Analysis of longitudinal forces of coupler devices in emergency braking process for heavy haul trains

To reduce the longitudinal coupler forces of heavy haul trains and improve the running safety, the velocity method and New-mark method were used for the coupler simulation and numerical integration, and a numerical model on the longitudinal dynamics of heavy haul trains was established. Validation was performed against the experimental data. Using this model, the emergency braking process for a combined marshalling heavy haul train was investigated to obtain the distributions of the longitudinal compressive forces and strokes of coupler devices. Then, the influences of the initial braking velocity, the synchronization time of master and slave locomotives, the coupler stiffness and the vibrator mass on the longitudinal forces and strokes were analyzed. The results show that it should be avoided that the emergency braking starts at a low initial speed. Keeping synchronism between master locomotive and slave locomotives effectively helps to reduce the longitudinal forces. Reducing the coupler stiffness appropriately and adding rigid arm connections, the longitudinal vibration frequency can be brought down and the longitudinal forces will be decreased, which improves the running safety of heavy haul trains. All of these research results can provide a reference for the operation and development of heavy haul trains.

Mechanics model of additional longitudinal force transmission between bridges and continuously welded rails with small resistance fasteners

A new mechanics model, which reveals additional longitudinal force transmission between the continuously welded rails and the bridges, is established on the fact that the influence of the mutual relative displacement (among) the rail, the sleeper and the beam is taken into account. An example is presented and numerical results are compared. The results show that the additional longitudinal forces calculated with the new model are less than those of the previous, especially in the case of the flexible pier bridges. The new model is also suitable for the analysis of the additional longitudinal force transmission between rails and bridges of ballastless track with small resistance fasteners without taking the sleeper displacement into account, and compared with the ballast bridges, the ballastless bridges have a much stronger additional longitudinal force transmission between the continuously welded rails and the bridges.

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Based on Longitudinal Force Estimation for Electro-mechanical Braking Systems using BLDC Motor

This paper focuses on the controller design using fuzzy sliding mode control(FSMC)with application to electro-mechanical brake(EMB)systems using BLDC Motor.The EMB controller transmits the control signal to the motor driver to rotate the motor.The torque distribution of motors is studied in this paper actually.Firstly,the model of the EMB system is established.Then the state observer is developed to estimate the vehicle states including the vehicle velocity and longitudinal force.Due to the fact that the EMB system is nonlinear and uncertain,a FSMC strategy based on wheel slip ratio is proposed,where both the normal and emergency braking conditions are taken into account.The equivalent control law of sliding mode controller is designed on the basis of the variation of the front axle and rear axle load during the brake process,while the switching control law is adjusted by the fuzzy corrector.The simulation results illustrate that the FSMC strategy has the superior performance,better adaptability to various types of roads,and shorter braking distance,as compared to PID control and traditional sliding mode control technologies.Finally,the hardware-in-loop(HIL)experimental results have exemplified the validation of the developed methodology.

On chip chiral and plasmonic hybrid dimer or tetramer:Generic way to reverse longitudinal and lateral optical binding forces

For both the longitudinal binding force and the lateral binding force,a generic way of controlling the mutual attraction and repulsion(usually referred to as reversal of optical binding force)between chiral and plasmonic hybrid dimers or tetramers has not been reported so far.In this paper,by using a simple plane wave and an onchip configuration,we propose a possible generic way to control the binding force for such hybrid objects in both the near-field region and the far-field region.We also investigate different inter-particle distances while varying the wavelengths of light for each inter-particle distance throughout the investigations.First of all,for the case of longitudinal binding force,we find that chiral-plasmonic hybrid dimer pairs do not exhibit any reversal of optical binding force in the near-field region nor in the far-field region when the wavelength of light is varied in an air medium.However,when the same hybrid system of nanoparticles is placed over a plasmonic substrate,a possible chip,it is possible to achieve a reversal of the longitudinal optical binding force.Later,for the case of lateral optical binding force,we investigate a setup where we place the chiral and plasmonic tetramers on a plasmonic substrate by using two chiral nanoparticles and two plasmonic nanoparticles,with the setup illuminated by a circularly polarized plane wave.By applying the left-handed and the right-handed circular polarization state of light,we also observe the near-field and the far-field reversal of lateral optical binding force for both cases.As far as we know,so far,no work has been reported in the literature on the generic way of reversing the longitudinal optical binding force and the lateral optical binding force of such hybrid objects.Such a generic way of controlling optical binding forces can have important applications in different fields of science and technology in the near future.

