The Pairing Analysis Improvement of Magnetized Structure in Electromagnetic Bulging Process in Case of Tube with Field Shaper

In the current practical science, the accuracy in the formability of metal alloys being the goal when using electromagnetic forming (EMF) technology, which is a high-speed processing technology that uses Lorentz forces to achieve plastic deformation of sheet metal;according to the previous analysis, the results have shown that in most cases, the Lorentz force acting on the workpiece (metal) is not uniform, there are uneven axial deformations of the metal plates which prevent the rapid advancement of today’s technology. In this article, we presented some advanced analyzes which will lead us to improve the technical solution for the problems of non-uniform axial deformations of the metals in the traditional tube electromagnetic forming technology (EMF). A field shaper is used as a practical forming tool to influence the magnetic field and magnetic pressure distribution, thereby improving the forming ability and result during the electromagnetic forming (EMF) process and we see that induced eddy current control is realized by changing the structural parameters of the magnetic field shaper;which improves the strength and controllability of the magnetic force that acts on the workpiece;thereby a greater radial magnetic pressure can be achieved with field shaper than the case without it;the field shaper regulates the electromagnetic force, the distribution of the magnetic pressure decreases, and the uniform force area of the tube increases which effectively enhances the uniform range of the pipe electromagnetic bulging and the electromagnetic induction coupling between the coil and the metallic workpiece is generally required to produce the Lorentz forces. Using COMSOL Multiphysics® simulation software helped us to accurately represent the real world, simulating multiple physical effects that happened in this model during the process.

Effect of Lorentz local field correction on propagation of ultrashort laser pulse in one-dimensional para-nitroaniline (PNA) molecules

This paper investigates the effect of Lorentz local field correction （LFC） on the propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in a para-nitroaniline molecular medium under resonant and nonresonant conditions by solving numerically the full-wave Maxwell-Bloch equations beyond slowly-varying envelope approximation and rotating-wave approximation. The effect of the LFC is considerably obvious when pulses with large areas propagate in the dense molecular medium. In the case of resonance, the group velocity of the sub-pulses split from the incident pulse along propagation is severely decreased by the LFC, especially for the latest sub-pulse. However, in the case of nonresonance, the influence of the LFC on the temporal evolution of the pulse is less obvious and lacks homogeneity with an increase in incident pulse area, propagation distance and molecular density.

Invariance of the Electromagnetic Field Vectors Obtained in Course of the Lorentz Transformation Characteristic for the Relativistic Theory

The invariance of several new component electromagnetic-field vectors with respect to the Lorentz transformation has been demonstrated in the paper. The formalism of the classical relativistic mechanics has been applied in examining both the time-square variable of the field, as well as the square-values of the position coordinates of a moving particle.

Brief Note on a Scalar Quantum Field with Finite Lifetime in a Lorentz Invariant Non-Rectangular Euclidean Space

A not necessary rectangular Euclidean space (NoNRES) is constructed, in which one obtains a generally Lorentz invariant scalar product for the low energy sector (LES). This sector is defined for energies below the Planckian limit. If the energy is zero, the NoNRES becomes rectangular and due to the Lorentz invariance, it is applicable for the complete LES of the theory. In contrast to the usual Minkowski space the metric of the NoNRES depends on the kinetic energy of the observed quantum particles. It is assumed that this metric may be useful to derive the scattering cross-section of the corresponding quantum field theory. This assumption is related to the occurrence of divergent loop momentum integrals caused by including the infinite energy range above the Planckian limit (high energy sector or HES). Due to its energy dependence, the metric in both energy sectors differs. In the HES, it depends on the effective dimension of the NoNRES. This dependency results from fluctuations of the space-time above the Planckian limit. Even if they are not part of the theory (as they would be in quantum gravity), these fluctuations should not be ignored. The effective dimension decreases if the energy of the considered particle increases. Since this is true for the HES only, the ultraviolet divergences of loop integrals seem to vanish without distorting the results of the LES. The mechanism is illustrated by calculating the tadpole integral occurring for a simple self-interacting scalar quantum field (with the Higgs mass as example). One obtains a finite contribution for the integral and consequently for the lifetime of the scalar particle.

