Quercetin-derivatives painting the yellow petals of American lotus(Nelumbo lutea)and enzymatic basis for their accumulation

American lotus(Nelumbo lutea)is one of the two species in Nelumbo and has only yellow flower.Identification of total flavonoids showed wild American lotus contained almost only flavonols with quercetin 3-O-glucuronide to be the dominant pigment.The variation tendency of the total flavonol content was coincident with yellow color variation of petals during flower development.To understand the mechanism of accumulation and constituent of pigments in petals,three pivotal genes,NlFLS1,NlFLS2 and NlFLS3,which were predicted to encode flavonol synthases were isolated and characterized by analyses of basic bioinformatics,temporal and spatial expression patterns and enzymatic activity.Their temporal expression levels showed the same variation tendency,which was also consistent with the development-dependent variation of total flavonol content.Spatial expression patterns indicated the three genes should function in petals.All the three proteins were demonstrated to be bifunctional dioxygenase,possessing both flavonol synthase activity and flavanone 3-hydroxylase activity.Besides,other flavonol biosynthesis related genes were also investigated on their expression levels to give more clues on the mechanism.Substrate preferences of the three FLSs,substrate competitions between the FLSs and other flavonol biosynthesis related enzymes,and the greatly differential expression levels between F3’H(flavonoid 3-hydroxylase)and F3’5’H(flavonoid 3,5-hydroxylase)contributed to the flavonol constituent in the petals of America lotus,namely abundant quercetin-derivatives while very few kaempferol-derivatives and myricetin-derivatives.

基于LotusDomino的OA系统开发与实现

OA系统的建设,是促进企业信息化建设、实现企业快速发展的重要保障。通过从某企业的实际需求出发,对OA系统从C/S结构向B/S结构转换,以Lotus Domino作为开发平台,详细阐述了设计开发B/S办公自动化系统的流程和关键要素,并介绍了进行系统测试的常用方法。

Co_(3)S_(4)-pyrolysis lotus fiber flexible textile as a hybrid electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

Electrocatalytic overall water splitting(OWS),a pivotal approach in addressing the global energy crisis,aims to produce hydrogen and oxygen.However,most of the catalysts in powder form are adhesively bounding to the electrodes,resulting in catalyst detachment by bubble generation and other uncertain interference,and eventually reducing the OWS performance.To surmount this challenge,we synthesized a hybrid material of Co_(3)S_(4)-pyrolysis lotus fiber(labeled as Co_(3)S_(4)-p LF)textile by hydrothermal and hightemperature pyrolysis processes for electrocatalytic OWS.Owing to the natural LF textile exposing the uniformly distributed functional groups(AOH,ANH_(2),etc.)to anchor Co_(3)S_(4)nanoparticles with hierarchical porous structure and outstanding hydrophily,the hybrid Co_(3)S_(4)-p LF catalyst shows low overpotentials at 10 m A cm^(-2)(η_(10,HER)=100 m Vη_(10,OER)=240 mV)alongside prolonged operational stability during electrocatalytic reactions.Theoretical calculations reveal that the electron transfer from p LF to Co_(3)S_(4)in the hybrid Co_(3)S_(4)-p LF is beneficial to the electrocatalytic process.This work will shed light on the development of nature-inspired carbon-based materials in hybrid electrocatalysts for OWS.

Genetic diversity and inferred ancestry of Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera) germplasms in Thailand and Vietnam

Tropical lotus(Nelumbo) is an important and unique ecological type of lotus germplasm.Understanding the genetic relationship and diversity of the tropical lotus is necessary for its sustainable conservation and utilization.Using 42 EST-SSR(expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats) and 30 SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism) markers,we assessed the genetic diversity and inferred the ancestry of representative tropical lotus from Thailand and Vietnam.In total,164 and 41 polymorphic bands were detected in 69 accessions by 36 EST-SSR and seven SRAP makers,respectively.Higher genetic diversity was revealed in Thai lotus than in Vietnamese lotus.A Neighbor-Joining tree of five main clusters was constructed using combined EST-SSR and SRAP markers.Cluster Ⅰ included 17 accessions of Thai lotus;cluster Ⅱ contained three Thai accessions and 11 accessions from southern Vietnam;and cluster Ⅲ was constituted by 13 accessions of seed lotus.Consistent with the results from the NeighborJoining tree,the genetic structure analysis showed that the genetic background of most Thai and Vietnamese lotus was pure,as artificial breeding has been rare in both countries.Furthermore,these analyses indicate that Thai and Vietnamese lotus germplasms belong to two different gene pools or populations.Most lotus accessions are genetically related to geographical distribution patterns in Thailand or Vietnam.Our findings showed that the origin or genetic relationships of some unidentified lotus sources can be evaluated by comparing morphological characteristics and the data of molecular markers.In addition,these findings provide reliable information for the targeted conservation of tropical lotus and parent selection in breeding novel cultivars of lotus.