Occasional Forces and Displacements of Longitudinally Coupled Ballastless Jointless Turnout on Bridges

For the longitudinally coupled baUastless turnout on Leida bridge on Wuhan-Guangzhou passenger dedicated line （PDL） in China, a turnout （cross over）-track slab-bridge deck-pier integrated finite element model was established, in which two No. 18 jointless turnouts with movable frogs in form of crossover, longitudinally coupled ballastless track, bridges and piers were regarded as one system. Based on this model, the additional forces and displacement regularities of turnouts, track slab, bridges and piers under occasional loading were analyzed, and the effect of occasional loading position was researched. The results show that slab breaking is more influential on the longitudinal force and deformation of the whole system than rail breaking, that slab breaking on one line could deteriorate both the slab force on another line and the forces exerted on the piers and fastener components, and that a great slab force at the left end of the continuous bridge expansion joint should be particularly avoided in design.

The Use of Tamping Machine for Diagnosising the Longitudinal Forces in Rails of CWR Track

In the novel approach to the diagnostic tests of continuous welded rail （CWR） track by the use of the tamping machine, the fundamental statement related to the recording of the curvature with a definite value of the lateral displacement being subjected to verification, can provide a basis for the determination of the longitudinal axial force in the rail. An attempt has also been made to define an alternative factor which by means of the measured signals, could be used for the determination of the axial forces in the rail sections. A power engineering approach has been adopted to this concept. Within the framework of the experimental investigations, measurements were carried out in the track test section. The investigations were based on stretching the rail sections by stretchers and on lateral displacements of the track by the tamping machine. The operation of the measuring apparatus was also tested in the experimental railway track section while carrying out the geometrical adjustments by the tamping machine. As a result of next series of the investigation carried out in 2006-2007, the authors worked out a procedure of estimating the longitudinal forces in rails of CWR track.

The influence of AAR coupler features on estimation of in-train forces

Inadequate management of large in-train forces transferred through coupler systems of a railway train leads to running and structural failures of vehicles.Understanding these phenomena and their mitigation requires accurate estimation of relative motions and in-train forces between vehicle bodies.Previous numerical studies have ignored inertia of coupling elements and the impacts between couplers.Thus,existing models underestimate the additional dynamic variations in in-train forces.Detailed multi-body dynamic models of two AAR(Association of American Railroads)coupler systems used in passenger and freight trains are developed,incorporating coupler inertia and various slacks.Due to the modeling and simulation com-plexities involved in a full train model,with such details of coupler system,actual longitudinal train dynamics is not studied.A system comprising only two coupling units,inter-connecting two consecutive vehicles,is modeled.Considered system has been fixed at one end and an excitation force is applied at the other end,to mimic a relative force transmission through combined coupler system.Simulation results obtained from this representative system show that,noticeable influence in in-train forces are expected due to the combined effect of inertia of couplers and intermittent impacts between couplers in the slack regime.Maximum amplitude of longitudinal reaction force,transferred from draft gear housing to vehicle body,is expected to be significantly higher than that predicted using existing models of coupler system.It is also observed that the couplers and knuckles are subjected to significant longitudinal and lateral contact forces,due to the intermittent impacts between couplers.Thus,accurate estimation of draft gear reaction force and impact forces between couplers are essential to design vehicle and coupler components,respectively.

