Loss-cone instabilities for compact fusion reactor and field-reversed configuration

Loss-cone instabilities are studied for linear fusion devices. The gyro-kinetic equation for such a configuration is rigorously constructed in terms of action-angle variables by making use of canonical transformation. The dispersion relation, including for the first time, finite bounce frequency is obtained and numerically solved. The loss-cone modes are found near ion-cyclotron frequency. The growth rates are greatly reduced and approaching zero with increasing beta value. The results suggest that loss-cone instabilities are unlikely to be threatening to linear fusion devices since a new longitudinal invariant is found and gives a constraint which helps confinement.

Driver at 10 MJ and 1 shot/30 min for inertial confinement fusion at high gain:Efficient,compact,low-cost,low laser-plasma instabilities,beam color selectable from 2ω/3ω/4ω,applicable to multiple laser fusion schemes

The achievement of ignition at the National Ignition Facility(NIF)has prompted a global wave of further research on inertial fusion energy(IFE).However,IFE requires a target gain G of 30-100,and it is hard to achieve fusion at such high gain with the energy,configuration,and technical approach of the NIF.Here,we present a conceptual design for a next-generation laser driver that is applicable to multiple laser fusion schemes and provides 10 MJ,2-3 PW at 3ω(or 2ω,in which case the energy and power can be higher),and one shot per 30 min,with the aim of achieving G>30.It is also efficient,compact,and low in cost,and it has low susceptibility to laser-plasma instabilities.

Shape and diffusion instabilities of two non-spherical gas bubbles under ultrasonic conditions

Ultrasonic cavitation involves dynamic oscillation processes induced by small bubbles in a liquid under the influence of ultrasonic waves. This study focuses on the investigation of shape and diffusion instabilities of two bubbles formed during cavitation. The derived equations for two non-spherical gas bubbles, based on perturbation theory and the Bernoulli equation, enable the analysis of their shape instability. Numerical simulations, utilizing the modified Keller–Miksis equation,are performed to examine the shape and diffusion instabilities. Three types of shape instabilities, namely, Rayleigh–Taylor,Rebound, and parametric instabilities, are observed. The results highlight the influence of initial radius, distance, and perturbation parameter on the shape and diffusion instabilities, as evidenced by the R_0–P_a phase diagram and the variation pattern of the equilibrium curve. This research contributes to the understanding of multiple bubble instability characteristics, which has important theoretical implications for future research in the field. Specifically, it underscores the significance of initial bubble parameters, driving pressure, and relative gas concentration in determining the shape and diffusive equilibrium instabilities of non-spherical bubbles.

Spectral characteristics of laser-plasma instabilities with a broadband laser

Recent experimental progresses regarding broadband laser-plasma instabilities(LPIs)show that a 0.6%laser bandwidth can reduce backscatters of the stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS)and the stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)at normal incidence[Phys.Rev.Lett.132035102(2024)].In this paper,we present a further discussion of the spectral distributions of the scatters developed by broadband LPIs,in addition to a brief validation of the effectiveness of bandwidth on LPIs mitigation at oblique incidence.SBS backscatter has a small redshift in the broadband case contrary to the blueshift with narrowband laser,which may be explained by the self-cross beam energy transfer between the various frequency components within the bandwidth.SRS backscatter spectrum presents a peak at a longer wavelength in the broadband case compared to the short one in the narrowband case,which is possibly attributed to the mitigation effect of bandwidth on filaments at underdense plasmas.The three-halves harmonic emission(3ω/2)has a one-peak spectral distribution under the broadband condition,which is different from the two-peak distribution under the narrowband condition,and may be related to the spectral mixing of different frequency components within the bandwidth if the main sources of the two are both two-plasmon decays.

Surgical Treatment of Anterior Shoulder Instabilities Using the Latarjet Technique (about 40 Cases)

Purpose: Surgical treatment of chronic anterior shoulder instability is a difficult therapeutic challenge for contact athletes. The aim of our study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of 40 cases of chronic anterior shoulder instability treated in our institution by Latarjet technique. Methods: We report our experience with the intervention of Latarjet modified by the analysis of a retrospective study of 40 cases. They were all young athletic men, with an average age of 29 years with a predominance of the dominant shoulder. Results: Eighty percent had bone lesions, the first dislocation being traumatic (plating). One patient had a recurrence of his instability due to a new trauma and 67% resumed sport within an average period of eight months, some of whom still had functional discomfort in sports practice (9 patients). After an average follow-up of 75 months, 93% of patients were satisfied with their intervention. Only two mechanical complications were observed. Conclusion: Chronic anterior shoulder instability is pathology of young and active subjects. The preregulenoid coracoid block according to Latarjet represents the therapeutic method of choice in the treatment of chronic anterior instabilities of the shoulder, especially in young and athletic subjects. The result of this intervention remains good despite the complications that can occur such as pseudarthrosis, osteoarthritis, lysis or mobility of the screw.

