based on STP theory,the purpose of this paper is to study the reasons why this museum fails to fulfill its potential in promising cultural and creative industry and give some suggestions to the development and promotion of its cultural and creative goods.

Model development to estimate site index values for six major tree species in North Korea

Due to considerable deforestation in North Korea,there is a need to plan forest restoration programs based on scientific forest management.In this study,a methodology was developed for estimating the site index values of six major tree species and the forest productivity potential.The site index values of these tree species were derived in South Korea using the Chapman-Richards equation.These values were used with data from the 6th National Forest Inventory,which included 20 types of edaphic,topographic,and climatic factors,and random forest analysis—a widely used machine learning technique for spatial prediction—to develop a new model for estimating the site index values of these species across South Korea.The prediction accuracy of this model was evaluated using the root mean square error.The results show that the prediction accuracy was high,with a root mean square error of~1m.Moreover,the importance of the variables related to climate and geography was generally high.The proposed site index estimation model for six tree species was applied across North Korea,and its effectiveness tested by comparing the estimated values with those reported in literature from North Korea.The differences between the model outputs and recorded data in the northern alpine regions were presumably due to the lack of data for high-altitude regions in South Korea.This model is based on the determination of the suitability of tree species in restoration efforts.Therefore,it can contribute to the evaluation of forest productivity in North Korea and may help plan efficient forest restoration programs.

药物临床研究阶段申办者和生产场地变更研究六:临床研究阶段申办者和生产场地跨境变更的风险分析

目的:通过对临床研究阶段申办者、生产场地发生跨境变更时的风险变化进行分析,为申办者和生产场地的跨境变更管理提供参考。方法:基于申办者和生产场地不同组合情形的初始风险评价结果和采取风险管控措施后的风险再评价结果,比较分析不同组合情形之间发生变更时变更前后的“风险指数水平”变化。结果与结论:基于初始风险评价结果,有两种变更情形的风险指数水平在变更后较变更前降低;基于风险再评价结果,有四种变更情形的风险指数水平在变更后较变更前降低。

上海河蟹主产区良种采纳意愿分析

种源是河蟹产业发展的关键,论文以上海河蟹主产区-崇明为例,对河蟹养殖户进行十年追踪调查,收集成蟹养殖生产和经营信息,共获得151份有效数据,分析河蟹养殖户采纳良种的意愿,并比较采纳良种与未采纳良种的上海主产区崇明河蟹养殖户在生产与经营水平上的差异,利用二元logit回归分析良种采纳率不高的主要原因。实证结果显示,成为体系示范点、获得生产补贴,更好的销售价格是影响良种采纳意愿的主要驱动力。对此,得出三方面的启示:一是吸引农户加入产业技术体系;二是提供生产补贴;三是提高河蟹品质,带动提高成蟹的售价。

混交对杉木和山杜英混交林生长、结构和生产力的影响

为探究杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)与山杜英(Elaeocarpus sylvestris)的混交效应,以景德镇枫树山林场20年生杉木纯林、山杜英纯林和杉木-山杜英混交林为研究对象,每种林分类型设置3种坡位(上坡、中坡和下坡),分析树种混交对林分生长的影响,并分别探究混交效应对立地条件和生境因子的响应。结果表明:混交林蓄积较预期蓄积增加5%,表现略微增产;混交林中杉木蓄积较杉木纯林增加15%,混交林中山杜英蓄积较山杜英纯林减少13%。相对于纯林,两树种直径分布特征对混交的响应呈相反趋势,混交林中杉木直径分布峰值向高阶移动,而混交林中山杜英直径分布峰值向低阶移动。混交林及其纯林粗根直径-胸径的异速生长分析表明,混交林中杉木生长侧重于树干生长,而山杜英生长侧重于根系生长;无论林型和树种,坡位由上到下,林木生长会侧重于树干生长。杉木-山杜英混交效应与地位指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05),土壤有效磷是混交林生长的主要限制因子。杉木与山杜英混交可促进林分生长,且混交林对较差立地条件有更好的适应性。

药物临床研究阶段申办者和生产场地变更研究五:申办者和生产场地不同组合方式的风险评估和风险控制研究

目的:对新药临床试验阶段申办者和临床试验药物生产场地的境内外不同组合方式开展风险评估和风险控制研究,为进一步完善我国临床试验阶段申办者和生产场地的跨境管理提供参考。方法:采用失效模式与效应分析及风险指数法,针对申办者和生产场地的境内外不同组合方式进行风险的识别、分析和评估。结果与结论:在新药临床试验阶段,“申办者在境内、生产场地在境外(供全球)”和“申办者在境外、生产场地在境内”是两种风险较低的跨境情形,且可通过适当措施对潜在风险进行管控,可优先考虑打通这两种跨境情形的注册路径。

