Tectonic Evolution of the Middle Frontal Area of the Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt,Western Sichuan Basin,China

By analyzing the balanced cross sections and subsidence history of the Longmen Mountain thrust belt, China, we concluded that it had experienced five tectonic stages： （1） the formation stage （T3x） of the miniature of Longmen Mountain, early Indosinian movement, and Anxian tectonic movement created the Longmen Mountain; （2） the stable tectonic stage （J1） where weaker tectonic movement resulted in the Longmen Mountain thrust belt being slightly uplifted and slightly subsiding the foreland basin; （3） the intense tectonic stage （J2-3）, namely the early Yanshan movement; （4） continuous tectonic movement （K-E）, namely the late Yanshan movement and early Himalayan movement; and （5） the formation of Longmen Mountain （N-Q）, namely the late Himalayan movement. During those tectonic deformation stages, the Anxian movement and Himalayan movement played important roles in the Longmen Mountain＇s formation. The Himalayan movement affected Longmen Mountain the most; the strata thrust intensively and were eroded severely. There are some klippes in the middle part of the Longmen Mountain thrust belt because a few nappes were pushed southeastward in later tectonic deformation.

Differential Tectonic Deformation of the Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt,Western Sichuan Basin,China

Field investigation and seismic section explanation showed that the Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt has obvious differential deformation： zonation, segmentation and stratification. Zonation means that, from NW to NE, the Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt can be divided into the Songpan- Garz~ Tectonic Belt, ductile deformation belt, base involved thrust belt, frontal fold-thrust belt, and foreland depression. Segmentation means that it can be divided into five segments from north to south： the northern segment, the Anxian Transfer Zone, the center segment, the Guanxian Transfer Zone and the southern segment. Stratification means that the detachment layers partition the structural styles in profile. The detachment layers in the Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt can be classified into three categories： the deep-level detachment layers, including the crust-mantle system detachment layer, intracrustal detachment layer, and Presinian system basal detachment layer; the middle-level detachment layers, including Cambrian-Ordovician detachment layer, Silurian detachment layer, etc.; and shallow-level detachment layers, including Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation detachment layer and the Jurassic detachment layers. The multi-level detachment layers have a very important effect on the shaping and evolution of Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt.

The Deep Geophysical Structure of the Middle Section of the Longmen Mountains Tectonic Belt and its Relation to the Wenchuan Earthquake

Investigation of the deep geophysical structure of the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt and its relation to the Wenchuan Earthquake is important for the study of earthquakes.By using magnetotelluric sounding profiles of the Luqu-Zhongjiang and Anxian-Suining; seismic sounding profiles of the Sichuan Maowen-Chongqing Gongtan,the Qinghai Huashi Gorge-Sichuan Jianyang,and the Batang-Zizhong; and magnetogravimetric data of the Longmen Mountains region,the deep geophysical structure of the Songpan-Ganzi block,the western Sichuan foreland basin,and the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt and their relation was discussed.The eastward extrusion of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau thrusts the Songpan-Ganzi block upon the Yangtze block,which obstructs the eastward movement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The Maoxian-Wenchuan,Beichuan-Yingxiu,and Anxian-Guanxian faults of the Longmen Mountains fault belt dip to northwest with different dip angles and gradually converge in the deeper parts.Geophysical structure suggests that an intracrustal low-velocity,low-resistivity,and high-conductivity layer is common between the middle and upper crust west of the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt but not in the upper Yangtze block.The Sichuan Basin has a thick low-resistance sedimentary layer on a stable high-resistance basement; moreover,there are secondary paleohighs and depression structures at the lower part of the western Sichuan foreland basin with characteristic of high magnetic anomalies,whereas the Songpan-Ganzi block has a high resisitivity cover of upper crust and continues to a low-resistance layer.Considering the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt as the boundary,there are Bouguer gravity anomalies of ＂one belt between two zones.＂ Thus,we infer that there is a corresponding relation between the inferred crystalline basement of the Songpan block and the underlying basin basement of the Longmen Mountains fault belt.Furthermore,there may be an extensive ancient Yangtze block,which is west of the Ruoergai block.In addition,the crust-mantle ductile shear zone under the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt is the main fault,whereas the Beichuan-Yingxiu and Anxian-Guanxian faults at the surface are earthquake faults.The Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake might be attributed to the collision of the Yangtze block and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The eastward obduction of the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and eastward subduction of its deeper part under the influence of the collision of the Indian,Pacific,and Philippine Plates with the Eurasia Plate might have caused the Longmen Mountains tectonic belt to cut the Moho and extend to the middle and upper crust; thus,creating high stress concentration and rapid energy release zone.