Predicting bioactive compounds and cancer-related molecular targets of lotus seedpod (Receptaculum Nelumbinis) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Background:Lotus seedpod(Receptaculum Nelumbinis)is the abundant by-products produced during lotus seed processing,and the sources are usually considered to be wastes and are abandoned outdoors or incinerated.This study aims at predicting its bioactive compounds and cancer-related molecular targets against six cancers,including lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer and cervical cancer.Methods:Network pharmacology and molecular docking methods were performed.Results:Network pharmacology results indicated that 14 core compounds(liensinine,tetrandrine,lysicamine,tricin,sanleng acid,cireneol G,ricinoleic acid,linolenic acid,5,7-dihydroxycoumarin,apigenin,luteolin,morin,quercetin and isorhamnetin)and 10 core targets(AKT1,ESR1,HSP90AA1,JUN,MAPK1,MAPK3,PIK3CA,PIK3R1,SRC and STAT3)were screened for lotus seedpod against the six cancers.Molecular docking analysis suggested that the binding abilities between the core compounds and the core targets were mostly strong.GO analysis revealed that the intersected targets between the bioactive compounds of lotus seedpod and the six cancers were significantly related to biological processes,cell compositions and molecular functions.KEGG analysis showed that PI3K-Akt,TNF,Ras,MAPK,HIF-1 and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathways were notably involved in the anti-cancer activities of lotus seedpod against the six cancers.Conclusions:14 core compounds and 10 core targets were screened for lotus seedpod against lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer and cervical cancer.This study supports the application of lotus seedpod in treating cancers,and promotes the recycling and the high-value utilization.

Photosystem Development in Dark-grown Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seedlings

It is well known that no chlorophyll synthesis and photosystem biogenesis have been detected in dark-grown angiosperm seedlings. However, in this report, we showed that both PS II and PS I could be formed in dark-grown lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seedlings. Lots of evidence were given: First I during the dark-grown period, the single fluorescence emission peak at 679 nm in lotus embryo red-shifted and transformed into the normal PS II fluorescence emission; Simultaneously, PS I fluorescence emission at 730 nm appeared and increased obviously; Second, with partial denaturing SDS-PAGE method, PS I chlorophyll-protein complex could be clearly separated from 10 days dark-grown lotus seedlings; Third, the existence of Lhca1 was also proved by Western blots. Moreover, measurements of electron transfer rate demonstrated that both PS II and PS I core in dark-grown lotus seedlings were photochemically active.

Changes of Chorophyll protein Complexes and Photosynthetic Activities of Chloroplasts from Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seeds Germinating in Light

The changes of chlorophyll_protein complexes and photosynthetic activities of chloroplast isolated from lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds germinating under illumination were studied. SDS PAGE analysis of chlorophyll_protein complexes showed that there was only the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex from PSⅡ (LHCⅡ) precursor in chloroplast from lotus seeds germinated for 2 to 6 days, while LHC Ⅱ 1, and the chlorophyll_protein complex of PSⅠ (CPⅠ) appeared on the 8th day of germination and PSⅡ reaction center complex appeared later. Studies on the polypeptides composition of the chloroplast revealed the following results: 1) Small amount of the 27 kD polypeptide was synthesized in invisible light; 2) The 30 kD polypeptide existed previously in the plumules of the dry seeds; 3) The amount of the 30 kD polypeptide was more than any other polypeptides before germination and decreased gradually throughout germination, while the 27 kD polypeptide changed in the opposite way; 4) In the process of germination, measurement of the electron transport rate and the fluorescence induction kinetics at room temperature showed that PSⅡ activities and efficiency of primary light energy transformation were only experimentally measurable after 7 days of germination and gradually increased afterwards. At the same time, the chl a/b ratio rose from the lower value to normal; 5) The changes of chloroplast membrane components and its functions are concomitant in concert with that of the ultrastructure of chloroplast membranes during germination, as shown in our earlier work . The results have proved again that a different developmental pathway of chloroplast is likely to exist in the lotus plumules, which might provide an important clue for N. nucifera in having an unique position in the phylogeny of the angiosperm.