基于Ameriflux通量观测数据的Hi-GLASS潜热通量产品验证

潜热通量产品的验证与分析对于研究气候变化及能量循环具有重要意义。全球陆表高分辨率蒸散产品(high resolution global lAnd surface evapotranspiration product,Hi-GLASS ET)融合了5种传统蒸散算法,能够生产出较高精度的陆表潜热通量产品,但目前没有针对此产品的验证研究。利用Ameriflux通量观测站点的潜热通量观测值与相应的Hi-GLASS陆表潜热通量产品估算值进行对比,获取多组有效验证数据。验证结果显示,所选站点实际观测值与产品估算值的决定系数(R 2)为0.6,均方根误差(RMSE)为34.4 W/m^(2),平均偏差(Bias)为-13.4 W/m^(2),克林-古普塔效率(Kling-Gupta efficiency,KGE)为0.49,Hi-GLASS潜热通量产品具有较高的精度,算法的拟合结果较好;此外,空间分布也表明Hi-GLASS陆表潜热通量产品符合正常的自然规律。由于数据获取的局限性,仅采用了美国地区18个站点数据对产品进行验证,在其他地区仍需进一步验证。

药物临床研究阶段申办者和生产场地变更研究四:我国临床研究阶段申办者和生产场地变更现状调研分析

目的:梳理我国药物临床试验及临床试验期间变更管理的法规监管要求并对行业现状进行调研,为完善药物临床试验及临床试验期间变更管理的监管体系提供参考。方法:对我国临床试验及其变更的监管法规进行文献研究,对行业现状进行调研,为后续完善我国临床试验及临床试验期间变更管理提供参考建议。结果与结论:我国近年来药品审评审批改革不断完善,当前行业发展中存在申办者及生产产地“跨境”及变更的需求。综合考虑创新发展的现实需求和现有法规,在风险可控的条件下,我国已具备一定基础支持临床试验申办者和临床试验药物生产场地的“跨境”及“跨境变更”。

数字赋能下文旅产品消费者在场体验影响因素与互动机理——基于意识谱理论的扎根研究

研究数字文旅产品消费者体验,有助于丰富旅游体验理论,有利于数字技术赋能下展览产品健康发展。通过对六个案例消费点评与访谈数据等的质性分析,基于意识谱理论,发掘数字赋能下消费者在场体验的形成因素与互动机制。研究发现:个人情境、在场氛围感知、在场知性认知、在场感性认知是影响消费者在场体验的四大主范畴。在个体心境、涉入能力、物理空间氛围、服务氛围、非物理空间氛围、交互感知等11个副范畴中,虚拟场景体验时消费者受呈现感知、知识提取、知识编码、交互感知、衍生设计、便利因素的影响;实体场景体验时消费者受非物理空间氛围、物理空间氛围、服务氛围因素的影响;两种场景中消费者同时受涉入能力、个体心境因素的影响。在此基础上,构建消费者在场体验的机理过程模型,以解读数字文旅产品如何引起消费者在场行为变化,进而导致在场情感体验发生,希冀为数字赋能下文旅产品设计提供决策依据。

生产建设项目废弃地植被恢复研究热点与趋势

[目的]把握生产建设项目废弃地植被恢复的发展历程及现阶段的研究热点问题,推进该研究领域的发展。[方法]以Web of Science数据库及CNKI数据库文献为基础,使用CiteSpace软件的文献计量方法对文献进行了分析。[结果](1)生产建设项目废弃地植被恢复研究受到国内外研究者的共同关注,中国、印度和美国为主要发文国家。在国际上,印度科学与工业研究理事会(CSIR)和中国科学院是相关文章发表最多的机构,国内机构中发文量排名居榜首的是北京林业大学。(2)目前国际研究的知识群组主要分布在生态修复技术、生物多样性、生态恢复质量评价等方面。国内研究侧重于恢复生态系统结构、植被恢复模式和土壤质量评价体系等方面。(3)根据关键词突现分析,“生态系统服务”“植被恢复”“煤矿弃土”等是目前国际研究的热点;国内近年研究则聚焦于“生态恢复”“景观设计”“规划设计”等方面。[结论]目前的研究多为短期试验,鲜有针对大范围下整个恢复过程的研究,全面重建生态系统功能的研究尚不完善,未来的研究热点聚焦于在进行植被修复时考虑生态和景观综合效益,重视生态系统服务和景观设计。

基于免疫细胞治疗产品生产技术探讨监管检查关注要点

目的:梳理免疫细胞治疗产品的开发以及监管检查文件依据,为此类产品的生产监管提供参考。方法:针对免疫细胞治疗产品的生产特点进行整理分析,介绍国内相关监管法规及指导意见,并对此类产品的生产现场检查面临的关键问题进行汇总分析,提出相关建议。结果与结论:细胞作为药品上市与传统药品相比具有多种独特的特性,因此在生产管理、质量控制、共线生产导致的系统污染风险等方面均存在挑战,本文从省级监管部门监管角度结合免疫细胞治疗产品的生产工艺,针对此类产品提出免疫细胞治疗产品现场检查关注重点及风险研判的建议,希望进一步完善免疫细胞治疗产品的上市后监管制度。