Preliminary experimental study on applicability of Lorentz force velocimetry in an external magnetic field

Lorentz force velocimetry(LFV) is a noncontact technique for measuring electrically conducting fluids based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. This work aims to answer the open and essential question of whether LFV can work properly under a surrounding external magnetic field(ExMF). Two types of Ex MFs with different magnetic intensities were examined: a magnetic field with a typical order of 0.4 T generated by a permanent magnet(PM) and another generated by an electromagnet(EM) on the order of 2 T. Two forces, including the magnetostatic force between the Ex MF and PM in the LFV, and the Lorentz force generated by the PM in LFV were measured and analyzed in the experiment. In addition,Ex MFs of varying strengths were added to the LFV, and the location of the LFV device in the iron cores of the EM was considered. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that it is possible for a LFV device to operate normally under a moderate Ex MF. However, the magnetostatic force will account for a high proportion of the measured force,thus inhibiting the normal LFV operation, if the Ex MF is too high.

脉冲磁通量密度和Lorentz力的数值模拟

用ANSYS5.5有限元软件对在脉冲磁场中金属熔体凝固条件下,直螺线管线圈及其内部凝固样品中的瞬态脉冲磁通密度、洛伦兹力做了数值模拟。模拟计算结果表明,在脉冲磁场中凝固的条件下,直螺线管线圈内及其凝固样品中脉冲磁通密度和洛伦兹力分布具有轴向、径向分布不对称性和不均匀性。脉冲磁通量和洛伦兹力的这种分布特性对了解脉冲磁场凝固条件下,瞬态的脉冲磁通量和洛伦兹力的特性及其对金属熔体的凝固行为和凝固组织的作用具有重要意义。

Growth Rate of a-Si∶H Film Influenced by Magnetic Field Gradient in MWECR CVD Plasma System

The magnetic field profiles,which are produced by three ways in the deposition chamber and plasma chamber of single coil divergent field MWECR CVD system,are investigated.The magnetic field gradient of these magnetic field profiles is obtained quantitatively by using Lorentz fit.The results indicate that the gradient value of the magnetic field profile near by the substrate,which is produced by a coil current with 137.7A if a SmCo permanent magnet is equipped under the substrate holder,is the largest;when the SmCo permanent magnet is taken away,the larger one is produced by the coil current with 137.7A and the smallest one produced by a coil current with 115.2A.High deposition rate of a-Si∶H film is observed near by the substrate with high magnetic field gradient.But uneven deposition rate along the radius of the sample holder is also found by infrared analysis technology when sample is deposited in magnetic field profile,which is produced by the coil current with 137.7A if the SmCo permanent magnet is equipped under the substrate holder.

一种新型四象限洛伦兹力电机的设计及优化方法

为满足六自由度隔振平台(VIP)高定位精度、高动态响应和短运动行程的使用需求,设计了一种应用在六自由度隔振平台的新型四象限洛伦兹力电机,这种电机具有低推力波动和小耦合力的优点。首先介绍了提出的新型四象限洛伦兹力电机的结构和工作原理。然后基于等效电流法和永磁体镜像法推导这种电机磁场分布以及电磁力情况。并且分析不同结构参数对气隙磁场以及电磁力的影响,再基于遗传算法在兼顾推力波动、耦合力的情况下对推力密度进行参数优化。最后,根据提出的电机电磁力模型进行3D有限元仿真和实验验证,实验结果表明,所设计电机在线圈电流为5 A,y、z向位移台运动位移在-1 mm~1 mm时,推力波动小于0.23%,耦合力在19.3 mN以内。