New model of body force in electromagnetic stirring gas tungsten-arc welding

After measuring arc electrical current density distribution in gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW) with a probe method, the new expression of body force and model of LD10CS aluminum alloy weld pool are put forward for the first time in GTAW with additional longitudinal magnetic field controlling. The influence of additional longitudinal magnetic field on body force is discussed by electromagnetic principle. This study provides the basis to study fluid flow of the weld pools and arc welding technique with electromagnetic controlling. [

组合桥面板切应力分布规律及横向剪力钉布置

根据组合桥面板截面的切应力、剪力流分布规律,在混凝土板和钢顶板完全连接的条件下,理论推导出混凝土板和钢顶板的剪力流承担比例,证明组合桥面板层间纵向剪力小于采用组合梁公式得到的计算值.层间完全连接和通过弹簧单元模拟剪力钉离散连接开展的有限元计算均支持这一观点,验证了组合桥面板截面的竖向剪力主要由腹板承担的观点的正确性.探究横向上剪力钉的布置方式.结果表明,组合桥面板应沿横向全宽布置剪力钉,在腹板两侧进行加密,腹板正上方不宜布设剪力钉.

地铁连续刚构桥上无砟轨道无缝线路纵向力分析

【目的】为研究地铁连续刚构桥上无砟轨道无缝线路纵向受力与变形规律,对地铁连续刚构桥上无砟轨道无缝线路设计改进、运营养护维修提供理论指导。【方法】根据梁-板-轨相互作用原理,建立地铁连续刚构桥上整体道床式无砟轨道无缝线路空间耦合模型,计算伸缩、挠曲、制动、断轨工况下轨道结构和桥梁纵向力及位移,并对轨道结构静力特性进行对比分析,为地铁连续刚构桥上无缝线路轨道结构设计提供参考。【结果】结果表明:双线列车荷载中点与中部梁端处重合时为列车垂向荷载最不利工况,此时钢轨纵向力与钢轨、桥梁纵向位移均为最大,均出现在中部梁端附近,数值分别为70.3 kN与0.6,0.8 mm;双线制动荷载列车尾部位于两侧梁端时为列车制动荷载最不利工况,此时钢轨纵向力与钢轨、桥梁纵向位移均为最大,数值分别为107.8 kN与1.6,1.7 mm。【结论】伸缩力作用下各个端部桥缝处为薄弱部位,在平时养护中应特别注意梁端部桥缝处轨道结构,防止因伸缩力过大而产生断轨;钢轨发生断轨时,在断缝处纵向力、纵向位移均发生突变,严重影响线路行车安全。

碳纤维复合材料纵扭超声振动辅助钻孔仿真研究

针对碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)钻孔易发生缺陷、孔的质量难保证和效率低等问题,基于Hashin准则和PUCK准则构建碳纤维复合材料本构模型子程序,建立CFRP纵扭超声振动辅助钻孔三维实体有限元模型。与普通钻孔过程的轴向力变化情况进行对比,分析主轴转速、进给速度、频率、振幅、纤维铺层角度和钻头顶角对轴向力的影响。结果表明:轴向力随进给速度、频率和钻头顶角的增大而增大,随主轴转速增大而减小,随振幅增大先减小后增大,随纤维铺层角度增大先增大后减小。

管道中激发L(0,2)导波的EMAT结构设计及优化

超声导波在管道中传播时具有多模态特性,导致超声导波检测的回波信号复杂难以分辨。依据EMAT激发机理和纵向超声导波的波结构特性,设计一种周期性永磁铁组以增大洛伦兹力轴向分量、减小径向分量,激励纯净的L(0,2)模态导波。研究永磁铁宽度对L(0,1)模态抑制效果的影响规律,得到控制效果较好的永磁铁宽度。结果表明:相比传统EMAT,新型EMAT对L(0,1)模态抑制效果显著,L(0,2)模态与L(0,1)模态峰值之比是传统EMAT的7.62倍。

齿轨铁路桥上板式无砟轨道纵向力学特性研究

为研究齿轨铁路桥上铺设CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道的纵向力学特性,基于有限元理论和混凝土塑性损伤理论,建立齿轨-无砟轨道-桥梁精细化分析模型,分析不同坡度下轨道结构应力变化和变形规律。研究结果表明:上坡侧的轨道板端位置为荷载最不利位置。可在小于150‰坡度的齿轨铁路上直接应用CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道,坡度大于150‰时轨道板产生局部损伤;整体温度变化量为15~25℃时轨道板损伤较大。轨道纵向位移增长率随坡度增加逐渐减小,底座板位移增长率最大,150‰坡度时轨道最大位移为1.6 mm左右;底座板凹槽最大压缩量为0.52 mm,为增强凹槽限位能力,可调整凹槽上、下坡侧的垫层刚度。轨道与桥面层间约束不足,为相对不稳定层面,应采取增大桥面板凿毛程度、调整预埋钢筋规格等纵向稳定措施。