Gyrokinetic simulations of the kinetic electron effects on the electrostatic instabilities on the ITER baseline scenario

The linear and nonlinear simulations are carried out using the gyrokinetic code NLT for the electrostatic instabilities in the core region of a deuterium plasma based on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER)baseline scenario.The kinetic electron effects on the linear frequency and nonlinear transport are studied by adopting the adiabatic electron model and the fully drift-kinetic electron model in the NLT code,respectively.The linear simulations focus on the dependence of linear frequency on the plasma parameters,such as the ion and electron temperature gradientsκ_(Ti,e)≡R=L_(Ti,e),the density gradientκ_(n)≡R/L_(n)and the ion-electron temperature ratioτ=T_(e)=T_(i).Here,is the major radius,and T_(e)and T_(i)denote the electron and ion temperatures,respectively.L_(A)=-(δ_(r)lnA)^(-1)is the gradient scale length,with denoting the density,the ion and electron temperatures,respectively.In the kinetic electron model,the ion temperature gradient(ITG)instability and the trapped electron mode(TEM)dominate in the small and large k_(θ)region,respectively,wherek_(θ)is the poloidal wavenumber.The TEMdominant region becomes wider by increasing(decreasing)κ_(T_(e))(κ_(T_(i)))or by decreasingκ_(n).For the nominal parameters of the ITER baseline scenario,the maximum growth rate of dominant ITG instability in the kinetic electron model is about three times larger than that in the adiabatic electron model.The normalized linear frequency depends on the value ofτ,rather than the value of T_(e)or T_(i),in both the adiabatic and kinetic electron models.The nonlinear simulation results show that the ion heat diffusivity in the kinetic electron model is quite a lot larger than that in the adiabatic electron model,the radial structure is finer and the time oscillation is more rapid.In addition,the magnitude of the fluctuated potential at the saturated stage peaks in the ITGdominated region,and contributions from the TEM(dominating in the higher k_(θ)region)to the nonlinear transport can be neglected.In the adiabatic electron model,the zonal radial electric field is found to be mainly driven by the turbulent energy flux,and the contribution of turbulent poloidal Reynolds stress is quite small due to the toroidal shielding effect.However,in the kinetic electron model,the turbulent energy flux is not strong enough to drive the zonal radial electric field in the nonlinear saturated stage.The kinetic electron effects on the mechanism of the turbulence-driven zonal radial electric field should be further investigated.

Observing eddy dye patches induced by shear instabilities in the surf zone on a plane beach

The effects of surf zone eddy generated by alongshore currents on the deformation and transport of dye are still poorly understood,and related tracer release experiments are lacking.Therefore,a tracer release laboratory experiment was conducted under monochromatic,unidirectional incident waves with a large incident angle(30°)on a plane beach with a 1:100 slope in a large wave basin.A charge-coupled device suspended above the basin recorded the dye patch image.The evolution of eddy dye patch was observed and the transport and diffusion were analyzed based on the collected images.Subsequently,a linear instability numerical model was adopted to calculate the perturbation velocity field at the initial stage.The observation and image processing results show that surf zone eddy patches occurred and were separated from the original dye patches.Our numerical analysis results demonstrate that the structure of the perturbation velocity field is consistent with the experimental observations,and that the ejection of eddy patches shoreward or offshore may be ascribed to the double vortex.

Modelling Energetic Electrons by a Kappa-Loss-Cone Distribution at Geostationary Orbit

We adopt a recently developed relativistic kappa-loss-cone （KLC） distribution to model energetic electrons energy spectra observed at the geostatlonary orbit in the storm of 3-4 November 1993. The KLU distribution is found to fit well with the observed data from four satellites during different universal times. This suggests that the electron flux obeys the power-law not only at the lower energies but also at the relativistic energies, and the KLU distribution may provide a better understanding of environments in those space plasmas where relativistic electrons are present.