Application of the Material Balance Method in Paleoelevation Recovery: A Case Study of the Longmen Mountains Foreland Basin on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

We applied the material balance principle of the denudation volume and sedimentary flux to study the denudation-accumulation system between the Longmen Mountains （Mts.） and the foreland basin. The amount of sediment in each sedimentation stage of the basin was estimated to obtain the denudation volume, erosion thickness and deposit thickness since the Late Triassic Epoch, to enable us to recover the paleoelevation of the provenance and the sedimentary area. The results show the following： （1） Since the Late Triassic Epoch, the elevation of the surface of the Longmen Mts. has uplifted from 0 m to 2751 m, and the crust of the Longmen Mts. has uplifted by 9.8 km. Approximately 72% of the materials introduced have been denuded from the mountains. （2） It is difficult to recover the paleoelevation of each stage of the Longmen Mts. foreland basin quantitatively by the present-day techniques and data. （3） The formation of the Longmen Mts. foreland basin consisted of three stages of thrust belt tectonic load and three stages of thrust belt erosional unload. During tectonic loading stages （Late Triassic Epoch, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous-Miocene）, the average elevation of Longmen Mts. was lower （approximately 700-1700 m）. During erosional unloading stages （Early and Middle Jurassic, Middle Cretaceous and Jiaguan, Late Cenozoic）, the average elevation of Longmen Mts. was high at approximately 2000-2800m.

Episodic Orogeny Deduced from Coeval Sedimentary Sequences in the Foreland Basin and Its Implication for Uplift Process of Longmen Mountain,China

Longmen Mountain located at the boundary between the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau,representing the steepest gradient of any edges of the plateau.Three endmember models of uplift process and mechanism have been proposed,including crustal thickening,crustal flow,and crustal isostatic rebound.Here we use coeval sedimentary sequences in the foreland basin to restraint uplift process and mechanism in the Longmen Mountain.The more than 10,000 m thick Late TriassicQuaternary strata filled in this foreland basin and can be divided into six megasequences that are distinguished as two distinct types.The first type is the wedge-shaped megasequences which are sedimentary response of strong active thrust loading events,characterized by a high rate of subsidence and sediment accumulation,coarsening-upward succession and a dual-sourced sediment supply.This type includes Late Triassic,Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous to Paleogene megasequences.The second type is the tabular megasequences,characterized by the low rate of subsidence and sediment accumulation,finingupward succession,and a single-sourced sediment supply,which is sedimentary response of isostatic rebound and erosion unloading.This type includes the Early to Middle Jurassic,Middle Cretaceous and Neogene to Quaternary megasequences.Basing on sedimentary,active tectonic,geomorphic evidence,we infer that the direction has been reversed from SSWdirected sinistral strike-slip to NNE-directed dextral strike-slip during 40-3.6 Ma,and since 3.6 Ma,the Longmen Mountain thrust belt belong to times of isostatic rebound and erosional unloading with NNEdirected dextral strike-slip.This suggests that crustal isostatic rebound is a primary driver for uplift and topography of the present Longmen Mountain.The Wenchuan(Ms8.0) earthquake,which ruptured a large thrust fault with NNE-directed dextral strikeslip along the range front,is an active manifestation of this crustal isostatic rebound process with dextral strike-slipping and shortening.This process may be the cause for the Wenchuan Earthquake and the apparent paradox of high relief,little shortening,the relative dearth of historical seismicity in the region.