一种列车制动信号无线传输通讯系统设计

在铁路运输趋于高速和重载的背景下,重载列车传统空气制动系统仅能适用于单元式重载列车,并且后期维护相对不便,且在制动时会带来过大的车钩纵向力,影响行车安全,因此具有高带宽、低延迟、维护便捷等优点的无线制动系统应运而生。为了解决上述问题,立足于制动系统制动信号的无线传输,基于嵌入式技术设计了一套制动信号无线传输通讯系统。硬件方面,以STC8H8K64U作为主控芯片完成通讯系统的原理图设计,主要包括电源模块、CAN(Controller Area Network,控制器局域网)网络模块、GPRS(General Packet Radio Service,通用分组无线服务技术)模块、无线网络LoRa(Long Range Radio,远距离无线电)模块等,并且对硬件进行抗干扰处理。软件方面,完成STC8的外设驱动程序设计、LoRa无线网络模块的程序设计以及装置与系统之间通讯协议的自定义。基于以上设计,完成通讯系统的调试与测试工作,对无线网络模块LoRa的通讯距离进行测试,通过建立动力学模型和线路试验来对比使用传统空气制动方案制动与使用制动信号无线传输通讯系统制动方案下的制动波速以及车钩纵向力。测试和试验结果表明:系统各模块功能正常,能有效完成与车辆控制装置和远程控制平台之间的数据交互;有行人、树木、建筑等遮挡物时,无线网络模块LoRa的通讯距离为400 m;使用制动信号无线传输通讯系统在列车制动时可有效提升制动波速,减小车钩纵向力。研究结果可为重载列车的制动系统设计提供参考。

纵向槽钢和轴力共同作用的盾构隧道等效刚度解析解

为准确快速地预测纵向槽钢加固技术对盾构隧道等效刚度的影响,开展了纵向槽钢加固技术的理论研究。解析地提出了纵向槽钢和纵向轴力耦合作用的盾构隧道等效刚度理论解,并与经典理论、模型试验和数值模拟对比验证了本方法的可靠性。结果表明盾构隧道的中性轴φ随槽钢、纵向轴压力的增加而减小,其大小直接改变了隧道管片间的接触状态,从而影响了隧道的等效刚度;盾构隧道的等效刚度与纵向轴压力呈S曲线正相关,与弯矩呈非线性反相关,与隧道管片宽度、槽钢截面面积、数量、弹性模量呈线性正比关系;盾构隧道的等效刚度贡献大小顺序依次为纵向槽钢数量、截面面积、弹性模量。从理论上诠释了纵向槽钢等敏感性参数对隧道等效刚度的影响机理,可准确快速地预测纵向槽钢加固效果。

小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路有限元模型简化研究

为更简便地建立小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路有限元模型,降低计算成本并保证计算精度的可靠性,本文比较分析不同简化程度的模型。首先,依据已有桥上无缝线路模型的形式,通过不同程度简化桥梁上部结构,由简到繁确立了单刚臂模型、多刚臂模型、准梁格模型、平面壳模型、空间壳模型、实体模型共6种模型,并通过扣件横向和纵向阻力试验取得了模型的关键参数;其次,以曲线半径为200 m的(40+50+50+40) m连续梁桥为实例,计算了桥上无缝线路在伸缩、挠曲、制动和断轨等其他组合工况下的结果;最后,以实体模型的计算结果为基准,将前5种模型的计算结果与实体模型的进行对比,通过欧几里得距离量化分析了各模型的计算精度。研究结果表明:综合考虑模型复杂程度和计算精度,多刚臂模型和准梁格模型相比于空间壳模型性价比更高,梁格法在桥梁工程中被大量用于异形桥梁计算,且支座分布以及边界条件更符合实际情况。因此,推荐在进行小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路计算时采用准梁格模型。