Effect of ideal internal MHD instabilities on NBI fast ion redistribution in ITER 15 MA scenario

Transport of fast ions is a crucial issue during the operation of ITER.Redistribution of neutral beam injection(NBI)fast ions by the ideal internal magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)instabilities in ITER is studied utilizing the guiding-center code ORBIT(White R B and Chance M S 1984Phys.Fluids 272455).Effects of the perturbation amplitude A of the internal kink,the perturbation frequency f of the fishbone instability,and the toroidal mode number n of the internal kink are investigated,respectively,in this work.The n=1 internal kink mode can cause NBI fast ions transporting in real space from regions of 0<s≤0.32 to 0.32<s≤0.53,where s labels the normalized plasma radial coordinate.The transport of fast ions is greater as the perturbation amplitude increases.The maximum relative change of the number of fast ions approaches 5%when the perturbation amplitude rises to 500 G.A strong transport is generated between the regions of 0<s≤0.05 and 0.05<s≤0.12 in the presence of the fishbone instability.Higher frequency results in greater transport,and the number of fast ions in 0<s≤0.05 is reduced by 30%at the fishbone frequency of 100 k Hz.Perturbations with higher n will lead to the excursion of fast ion transport regions outward along the radial direction.The loss of fast ions,however,is not affected by the internal MHD perturbation.Strong transport from 0<s≤0.05 to 0.05<s≤0.12 does not influence the plasma heating power of ITER,since the NBI fast ions are still located in the plasma core.On the other hand,the influence of fast ion transport from 0<s≤0.32 to 0.32<s≤0.53 needs further study.

Chirping instabilities produced by a runaway electron beam at a spherical tokamak

Two different types of MHD instabilities with rapidly chirping frequency were found to arise in the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak in substantially different frequency ranges.The first type arises at frequencies of an order of 1 MHz in ohmic plasmas at relatively low density(n_(e))<2×10^(19) m^(-3) in a wide range of toroidal magnetic fields and plasma currents.This type of instability was identified as compressional Alfven waves,driven by electrons,accelerated during a sawtooth crush.It was found that the mode frequency is sweeping in time,according to the Berk-Breizman hole-clump nonlinear chirping model.The second type of wave arises in a specific single-swing regime of the central solenoid current with a very narrow plasma column,when the plasma tends to decay at extremely low density(n_(e))<2×10^(18) m^(-3) and,in fact,is an instability of the runaway electron beam.The exited modes cover the whole observed frequency range and are divided into several(two or three)frequency regions:approximately 0-30 MHz,60-120 MHz and sometimes 30-60 MHz.Reconnection of the branches was also observed.Single chirps are more rapid than for 1 MHz Alfven instability and follow an exponential law.This paper,to our knowledge,is the first report of frequency chirping instabilities excited by accelerated electrons at a spherical tokamak.

考虑结构面震动劣化效应的岩质边坡块体动力稳定性评价

为解决岩质边坡块体在地震作用下的动力稳定性评价问题,基于结构面的循环剪切数值试验研究结构面的震动劣化效应,从而构建结构面震动劣化数学模型;结合坐标投影原理提出考虑结构面强度震动劣化效应的块体动力稳定性系数计算方法;基于数值分析法研究地震波波动特性对岩质边坡块体稳定性的影响,并进一步基于突变理论提出位移动力响应放大系数突变判据,最后形成一套以块体动力稳定性系数时程曲线和位移动力响应放大系数共同评价块体动力稳定性的评价体系,拓展地震作用下块体动力稳定性评价新思路。研究表明,结构面震动劣化效应不仅受循环剪切幅值、循环剪切次数及相对运动速度影响,还与起伏角度密切相关;通过算例证实了考虑结构面震动劣化的块体动力稳定性系数计算方法的准确性,所提出的以块体动力稳定性系数时程曲线和位移动力响应放大系数的共同评价体系更加安全可靠,将促进块体动力稳定性理论的发展,对边坡地质灾害的防治具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。

心理护理干预对慢性踝关节不稳定伴抑郁症患者情绪的影响

目的研究心理护理干预对慢性踝关节不稳定合并抑郁症患者情绪的影响。方法前瞻性研究,选取2020年1月至2022年1月在郑州大学第一附属医院骨科住院的61例慢性踝关节不稳定合并抑郁症患者,随机分为对照组(30例)和观察组(31例),对照组服用抗抑郁药,接受常规护理措施,观察组在对照组基础上接受心理护理干预,比较两组的焦虑抑郁状态、术后疼痛状况、康复效果及足踝功能。结果干预后,两组焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分均降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组视觉模拟评分(VAS)比对照组低,下床活动时间、住院时间比对照组短,踝关节肿胀的发生率比对照组低(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的美国矫形外科足踝协会踝-后足功能评分系统(AOFAS)评分比对照组高(P<0.05)。结论心理护理干预能缓解慢性踝关节不稳定患者术后的焦虑抑郁情绪,缓解疼痛程度,促进患者康复。