Characteristics of Nappes and Segmentation of the Longmen Mountains Thrust Belt, Western Sichuan Basin, China

In order to reveal the nature of the segmentation of Longmen Mountains Thrust Belt caused by the three nappes (Jiaoziding, Jiudingshan, and Baoxing Nappe), several methods are applied in this paper, including field investigation, seismic explanation and balanced crossed section, etc. Results of research reveal that nappes in Longmen Mountains vary in geometry, kinematics, and dynamics. Jiaoziding Nappe has generally behaved in a ductile manner, whereas Jiudingshan Nappe has been rigid, and the rheology of Baoxing Nappe has been intermediate between that of the other two nappes. The development of nappes has resulted in tectonic segmentation of Longmen Mountains: the main structural style of the northern segment is thrust faulting, with Jiaoziding Nappe representing a giant syncline. Given its ductility, it absorbed lots of stress, with the least amount of tectonic shortening in the SE part of the nappe. In the middle segment, the deformation is controlled by the rigid Jiudingshan Nappe, whose frontal area records lots of tectonic shortening. Deformation in the southern segment is intermediate in character between that of the other two segments, characterized by horizontal zonation, as demonstrated by fault development, and vertical stratification, which indicates that fault development was controlled by lithology.

Meso-Cenozoic Tectonic Events Recorded by Apatite Fission Track in the Northern Longmen-Micang Mountains Region

There is a cross-cutting relationship between the E-W trending structures and the NE- trending structures in the northern Longmen-Micang Mountains region, which reflects possible regional tectonic transition and migration. Apatite fission track （AFT） analyses of 15 samples collected from this area yield apparent ages varying from 30.3±4.2 Ma to 111.7±9.0 Ma and confined-track-lengths ranging from 10.6±0.3 pm to 12.4±0.1 μm. Four specific groups were identified on the basis of the Track Age Spectrum Calculation （TASC） patterns, i.e., 143-112 Ma, 93.6-88 Ma, 42-40 Ma and -25.6 Ma. These age groups correspond to the spatial distributions of datasets and may represent four tectonic events. Together with the regional deformation patterns, the four age groups are interpreted to indicate tectonic superposition, transition and migration during the Meso-Cenozoic with the following possible order： （1） the Micang Mountains belt was dominated by the E-W trending structure during 143-112 Ma; （2） the contraction of the Longmen Mountains belt from the NW to the SE during 93.6-88 Ma led to the superposition of the NE-trending structures over the E-W trendinding structures; （3） dextral strike-slip shear dominated the Longmen Mountains belt at 42-40 Ma; （4） westward migration of the active tectonic belt occurred from 93.6-25.6 Ma in a break-back sequence in the northern Longmen Mountains belt. The Late Cenozoic tectonics in the northern Longmen Mountains belt are characterized by the dextral strike-slip shear and the occurrence of westward break-back sequence of deformations. As a result, north-south differences in deformations along the Longmen Mountains belt were intensified since the Miocene time and strains were mainly accumulated in the hinterland of the Longmen Mountains instead of being propagated to the foreland basin.

Structural Styles of Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt,SW China

Through field geological investigation and seismic interpretation of the Longmen （龙门） Mountain thrust belt, we summarized the following structural styles： thrust belt, fault-related fold （fault bend fold, fault propagation fold, and fault decollement fold）, pop-up, triangle zone, duplex, superimposed fold, ductile deformation structures, reverse thrust fault, klippe, decollement structure,etc.. These structural styles have evident distribution characteristics; they had zonation and segmentation in plane. The zonation presents as the thrust nappe tectonic zone to the west of Tongjichang （通济场） fault, fault-related folds between Tongjichang fault and Guankou （关口） fault, and low and mild folds to the east of Guankou fault. The segmentation is evidenced as the scale of reverse thrust faults was minor between Tongjichang No. 1 fault and Tongjichang No. 2 fault. The distance between these two faults became long in the Daynanbao （大园包） structure, and there developed typical fault propagation fold and pop-up between these two faults. Furthermore, the structures had stratifi-cation in profile. The salt layer of T21 provided good conditions for the formation and development of large listric thrust faults; the thrust fault slipped in the salt layer and formed decollement structures and fault-related fold. At the same time, there formed duplex and reverse thrust faults between the two decollement layers.