活性位点电子密度变化对光催化CO_(2)活化和选择转化的影响

光催化二氧化碳(CO_(2))还原制液体燃料和高值化学品技术不仅能充分利用可再生能源太阳光,实现化学储能;更重要的是,此技术以温室气体CO_(2)为原料,因此可以减缓全球温室效应,构造人工碳循环。然而,光催化CO_(2)还原制液体燃料和高值化学品反应过程中面临诸多挑战:(1)CO_(2)分子吸附和活化过程困难;(2)(高附加值)碳产物选择性低;(3)产物生成后易发生其他副反应导致催化剂失活或产物选择性下降。受到以上三个挑战的制约,目前的反应效率较低,难以满足工业化应用。由于光催化CO_(2)向高值化学品的转化过程为质子耦合光生电子参与的还原反应,因此活性位点的电子密度会显著影响以上挑战的解决。然而,光催化CO_(2)还原过程涉及众多基元步骤,每个基元步骤对于活性位点的电子密度要求并不清晰,这导致无法有针对性设计高效的催化剂来促进光催化CO_(2)分子的有效活化及高选择性转化。本文综述了近期活性位点的电子密度变化对于CO_(2)分子吸附和活化过程、碳产物选择性调控和产物脱附及过氧化的影响规律,并总结了调控活性位点上电子密度的方法,旨在对未来设计高效光催化剂提供参考和理论依据。

CLDAS气温实况融合产品在兰州和武威的检验评估及偏差订正

为更好地理解格点融合实况数据与观测数据的差异和代表性,利用甘肃兰州和武威两地站点的观测数据对中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS)地面2 m气温融合产品进行检验评估及偏差订正。结果表明:(1)逐小时气温和日最低气温融合产品的平均误差总体为负值,较实际气温偏低,且在2500 m以下误差随海拔上升而减小;日最高气温融合产品平均误差在海拔1500 m附近为负值,1500 m以上误差变为正值且随海拔升高而增大;日最高和最低气温误差较逐小时气温误差偏大,但平均误差均在2℃以内。(2)通过近网格点检验,发现逐小时CLDAS气温产品白天与实况相近,夜间较实况偏低0.2℃;日平均气温CLDAS融合产品总体较实况偏低1℃,兰州城区产品偏差相对较小;30℃以上高温天数融合产品与实况分布基本一致,但在兰州城区,CLDAS融合产品的高温天数较观测天数偏少。(3)线性回归法和递减平均法对CLDAS气温融合产品都有一定的订正效果,递减平均法订正效果更优且在高海拔地区订正效果更明显。CLDAS气温实况融合产品在兰州和武威两地能较好地反映气温变化特征,但日最高、最低气温误差较逐小时气温大,且在复杂地形下误差相对较大。

药物临床研究阶段申办者和生产场地变更研究二:欧盟药物临床试验及临床试验期间变更管理要求对我国完善监管体系的启示

目的:通过法规比较研究分析,为完善我国药物临床试验及临床试验期间变更管理,特别是临床试验期间申办者变更、生产场地变更及其变更管理提供参考。方法:对欧盟药物临床试验申请及临床试验期间变更管理的法规监管要求和实施情况进行研究整理,与我国当前相关监管法规建设和实施现状进行比较分析并提出建议。结果与结论:欧盟允许临床试验申办者和临床试验药物生产场地分属境内、外的临床试验注册申请及变更申请。欧盟临床试验管理制度相对成熟完善,比如其统一的临床试验申请门户网站及临床试验信息数据库、一体化的科学和伦理双重审查并行的审评程序,对申办者及其法定代理人的资质和责任要求、对临床研究用药品生产场地及其变更的监管和风险控制等监管措施,对我国有参考价值。

药物临床研究阶段申办者和生产场地变更研究三:美国药物临床试验及临床试验期间变更管理要求对我国完善监管体系的启示

目的:研究美国药物临床研究期间变更管理的法规监管要求和实施情况,并与我国当前相关监管法规建设和实施现状进行比较,为完善我国药物临床研究期间申办者和生产场地变更管理的监管体系提供参考。方法:对美国临床研究期间申办者和生产场地变更的监管法规进行系统的梳理研究,结合我国临床研究期间变更管理情况提出建议。结果与结论:美国药物临床试验监管体系采用审批及检查相结合的方式,通过强化申办者负责制,在风险可控的前提下允许申办者及生产场地在不同国家(跨境)的情况存在。我国近年来药品审评审批改革不断深化,在临床研究期间的变更监管体系已初步建立,未来可分阶段细化我国临床试验期间变更的相关要求,以支持产业发展。