2024年2月17—23日中国大范围强寒潮雨雪冰冻强对流过程涉及的若干问题

2024年2月中下旬我国出现一次多灾种高影响天气过程。这是一次几十年一遇的过程,出现了大范围强寒潮雨雪冰冻天气并伴随强对流发生,涉及到强寒潮、沙尘、降雨、降雪、冻雨,以及强对流和伴随的大冰雹和雷暴大风,多种高影响天气在一次过程中都有所呈现,其过程之复杂异常罕见。本文针对此次过程中值得深入探讨的问题、高影响天气发生发展可能机理、相应的预报挑战等进行简要梳理,为后续对此次过程的细致和深入分析研究做一个引子。

不同天气尺度强迫下陕西暴雨的成因对比

选取常规高空观测资料、地面加密观测资料和ERA5(0.25°×0.25°)再分析资料,对2020年8月4—7日陕西持续性暴雨过程进行诊断分析,并探讨了暴雨发生发展的物理机制。结果表明:暴雨过程分为两个阶段,分别是5日陕北区域暴雨和7日陕西中南部暴雨,二者的环流背景差异显著;5日暴雨的主要影响天气系统是高空槽、低空急流和低涡,中低层急流强且维持时间长,系统涡度大、辐合强,天气尺度强迫强;7日暴雨的主要影响天气系统是短波槽和低层切变,中低层大气风速小,系统涡度小,辐合相对弱,天气尺度强迫较弱。4—5日中低层大气水汽输送强,水汽输送较气候态偏大3~4σ;700 hPa西南急流和850 hPa东南急流给陕北带来充沛的水汽,中低层大气存在明显低涡,大气湿斜压性强,同时低涡南侧有明显锋生,次级环流增强上升运动,水汽在低涡中心及右侧强烈辐合抬升,强降水得以维持;800~700 hPa存在条件对称不稳定,进一步增强上升运动,异常充沛的水汽供应和偏强的低涡造成持续的上升运动是本阶段产生极端大暴雨的主要原因。6—7日陕西中南部水汽输送较弱,水汽辐合强度较小,但本地可降水量大;暴雨区为暖湿大气控制,对流不稳定较强,对流有效位能大,切变线辐合抬升触发对流,降水对流性更强;本阶段强降水较为分散,但雨强大且持续时间短,与地形关系密切。

对流风暴大气不稳定机制研究的若干问题

大气不稳定是强对流天气发生的必要条件之一,具有复杂性。首先简要回顾了气块假设,给出了该假设的应用局限性,比如气块在对流风暴中的强上升运动必然会导致环境大气气压和涡度的变化等;然后梳理了大气的静力不稳定、对称不稳定以及其他多种类型不稳定的概念,重点总结了条件不稳定、湿绝对不稳定和条件对称不稳定的判据及其与对流风暴发生发展的关系,同时澄清了一些错误认识。判别条件不稳定最有效的方法是对气块作有限虚拟位移、使用对流有效位能(CAPE)来判别。CAPE和对流抑制能量的计算对抬升气块的温湿状况较为敏感,并需要进行虚温订正;最优CAPE值较地表CAPE具有更好的代表性。在强垂直风切变、低CAPE环境中,由于旋转导致的动力扰动气压梯度的加速作用对强对流风暴的发展至关重要;对流不稳定不一定对应于条件不稳定。条件对称不稳定的方便判别方法是使用饱和湿地转位势涡度,文中进一步总结了该不稳定所致的中尺度雨带特征。

带电射流非稳态破碎的可视化试验

采用高速数码相机对毛细管带电射流破碎形态的演化过程进行了可视化研究,探讨了大流量下带电射流破碎的基本形态及射流不稳定破碎模式的转变,分析了物性参数、电压及液体流量对带电射流破碎模式的影响.采用半球形毛细管喷嘴研究锥射流模式向简单射流模式演化的过程,采用普通毛细管喷嘴对比研究去离子水和乙醇的静电简单射流雾化模式.结果表明:在特定电压下,随着流量增加,锥射流模式可以逐渐过渡为简单射流模式;当初始状态为射流时,随着电压增加,大流量下的去离子水静电雾化射流破碎模式主要为曲张不稳定破碎和鞭动不稳定破碎;表面张力较小的无水乙醇更容易产生破碎,还出现了鞭动辅助分叉模式和枝状破碎模式.