Analysis of Accumulating Ability of Heavy Metals in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Improved by Ion Implantation

Heavy metals have seriously contaminated soil and water, and done harm to public health. Academician WANG Naiyan proposed that ion-implantation technique should be exploited for environmental bioremediation by mutating and breeding plants or microbes. By implanting N^＋ into Taikonglian No.l, we have selected and bred two lotus cultivars, Jingguang No.1 and Jingguang No.2. The present study aims at analyzing the feasibility that irradiation can be used for remediation of soil and water from heavy metals. Compared with parent Taikonglian No.l, the uptaking and accumulating ability of heavy metals in two mutated cultivars was obviously improved. So ion implantation technique can indeed be used in bioremediation of heavy metals in soil and water, but it is hard to select and breed a cultivar which can remedy the soil and water from all the heavy metals.

A Review on the Taxonomic,Evolutionary and Phytogeographic Studies of the Lotus Plant(Nelumbonaceae:Nelumbo)

Nelumbo Adans. （Nelumbonaceae） is an important member of the early-diverging eudicots. It contains two extant species： N. nucifera Gaertn. （the Sacred lotus）, distributed in Asia and Australia and N. lutea Willd. （the American lotus）, occurring in North America. This paper reviews the taxonomic, evolutionary and phytogeographic studies of the genus Nelumbo, and also raises scientific questions about it in further paleobotanic research. There are about 30 fossil species of Nelumbo established since the Early Cretaceous. Based on fossil studies, the ancestors of the extant N. nucifera and N. lutea are respectively considered to be N. protospeciosa from the Eocene to Miocene of Eurasia, and N. protolutea from the Eocene of North American. However, molecular systematic studies indicate that N. nucifera and N. lutea are probably split from a common ancestor during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, or even the Pleistocene, rather than separate relicts from extinct species on different continents. The characters of lotus stomatal development, seedling morphology as well as its flowering, pollination and fertilization in air reveal that it evolves from the land plants. Fossil data of Nelumbo indicates that the genus first occurs in mid-latitude area of Laurasia in the Early Cretaceous, then becomes widespread in North America and Eurasia and expands into Africa and South America during the Late Cretaceous; the genus probably colonizes the Indian Subcontinent from Asia during the Early Eocene after the collision of India and the Asian plates; the genus becomes extinct in Europe, but survives in Asia and North America during the Quaternary Ice Age, and later forms the present East Asia and North Australia-North America disjunctive distribution.

Genetic Variation in Rhizome Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.ssp.nucifera) Germplasms from China Assessed by RAPD Markers

To estimate genetic variation in rhizome lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ssp. nucifera） germplasms in China, a total of 94 rhizome lotus germplasms collected from 18 provinces in China were assessed. The RAPD （randomly amplified polymorphic DNA） marker was employed. The selected 17 random primers detected 139 polymorphic alleles out of a total 207 （67.15%）. Nei＇s gene diversity statistics and region differentiation parameters indicated that all germplasms had a relatively high level of genetic diversity with ne = 1.3202, h = 0.1937, I= 0.2982 and the gene flow among all regions was Nrn = 5.5742. The UPGMA dendrogram clustered all 94 germplasms into two clusters： One contained eight commercial cultivars and major landraces, and the other included the wild and some special landraces from five regions, and the PCA analysis exhibited the similar result. Those germplasms from southwestern and eastern China had higher genetic diversity than those from the southern, northern and central China. Predominant proportion of genetic variation （95.61%） was found significant within rather than among （4.39%） regions, as revealed by AMOVA analysis. The data analysis also revealed that the genetic diversity of rhizome lotus germplasms among different regions is positively related to their geographic distances, though it is ambiguous to find the trend from the UPGMA dendrogram and the PCA analysis. A relatively high genetic diversity and gene flow resided in the root lotus germplasms; about 96% of the variation was found within region; accessions from southwest and eastern China have higher genetic diversity than those from the southern, northern and central China.

Genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) from Northern China

Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have been destroyed and the germplasms is now facing extinction.In addition,the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus in China is poor.To identify and protect the germplasms of Chinese wild Asian lotus,eleven genomic-SSR primers,three EST-SSR primers,and three chloroplast DNA primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 69 samples of wild Asian lotus from 25 locations in northern China.The genetic diversity of 27 samples of wild Asian lotus from southern China and other countries,the ancient Asian lotus,Asian lotus cultivars from China,and Asian-American hybrids was also compared.The genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus from northern China was characterized as medium,and themean values of observed heterozygosity(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)were 0.087 and 0.552,respectively.Based on a UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis,the wild Asian lotus samples in northern China were divided into three groups.The wild Asian lotus samples from northern China contained 16 haplotypes.The Nei’s genetic distance between the wild Asian lotus samples from the Songhua River basin and the Liao River basin in northeastern China was relatively small,and these germplasms might be relatively primitive compared to those from other regions.This study provides essential information regarding the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus resources in northern China,and provides a basis for further analysis of population-level genetic evolution through high-throughput sequencing.

Optimization of slow-release fertilizer application improves lotus rhizome quality by affecting the physicochemical properties of starch

To achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs,slow-release fertilizer(SRF)has been widely used in lotus cultivation as new type of fertilizer instead of traditional nitrogen fertilizer.However,the optimal amount of SRF and how it would promote lotus rhizome quality remain unclear.This study was designed to investigate the photosynthetic characteristics and the synthesis,accumulation,and physicochemical properties of lotus rhizome starches under six SRF levels(CK,S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5).Compared with CK(0 kg ha^(–1)),the net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and SPAD values of leaves remained at higher levels under SRF treatment.Further research showed that SRF increased the lotus rhizome yield,the contents of amylose,amylopectin,and total starch,and the number of starch granules.Among the six SRF levels,S3(1035 kg ha^(–1))showed the greatest difference from CK and produced the highest levels.With the increasing SRF levels,the peak,hot and final viscosities decreased at first and then increased,but the setback viscosity and pasting temperature increased.In order to interpret these changes at the molecular level,the activities of key enzymes and relative expression levels of starch accumulation related genes were analyzed.Each of these parameters also increased under SRF treatment,especially under the S3 treatment.The results of this study show that SRF,especially S3(1035 kg ha^(–1)),is a suitable fertilizer option for lotus planting which can improve lotus rhizome quality by affecting starch accumulations related enzymes and genes.These results will be useful for SRF application to high-quality lotus rhizome production with low environmental costs.

The high-quality genome of lotus reveals tandem duplicate genes involved in stress response and secondary metabolites biosynthesis

Dear Editor,Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.),which has been domesticated and cultivated for several thousands of years and endowed with religious and cultural symbolism[1],belongs to the Nelumbo genus Nelumbonaceae family.As an early eudicot,it is not only essential for plant phylogeny but also widely used as a vegetable,a medic-inal herb,and for ornamental use.It contains abundant func-tional compounds,such as f lavonoids and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids(BIAs),which are used to treat diverse diseases.

Lotus root polysaccharide inhibits the growth of ovarian cancer cells by blocking the cell cycle

Background:Lotus root polysaccharide is a natural antioxidant.As a new anticancer drug,it has anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic effects in a variety of tumour cells,but its effect on ovarian cancer is not clear.In study,we attempted to elucidate the role and mechanism of lotus root polysaccharide in SKOV3 cells.Methods:In this study,the effect of lotus root polysaccharide on mRNA of SKVO3 cells was analyzed by RNA-seq,and verified by Western blot,flow cytometry,fluorescence detection and other techniques.Results:The results showed that lotus root polysaccharide could inhibit the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells.Then,a change in gene expression was found by RNA-seq.In the mRNA(differentially expressed mRNA)with these differences,significant changes in the cell cycle were found by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis.Subsequently,the proportion of cells in S phase decreases and G2/M phase increases,as seen with propidium iodide staining.Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed inhibition of the cell cycle,and the gene and protein expression of CDK1,CCNA1 and CCNB1 were inhibited.Conclusion:Our results show that lotus root polysaccharide can inhibit the growth of SKOV3 cells in vitro by blocking the cell cycle at the G2/M phase,which reveals the potential of lotus root polysaccharide in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Soil and Lotus Seeds in Xiangtan Lotus Planting Area