Fault Characteristics in Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt, Western Sichuan Foreland Basin, China

Through field geological survey, the authors found that abundant thrust faults developed in the Longmen （龙门） Mountain thrust belt. These faults can be divided into thrust faults and strike-slip faults according to their formation mechanisms and characteristics. Furthermore, these faults can be graded into primary fault, secondary fault, third-level fault, and fourth-level fault according to their scale and role in the tectonic evolution of Longmen Mountain thrust belt. Each thrustfault is such as composed of several secondary faults, Qingchuan （青川）-Maowen （茂汶） fault zone is composed of Qiaozhuang （乔庄） fault, Qingxi （青溪） fault, Maowen fault, Ganyanggou （赶羊沟） fault, etc.. The Longmen Mountain thrust belt experienced early Indosinian movement, Anxian （安县） movement, Yanshan （燕山） movement, and Himalayan movement, and the faults formed gradually from north to south.

Crustal Uplift in the Longmen Shan Mountains Revealed by Isostatic Gravity Anomalies along the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

This study examines the relationship between high positive isostatic gravity anomalies （IGA）, steep topography and lower crustal extrusion at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. IGA data has revealed uplift and extrusion of lower crustal flow in the Longmen Shan Mountains （the LMS）. Firstly, The high positive IGA zone corresponds to the LMS orogenic belt. It is shown that abrupt changes in IGA correspond to zones of abrupt change of topography, crustal thickness and rock density along the LMS. Secondly, on the basis of the Airy isostasy theory, simulations and inversions of the positive IGA were conducted using three-dimensional bodies. The results indicated that the LMS lacks a mountain root, and that the top surface of the lower crust has been elevated by 11 km, leading to positive IGA, tectonic load and density load. Thirdly, according to Watts＇s flexural isostasy model, elastic deflection occurs, suggesting that the limited （i.e. narrow） tectonic and density load driven by lower crustal flow in the LMS have led to asymmetric flexural subsidence in the foreland basin and lifting of the forebulge. Finally, based on the correspondence between zones of extremely high positive IGA and the presence of the Precambrian Pengguan-Baoxing complexes in the LMS, the first appearance of erosion gravels from the complexes in the Dayi Conglomerate layer of the Chengdu Basin suggest that positive IGA and lower crustal flow in the LMS took place at 3.6 Ma or slightly earlier.

Pn-wave velocity and anisotropy of the western Sichuan and Longmen Mountain region,China

Pn-wave velocity and anisotropy beneath the western Sichuan and adjacent region are inverted by a tomography method using arrival data from earthquakes recorded by the Sichuan Earthquake Network. It is followed by an analysis of the uppermost mantle structure of the Longmen Mountain region and the deep tectonics of the Ms8.0 earthquake in Wenchuan. Our results reveal a prominent velocity contrast across the Longmenshan fault: low velocities in the Songpan-Ganzi mountain range and high velocities in the Sichuan basin. They indicate that the Songpan-Ganzi mountain range is underlain by a weak uppermost mantle, which is easy to create ductile flow, whereas the Sichuan basin has a mechanically strong uppermost mantle. These features reflect a difference of the lithospheric mantle beneath tectonically active mountain range and stable basin. The boundary between the high and low velocities is coincident with the Longmenshan fault. Bordered by Wenchuan, the northern part of the boundary is parallel to the fault belt and aftershock distribution, but the southern part of the boundary deviates from the fault belt and is bent toward the Sichuan basin. The Ms8.0 earthquake in Wenchuan is located at the flexural part between them, where a strong heterogeneity is shown in the velocity variation across and parallel to the boundary. This area is reasonably believed as a potential location for regional stress accumulation and release in the Longmen Mountain region, reflecting a prominent character in the deep structure around Wenchuan. Pn-wave anisotropy reveals the mantle flow that is consistent with the eastward movement of the Tibetan Plateau. This process provided deep dynamic sourse for tectonic deformation in the Longmen Mountain region and for the occurrence of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, but it is clearly affected by the strong lithosphere of the Sichuan basin. There is no correlation between the Pn-wave anisotropy and the Longmenshan fault, hence, this fault system is only restricted within the crust. However, the mantle flow beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau shows a clockwise rotation along the Xianshuihe fault. We infer that these two fault systems may be controlled by different deep dynamics.