ARCADE 2 Spatial Roar, What Theory of Relation Reveals

The theory of Relation provides an explanation for the Arcade 2 excess. It assumes that the isotropic radio emission measured by the Arcade 2 Collaboration, which is 5 - 6 times brighter than the expected contributions from known extra-galactic sources, is the residue of an immense primitive energy of ordinary matter released by a relativistic bang almost 100 million years after the big bang, which gave the mass-energy the missing gravity to activate contraction. This relativistic bang, via a Lorentz energy transformation, would have released enormous energy held to be the source of the powerful radio noise detected by the NASA researchers. This transformation would have simultaneously triggered the formation of the first stars from dense gas and the reionization of less dense neutral gas. This departs from the idea that continuous reionization began after the formation of the first stars. We emphasize the importance of primordial magnetic fields, which would have generated significant density fluctuations during recombination and acted as a direct seed for cosmic structures. The first stars and galaxies were bathed in strong magnetic fields that gave rise to the radio microwave din (boom) discovered by Arcade 2. These intense magnetic fields alter the trajectory of charged particles zooming near the speed of light, triggering the space roar and emitting radiation that forms a synchrotron radio background. The theory of Relation offers an alternative to the Lambda-CDM cosmological model, which has become the standard model of the big bang, which leads straight to the vacuum catastrophe.

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

Effect of an external magnetic field on improved electroslag remelting cladding process

Obtaining a uniform interface temperature field plays a crucial role in the interface bonding quality of bimetal compound rolls.Therefore,this study proposes an improved electroslag remelting cladding(ESRC)process using an external magnetic field to improve the uniformity of the interface temperature of compound rolls.The improved ESRC comprises a conventional ESRC circuit and an external coil circuit.A comprehensive 3D model,including multi-physics fields,is proposed to study the effect of external magnetic fields on the multi-phys-ics fields and interface temperature uniformity.The simulated results demonstrate that the nonuniform Joule heat and flow fields cause a non-uniform interface temperature in the conventional ESRC.As for the improved ESRC,the magnetic flux density(B_(coil))along the z-axis is pro-duced by an anticlockwise current of the external coil.The rotating Lorentz force is generated from the interaction between the radial current and axial B_(coil).Therefore,the slag pool flows clockwise,which enhances circumferential effective thermal conductivity.As a result,the uniformity of the temperature field and interface temperature improve.In addition,the magnetic flux density and rotational speed of the simulated results are in good agreement with those of the experimental results,which verifies the accuracy of the improved ESRC model.Therefore,an improved ESRC is efficient for industrial production of the compound roll with a uniform interface bonding quality.

Deriving of the Generalized Special Relativity (GSR) by Using Mirror Clock and Lorentz Transformations

Einstein relativity theory shows its high capability of promoting itself to solve the long stand physical problems. The so-called generalized special relativity (GSR) was derived later, using the beautiful Einstein relation between field and space-time curvature. In this work we re-derive (GSR) expression of time by incorporating the field effect in it, and by using mirror clock and Lorentz transformations. This expression reduces to that of (GSR) the previous conventional one, besides reducing to special relativistic expression. It also shows that the speed of light is constant inside the field and is equal to C. This means that the observed decrease of light in matter and field is attributed to the strong interaction of photons with particles and mediates which causes successive absorption and reemission processes that lead to time delay. This absorption process makes some particles appear to move faster than light within the field or medium. This new expression, unlike that of GSR, can describe time and coordinate relativistic expressions for strong as well as weak fields at constant acceleration.

A Foundation for Lorentz Force Based on Vibrating Strings as a Compact Fluid

Several aspects related with Lorentz force are discussed in the light of the presence of vibrating strings. Strings are considered as a compact,?tension and viscosity-free incompressible liquid. The motion of a charge particle, obviously, represents the “line of vortex” in the medium of fluid. The term (VXB) turns out to be the natural consequence of Vortex dynamics. The present investigation also reveals the nature of the magnetic field and explains why and how this additional term takes part in Lorentz force.