均匀流场下平单轴光伏支架扭转气动失稳特征试验研究

由于发电量明显高于固定式光伏系统,平单轴光伏发电系统近些年得到了广泛的应用。平单轴光伏支架由于扭转刚度较低,在大风天气下容易出现扭转气动失稳现象,从而造成支架结构破坏。为了进一步深入了解该振动的发生条件和机理,本研究通过节段模型测振风洞试验研究结构自振频率、倾角、阻尼等参数对扭转气动失稳的影响,分析了气动阻尼和气动刚度随着风速和倾角的变化规律。研究表明,平单轴光伏支架的扭转气动失稳表现出较强的气动耦合效应,气动阻尼和气动刚度是影响平单轴光伏支架气动失稳的重要参数,对风速和倾角的变化较为敏感,该失稳现象具备自激振动的特点;扭转刚度的提高在某些倾角下可以有效地限制振幅,同时可提高结构在各倾角的临界风速;扭转气动失稳的倾角范围为-15°~20°,0°倾角附近临界风速较高,若采用小倾角进行保护时,建议将大风保护角度设为0°。

基于超越方程极点分布间接判定的分布式电站谐波不稳定分析方法

线路分布参数模型的引入导致系统极点方程为含复数双曲函数的超越方程,极点分布难以确定,且忽略dq轴耦合可能导致系统稳定性误判。建立并验证了同时计及dq轴耦合及线路分布参数的分布式电站阻抗模型。提出基于广义奈奎斯特稳定判据的极点分布间接判定方法,利用回率矩阵特性间接判定超越方程极点分布,解决了超越方程极点分布求解难题。给出稳定判据应用过程中回率矩阵构造和稳定条件判定的详细过程。分析结果表明忽略线路分布参数或dq轴耦合均可能造成稳定性误判,且忽略前者还将导致遗漏高频谐波放大点。所提方法能准确分析该系统稳定性,并可准确评估系统潜在谐波放大点。最后,仿真验证了所提方法的准确性和有效性。

复杂泥页岩地层井壁稳定钻井液材料研究现状

针对复杂泥页岩地层钻井过程中频繁出现的井壁失稳问题,目前国内外已形成了用于稳定井壁的钻井液技术,包括泥页岩水化抑制技术、地层孔隙封堵技术和化学固壁技术。但以上多种技术均无法抑制泥页岩的表面水化作用,高温条件下快速封堵和化学固壁剂的效果也相当有限,因此井壁失稳问题仍难以解决。系统总结了复杂泥页岩地层井壁稳定钻井液材料的研究工作,通过对井壁稳定钻井液材料研究现状进行分析,阐述了不同钻井液材料包括泥页岩水化抑制剂、封堵剂、化学固壁剂的作用机理,探讨了不同种类井壁稳定材料的优势和缺陷。据此指出开展泥页岩水化基础理论研究、开发高温高盐条件下稳定有效的新型纳米材料、建立能够模拟井下条件的化学固壁剂的评价方法将成为未来复杂泥页岩地层井壁稳定钻井液材料和技术研究的热点和难点。最后对复杂泥页岩地层井壁稳定钻井液技术和材料的发展方向进行了展望。

一种古籍修复用纸伸缩性检测方法的探讨

补纸选配是古籍修复中的重要环节,但其伸缩性尚未引起足够重视。古籍修复补纸均为传统手工抄制,浸水后强度较低。按现行国家标准浸湿法检测补纸伸缩性时易产生撕裂、变形等问题,适用性较差。本研究探讨了一种古籍修复补纸的伸缩性检测方法——喷润法。利用水分检测仪对补纸相对含水量进行测定,从测量时间和可操作性的角度验证了该方法的可行性。通过十余种常用补纸的伸缩性检测结果发现,喷润法与浸湿法所得结果具有较好的一致性。随后探讨了古籍书叶伸缩性检测的适用性,并结合具体案例,建议在修复前分析古籍书叶与补纸的伸缩性匹配度。喷润法有效避免了补纸浸湿后的拉伸变形或破裂,既适用于古籍修复补纸,也适用于古籍书叶的无损检测,可为古籍修复策略的制定提供科学依据和参考。