单向L(0,2)超声导波EMAT结构设计

超声导波在管道中传播时双向传播的特性以及端面反射回波的影响导致检测回波信号复杂难以分辨。依据电磁声换能器(EMAT)激发机理和纵向超声导波的波结构特性,设计了一种周期性永磁铁增强径向偏置磁场,从而增大洛伦兹力轴向分量、减小径向分量来控制激发单一L(0,2)导波;同时依据波叠加原理,通过控制相邻线圈线间距、激励电流方向和延迟时间等来选择纵向超声导波的激发方向。研究结果表明:当相邻激励线圈电流相反、线间距为λ/4,且延迟时间为T/4时,采用优化设计的周期性永磁铁可以实现管道中超声导波的方向控制,使得回波信号容易分辨,提高了管道的检测效率。

编组方式对3万吨重载列车循环制动工况纵向冲动的影响

为研究3万吨重载列车合理的编组方式,文章基于纵向动力学与气体流动理论,建立3万吨重载列车纵向动力学模型,利用该模型分析不同编组方式列车空气制动系统传递特性;在此基础上,选取3种典型运行线路,仿真分析不同编组方式列车循环制动工况下的纵向冲动。结果表明:列车长度会影响列车空气制动系统同步性能,尾部添加机车可以有效提升制动同步性,相较于传统尾部列尾装置,缓解延迟时间减少约58.8%;纵向冲动由列车制动不同步性及坡道差共同作用产生,列车循环制动通过V型坡时,坡度差不应超过10.5‰;“八轴机车+108辆C80+八轴机车+108辆C80+八轴机车+108辆C80+八轴机车”的编组方式在各线路条件下纵向冲动均保持较低水平,可为后续3万吨重载列车试验及常态化运营的编组选择提供参考。

带刚性防波板罐体内液体晃动的响应分析

部分充液罐体内的液体在外部激励的作用下容易出现晃动现象,由液体晃动产生的附加力和力矩会对载液罐车产生不利影响。为了避免液罐车制动时其罐内液体产生较大幅度的晃动,提出了几种类型的防波板,并研究了防波板及其几何参数对液罐车内液体晃动的影响。首先,建立了基于有限体积法的液体晃动的数值模型。其次,对液体晃动现象进行了一系列的实验,通过将实验获得的液面波形与同等条件下数值模拟获得的结果进行对比,验证数值模型的有效性。最后,将验证后的数值模型用于分析防波板的几何参数对液体晃动响应的影响。研究结果表明,开孔防波板不仅可以有效降低罐内晃动响应参数的峰值,还可以明显缩短罐内晃动液体达到稳定的时间;防波板的开孔位置和孔的数量在车辆制动过程中对罐体内液体晃动引起的纵向力的峰值影响差别不大,但是对液体晃动引起的俯仰力矩的峰值的影响比较明显;晃动响应参数峰值的下降率会随着充液高度的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,液体晃动引起的俯仰力矩的峰值取得最大值时,防波板对罐体内的液体晃动的抑制效果最差。

制动工况下重载货车车轮扁疤对轮轨振动响应分析

随着我国重载铁路的发展,重载货车轴重不断增加,车轮扁疤问题也日渐突出,该问题会导致轮轨动载荷急剧增大。建立了重载车辆-轨道刚柔动力学模型,在考虑了重载货车不同制动工况下,探究车轮扁疤对轮轨之间垂向冲击力和纵向蠕滑的影响,并进行了扁疤限值计算。结果表明,车辆的P1和P2力随着扁疤长度和速度的增大而增加,且紧急制动工况下大于正常制动工况。空车状态下轮轨垂向力远远小于重车状态,但在扁疤的作用下空车状态下的垂向轮轨力产生的波动会更大。车辆进行制动会导致纵向蠕滑率和纵向蠕滑力发生改变,同时在扁疤的作用下纵向蠕滑率和纵向蠕滑力都会产生波动,扁疤越大波动幅度越大。根据标准中的轮轨垂向力和轮重减载率的限值,对车辆在不同工况下进行扁疤限值计算,结合空重车以及制动工况,得到重载货车扁疤限值为38 mm。该研究将为重载货车运维提供相关指导。