Lorentz变换的一般形式及其简单应用

给出正时Lorentz群元的一般表示形式,并用它讨论了电场强度和磁感应强度的三维张量性质,澄清了三维理论中的含混之处,同时计算了著名的Thomas进动效应。这些结果表明此处的一般变换确实包含了比常见的特殊形式的Lorentz变换更多的信息。

研究Lorentz变换的一般形式的必要性

给出正时Lorentz群元的一般形式,并用它讨论了电场强度和磁感应强度的三维张量性质,澄清了三维理论中的含混之处。这些结果表明此处的一般变换确实包含了比常见的特殊形式的Lorentz变换更多的信息。

Numerical study on flow separation control over NACA0015 aerofoil using electromagnetic fields

In this study, a flow solver was developed based on the governing RANS equations of compressible flows and was further extended to include the effects of electromagnetic forces namely Lorentz forces. Lorentz forces may be added as a source term in the governing fluid flow equations. Numerical studies were carried out for NACA0015 aerofoil at high angles of incidences from 15° to 30° and compared with some available cases of experimental and incompressible numerical solutions. The hydrodynamics performance was improved using a magnetic momentum coefficient of up to 0.048. The size of flow separation zone was decreased or completely eliminated by increasing this coefficient. The overall drag was not changed considerably, however the overall lift was increased up to 80 percent at stall angles.

Principle and Characteristic of Lorentz Force Propeller

This paper analyzes two methods that a magnetic field can be generated, and classifies them under two types: 1) Self-field: a magnetic field can be generated by electrically charged particles move, and its characteristic is that it can’t be independent of the electrically charged particles. 2) Radiation field: a magnetic field can be generated by electric field change, and its characteristic is that it independently exists. Lorentz Force Propeller (ab. LFP) utilize the characteristic that radiation magnetic field independently exists. The carrier of the moving electrically charged parti-cles and the device generating the changing electric field are fixed together to form a system. When the moving electrically charged particles under the action of the Lorentz force in the radiation magnetic field, the system achieves propulsion. Same as rocket engine, the LFP achieves propulsion in vacuum. LFP can generate propulsive force only by electric energy and no propellant is required. The main disadvantage of LFP is that the ratio of propulsive force to weight is small.

Classical Gravitational Interactions and Gravitational Lorentz Force

In quantum gauge theory of gravity, the gravitational field is represented by gravitational gauge field.The field strength of gravitational gauge field has both gravitoelectric component and gravitomagnetic component. In classical level, gauge theory of gravity gives classical Newtonian gravitational interactions in a relativistic form. Besides,it gives gravitational Lorentz force, which is the gravitational force on a moving object in gravitomagnetic field The direction of gravitational Lorentz force is not the same as that of classical gravitational Newtonian force. Effects of gravitational Lorentz force should be detectable, and these effects can be used to discriminate gravitomagnetic field from ordinary electromagnetic magnetic field.

柳江盆地二叠系山西组露头致密砂岩储层非均质性表征方法

为了深入研究致密砂岩露头储层的非均质性,解决致密砂岩储层非均质性影响因素多、综合定量表征储层非均质性难度大的问题,对柳江盆地二叠系山西组露头储层进行了系统化密集采样。利用地质统计分析、样品实验分析和显微镜薄片观察等方法,确定了致密砂岩储层各项性质及相关定量数据。同时基于洛伦兹曲线理论分析处理数据,运用层次分析法确定了渗透率、孔隙度、面孔率、填隙物含量和粒度等影响因素的权重,提出了综合定量表征致密砂岩储层非均质性的方法。研究表明,靶区山西组露头致密砂岩为强非均质性储层,区域垂直层面和平行层面的孔、渗特征近乎一致。孔隙度与渗透率之间的差相关性表明,基于突进系数、变异系数和级差等参数的传统非均质性评价方法不适用于致密砂岩储层。用新方法得到的结果比传统仅基于渗透率指标所构建的参数能更好地反映致密岩储层和非均质性。该方法也适用于其他类型非常规储层的非均质性评价。

Change of Space-Time Structure under Lorentz Transformation

When we study Lorentz transformation in the framework of quantum gauge theory of gravity, we will find that the vacuum gravitational gauge field will be changed under gravitational gauge transformation, which will change the structure of the physical space-time and cause clock dilation effect. The study in this paper provides us with new insights to understand the essential and intrinsic relation between special relativity and general relativity. It provides us with a new way to unify special relativity and general relativity.