DEFORMATIONAL AND METAMORPHIC HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL LONGMEN MOUNTAINS, SICHUAN CHINA

The Longmen Mountains and adjacent regions on the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau can be divided into three tectonic units: the eastern Songpan—Garzê fold belt, the Longmen Mountains (Longmen Shan) Thrust—Nappe belt and the Western Sichuan foreland basin that occupies the western part of the Sichuan basin. The Longmen Shan Thrust—Nappe belt is subdivided by six northwest\|dipping major listric thrusts, with accompanying duplexes and imbricate fans, into five large\|scale nappes (Chen & Wilson, 1996). In the inner Longmen Shan, the nappe units have incorporated both Mesoproterozoic basement and Sinian (Neoproterozoic) to Triassic cover sequences as “thick\|skinned" horses. Whereas, in the frontal Longmen Shan, Sinian to Cretaceous cover sediments have been stripped from the basement as “thin\|skinned" fold and thrust sheets, including extensively distributed klippen structures. Pre\|thrusting extension during Devonian to middle Late Triassic times resulted in syndepositional normal faults. Structural inversion of these faults initiated the “Peng Xian—Guan Xian basement complex", Jiuding Shan and Tangwangzhai nappes, during an early episode of the Indosinian Orogeny (Norian to Rhaetian). This was followed by episodic thrusting during latest Triassic to Early Cretaceous times to develop the Guan Xian—An Xian and Southeastern Marginal nappes that have incorporated sediments from the neighbouring foreland basin into the frontal part of the Thrust—Nappe belt. Differential thrusting occurred across the Thrust—Nappe belt during a Late Miocene reactivation of the pre\|existing faults.

龙门山中段北川通口剖面中二叠统栖霞组地层沉积特征

川西龙门山前带栖霞组是近期油气勘探的热点,龙门山中段栖霞组勘探程度低,明确其地层沉积特征,对于天然气勘探具有重要的指导意义。基于对龙门山中段北川通口剖面实测,结合薄片鉴定和主量、微量元素分析,对栖霞组层序地层及沉积特征进行了研究,明确了沉积环境。北川通口剖面梁山组—栖霞组识别出2个三级和1个四级层序界面,划分为1个三级层序和2个四级层序。梁山组—栖霞组发育滨岸—沼泽、开阔台地及台地边缘3种沉积相,开阔海、滩间海、台内滩和台缘滩4种亚相,台内生屑滩、台缘生屑滩和台缘砂屑、生屑滩3种微相。栖一段至栖二段下部整体处于开阔台地,栖二段中上部则处于台地边缘,建立了龙门山中段栖霞组镶边碳酸盐岩台地沉积模式。栖霞组沉积期整体处于温暖、湿润、富氧、古生物大量繁殖的海水—陆表海沉积环境,栖二段中上部高位体系域Sr/Ba比值整体最低,MgO/CaO比值最高,平均古水温高,V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr低值,古盐度m值明显较高,代表远离陆地的浅水、高能台地边缘沉积环境,厚大高能台缘砂屑、生屑滩发育,是规模优质滩相孔隙型白云岩储层发育有利部位。龙门山中段栖二段与北段、南段具有相似的沉积相带和储集条件,是栖霞组油气勘探的有利区带,有望成为实现规模增储的重要战略接替阵地。