In order to study the pollution characteristics and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in soil of Xiangtan lotus planting area,the contents of Mn,Cu,As,Cd,Pb and Cr in soil and lotus seeds were analyzed in six main lotus planting areas.The comprehensive potential ecological risks of heavy metals in soil were evaluated by the potential ecological hazard index.The results showed that Cd concentration(mean value)was higher than the risk screening value and lower than the risk control value,and other heavy metals were lower or close to the risk screening value.The ecological risks of each element from large to small were Cd,Pb,As,Cu,Cr and Mn.The average value of the comprehensive ecological hazard index of the six sites was 224.7,which was a medium level of pollution risk.The lotus seeds corresponding to each site were also polluted by heavy metals to a certain extent,and Cd and Pb in the seeds exceeded the standard.Through the above analysis,the heavy metals in the soil of the lotus planting area presented a medium ecological risk.In order to ensure the safety of lotus production,it is necessary to strengthen the soil testing and management in the lotus planting area.

Analysis on the Problems and Strategies of Marketing Channels of Agricultural Products : Taking Liujun Lotus Root as an Example

Marketing channels are an important part of the circulation of agricultural products.With the development of China s agricultural industry,the marketing channels of agricultural products are continuously innovated and optimized.Taking Liujun Lotus Root as an example,on the basis of studying the existing model of marketing channels of agricultural products,this paper analyzes the problems in the existing marketing channels of Liujun Lotus Root,and puts forward relevant strategies.

Genetic Diversity of Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Cultivars Revealed by ISSR Analysis

[ Objectives ] This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of 20 lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn） samples. [ Methods ] On this optimal ISSR amplification system, 16 primers were screened with good polymorphism, and the DNA was used to amplify the 20 plant samples. [ R^ults] The 16 primers produced 225 loci, of which 170 were polymorphic, and the polymorphic loci percentage was up to 75.56%. The genetic similarity coefficients between the 20 vari- eties ranged from 0. 577 8 to 0.951 1, which were calculated by POPGENE32. The 20 varieties by UPMGA analysis could be clustered into 2 groups, the first of which included Baiyangdian red lotus and Donggua lotus, and other varieties was included in the second group. [ Conchmions] ISSR molecular markers could be effectively used in genetic diversity and fingerprint analysis for different lotus varieties.

A Preliminary Investigation of Pathogenic Fungi from Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)in Nanchang City

[Objectives]Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)is an economically important aquatic plant in China.Fungal disease is a serious problem in lotus cultivation.In this study,the pathogenic fungi on lotus in Nanchang City were investigated to lay the foundation for the disease control.[Methods]Lotus leaves and stems in ponds of Nanchang City were collected,the fungi on leave/stem spots were isolated and purified.Colonies morphological characters and ITS sequences were used to identify the strains.[Results]49 strains were isolated and identified to 20 species,belonging to 12 genera.[Discussion]15 species may firstly be reported on lotus in this study,i.e.,Alternaria angustiovoidea,Alternaria compacta,Alternaria ricini,Alternaria tenuissima,Arthrinium arundinis,Botryosphaeria dothidea,Curvularia spicifera,Diaporthe australiana,Diaporthe eres,Diaporthe tectonae,Epicoccum nigrum,Fusarium fujikuroi,Neofusicoccum parvum,Nigrospora sphaerica,and Phomopsis eucommii.

Genetic resources of lotus (Nelumbo) and their improvement

Lotus(Nelumbo)is one of the top ten flowers in China,which has high ornamental,edible and medicinal value.Lotus has a been cultivated for thousands of years.Through discovery and cultivation,more than 4,000 cultivars have been recorded.However,the information related to lotus breeding is quite scattered,and the related genetic rules and trait formation mechanisms are still poorly understood,which has caused a greater impact on lotus genetic breeding.This article systematically introduces lotus germplasm resources,including wild species and cultivated species,summarizes lotus breeding methods and breeding directions,and focuses on the latest progress in the isolation and functional identification of structural and regulatory genes related to important horticultural traits.Prospects for the protection and utilization of lotus resources,breeding and industrialization are reported.

基于Lotus Notes科研院所办公自动化系统

分析了科研院所办公自动化技术的特点 ,详细介绍了科研院所办公自动化系统的功能结构、网络信息环境 。