龙门山山前带中段分层差异变形特征及成因

龙门山构造带是研究陆内构造变形活动的理想场所之一。龙门山山前带的构造变形整体具有纵向分段、横向分带、垂向分层的特点。为了明确龙门山山前带中段分层变形特征,并进一步探讨分层差异变形成因。本文应用浅表地质露头、数字高程与三维地震数据等资料,开展龙门山山前带中段构造样式的识别及分层差异解析,绘制典型剖面构造演化图,计算关键层位缩短量。研究表明:龙门山山前带发育多种类型的断层相关褶皱,其中,上三叠统叠瓦逆冲构造以及深部逆冲楔在龙门山山前带中段广泛发育。总体来看,龙门山山前带中段大致以嘉陵江组为界,呈叠瓦逆冲构造系统与深部中小尺度冲断构造系统垂向叠置的构造特征,滑脱层对分层变形起着控制作用。此外,岩性也影响着分层变形,嘉陵江组膏盐岩等区域性分布的软弱层在变形中发挥着传递应变的滑脱层作用;多期次变形的叠加也是导致龙门山山前带中段分层差异变形的重要原因。

龙门山地区的鸟类多样性与区系组成

鸟类多样性是生态系统重要的监测指标,为掌握龙门山地区鸟类资源情况,2021年3月至2021年5月采用样线法对龙门山地区进行了调查,并结合相关文献资料检索,统计出龙门山地区分布有鸟类20目77科280属580种,其中雀形目鸟类43科350种,占所有鸟类总数的60.3%,非雀形目34科230种(39.7%)。有国家重点保护野生鸟类129种;IUCN物种红色名录中评估为极危、濒危和易危的分别有2种、5种和19种;被列入CITES附录中的有68种;中国特有鸟类38种。从区系构成上看,龙门山地区鸟类组成兼具东洋界和古北界成分,东洋界种类295种(50.9%)占比高于古北界种类230种(39.7%)、广布种55种(9.5%)。

龙门山复杂构造带红星1井天然气勘探突破及其油气地质意义

龙门山复杂构造带位于四川盆地西部,是该盆地油气勘探的重点区带,近期风险探井——红星1井首次钻穿龙门山推覆构造体,揭示推覆带下盘存在原地构造,并且在中二叠统栖霞组测试获得12.66×10^(4)m^(3)/d高产工业气流。为了探究该风险探井天然气勘探突破所蕴含的油气地质意义,基于该井所获丰富的钻探资料,重建了推覆体地质模型,并在此基础上对线束三维地震资料进行精细处理解释,恢复了龙门山前山带构造模式,进而剖析了川西龙门山复杂构造带深层碳酸盐岩沉积、储层特征及油气成藏地质条件。研究结果表明:(1)龙门山推覆构造带具有“逆掩推覆、直立倒转、原地系统”3段叠加式地质结构,前山带推覆冲断带二叠系、三叠系地层受断层控制,具有重复倒转的特征;(2)推覆体下盘栖霞组钻遇地层和岩性组合与山前带双鱼石地区特征相同,均为台缘滩相沉积,白云岩储层大面积分布,进一步证实了该区原地构造带台缘相带滩相孔隙型白云岩储层连片大面积分布;(3)龙门山复杂构造带具备“多源供烃—断裂输导—侧向对接—隐伏保存”的油气成藏条件,红星1井测试结果证实,该复杂构造带前山带和山前带均具有良好的油气成藏条件,区带油气勘探前景广阔。

四川江油马角坝地区飞仙关组磁异常地质因素讨论

为查明四川江油马角坝地区出露的古生界-中生界海相碳酸盐岩和陆相碎屑岩区域磁异常的地质因素,对研究区典型地质剖面进行了地面高精度磁法测量,通过测区岩层物性测试和基于L 0范数约束的磁测数据共轭梯度聚焦反演,获得了研究区多套地层的磁性特征和深部磁性成像结构;研究结果表明地面观测的下三叠统飞仙关组高达近1000 nT的磁异常,并非完全由其含铁质泥页岩地层所引起,最高可达近5 A/m的磁化强度成像异常揭示深部可能存在侵入的基性岩或超基性岩体。这一岩体可能与发生在扬子西缘的二叠纪末大规模岩浆事件持续活动密切相关,其岩浆活动在川西北的龙门山北段作用时间可能至少持续到了早三叠世的飞仙关期。结合区域重磁异常分布规律,认为这一岩浆事件可能在整个川西北地区并非个例存在。

川西龙门山北段中生代差异构造隆升特征

川西龙门山冲断带内部发育多条大型断裂并经历了多期且复杂的构造演化。为探讨龙门山北段中生代以来主要断裂带之间的差异构造隆升,本文开展了锆石裂变径迹年龄测定工作,并计算了冷却速率等构造隆升参数。结果表明,锆石裂变径迹年龄主要集中在238~122 Ma之间,唐王寨向斜和仰天窝向斜核部冷却速率为1.211~1.438℃/Myr,剥蚀速率为0.038~0.048 mm/yr。向斜西北翼冷却速率和剥蚀速率相对稍高,分别为1.150~1.586℃/Myr和0.038~0.053 mm/yr,总体上,锆石裂变径迹年龄、冷却速率和岩石隆升幅度等参数在平面呈带状,且与主干断裂近于平行。各构造隆升参数在青川断裂、北川断裂和江油断裂所夹持的不同区域具有不同的变化范围,自北西至南东方向,构造变形兼具“前展式”和“后展式”特征。由前展式变形转变为后展式变形的时期为139~122 Ma。

权衡生态保护与经济发展的土地利用多情景模拟

从土地利用视角切入,首先对龙门山过渡带的生态服务功能重要性与生态脆弱性进行了综合评价,采用自然断点法将生态服务功能重要性与脆弱性计算值进行分级,以此为基础结合研究区现状已划定生态保护区,划分生态综合评价等级为Ⅴ级的区域为规划约束情景下土地利用限制转换区,划分生态综合评价等级为Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级的区域为生态保护情景下土地利用限制转换区。设置自然发展情景研究区土地利用规律保持2010—2015年不变,规划约束情景在自然发展情景基础上将耕地、林地与水域、草地向建设用地转化的概率分别降低30%、20%与10%,生态保护情景在自然发展情景基础上将耕地向建设用地转化概率降低30%并补充于耕地向林地转化之上,将林地、草地向建设用地转化的概率降低50%。基于多情景土地利用模拟结果,提取待权衡用地斑块,划定生态综合评价结果Ⅴ级、坡度25°、地方林线海拔3500m为判定阈值,结合现状地类、主体功能区划定等因素进行多重逻辑判定,将多情景模拟结果进行集成,权衡判定后的集成方案既能很好地保护生态环境,又能较好兼顾研究区经济发展。

四川省龙门山暴雨灾害旅游风险评估

选取1970~2020年四川省龙门山15个气象观测站逐日降水资料和对应15个市县2015~2019年多项统计数据(年均GDP、旅游经济收入、年接待游客人数、当地人口数、公路运输里程和卫生医疗床位数),基于自然灾害风险评估理论并利用层析分析法,从致灾因子危险性、承灾体易损性、孕灾环境敏感性、防灾减灾能力四方面对四川省龙门山暴雨灾害旅游风险进行评估。结果表明:(1)四川省龙门山暴雨灾害旅游风险的致灾因子危险性呈“山地低、平原高”的特征,都江堰致灾因子危险性最高,平武最低;(2)其承灾体易损性呈“山地高、平原低”的特征,理县承灾体易损性最高,江油最低;(3)其孕灾环境敏感性呈“山地高、平原低”的特征,彭州孕灾环境敏感性最高,北川最低;(4)其防灾减灾能力呈“山地弱、平原强”的特征,汶川防灾减灾能力最弱,江油最强;(5)其综合评估呈“山地高、平原低”的特征,理县暴雨灾害旅游风险最高,崇州最低,与实际暴雨灾情一致。