An experimental study of the effect of ionic liquids on the low temperature oxidation of coal

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and constant heating rate experiments were performed to study the low temperature oxidation of coal treated by an ionic liquid,1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride.The inerting effect of the ionic liquid toward the low temperature oxidation process is discussed.The results show that:(1) The hydroxyl content associated with hydrogen bonds,the aliphatic methyl content,the methylene group content,and the ether oxygen bond content are reduced in the treated coal.At the same time the content of aromatic C@C bonds is constant but these chemical bonds weaken and some substituted aromatic hydrocarbon content increases while other types decrease.This demonstrates that(AMIm)Cl dissolves and destroys the coal surface microstructure;(2) The oxygen consumption of the treated coal is less than what is seen in raw coal.The CO,CO 2,C 2 H 4,and C 2 H 6 content from the treated coal is reduced compared to the untreated coal;(3) The apparent activation energy for the oxidizing reaction is different in the treated and raw coals.Micro-structural changes and macroscopic gas production allow us to conclude that(AMIm)Cl can effectively inhibit low temperature oxidation of coal.

Calculation of Apparent Activation Energy of Coal Oxidation at Low Temperatures by Measuring CO Yield

By analyzing previous studies on activation energy of coal oxidation at low temperatures, a theoretical calculation model of apparent activation energy is established. Yield of CO is measured by using the characteristic detector of coal oxidation at 30-90 ℃. The impact of parameters, such as airflow and particle size, on activation energies is analyzed. Finally, agreement was obtained between activation energies and the dynamic oxygen absorbed in order to test the accuracy of the model. The results show that： 1） a positive exponential relation between concentration of CO and temperature in the process of the experiment is obtained： increases are almost identical and the initial CO is low; 2） the apparent activation energies increase gradually with the sizes of particle at the same airflow, but the gradients increase at a decreasing rate; 3） the apparent activation energies increase linearly with airflow. For the five coal particles, the differences among the energies are relatively high when the airflow was low, but the differences were low when the airflow was high; 4） the optimum sizes of particle, 0.125-0.25 ram, and the optimum volume of airflow, 100 mL/min, are determined from the model; 5） the apparent activation energies decrease with an increase in oxygen absorbed. A negative exponential relation between the two is obtained,

Fabrication and Characterization of VO_2 Thin Films by Direct Current Facing Targets Magnetron Sputtering and Low Temperature Oxidation

Low valence vanadium oxide(VO2-x) thin films were prepared on SiO2/Si substrates at room temperature by direct current facing targets reactive magnetron sputtering, and then proc- essed through rapid thermal annealing. The effects of the annealing on the structure and phase transition property of VO2 were discussed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction tech- nique and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to study the phase composition and structure of the thin films. The resistance-temperature property was measured. The results show that VO2 thin film is obtained after annealed at 320 ℃ for 3 h, its phase transition tempera- ture is 56 ℃, and the resistance changes by more than 2 orders. The vanadium oxide thin films are applicable in thermochromic smart windows, and the deposition and annealing process is compatible with micro electromechanical system process.

Direct decomposition of nitric oxide in low temperature over iron-based perovskite-type catalyst modified by Ru

Iron-based perovskite-type compounds modified by Ru were prepared through sol-gel process to study its catalytic activity of NOx direct decomposition at low temperature and evaluate the conversion of NO under the experimental conditions. The catalytic activity of La 0.9Ce 0.1Fe 0.8-nCo 0.2RunO3 （n=0.01,0.03,0.05,0.07,0.09）series for the NO, NO-CO two components, CO-HC-NO three components were also analyzed. The catalytic investigation evidenced that the presence of Ru is necessary for making highly activity in decomposition of nitric oxide even at low temperature（400 ℃）and La 0.9Ce 0.9Fe 0.75Co 0.2Ru 0.05O3 （n=0.05） has better activity in all the samples, the conversion of it is 58.5%. With the reducing gas（CO,C3H6）added into the gas, the catalyst displayed very high activity in decomposition of NO and the conversion of it is 80% and 92.5% separately.

Oxidation of Ion Plated Ni—Cr Alloy Film at 300℃

Investigation by using LAS 3000 surface analysis system showed that the oxide of Fe, Cr,Al formed during oxidation were Cr_2O_3,Fe_2O_3 and Al_2O_3,but only small amount of nickel oxide was found. The composition of oxide layers for different oxidation durations varied in a similar way. In all cases,there exists an oxygen concentration peak in the composition profile of oxide layer. There is a transitional zone between oxide layer and alloy film.The thickness of oxide layer increases logarithmically with the time of oxida- tion.The ion plated Ni-Cr alloy film has very dense oxide layer and good oxidation resistance.

Lattice expansion and smaller CuO_(x)CeO_(2-δ)particles formation by magnesium interaction for low temperature CO oxidation

A series of magnesia doped CuOxCeO_(2-δ)catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation followed by impregnation method and investigated for CO oxidation.The manuscript is devoted to explaining the role of MgO for the formation of active species on the CuOxCeO_(2-δ)surface.The improvement in catalytic activity is ascribed to the formation of various active species due to the interaction of magnesia with CuOxCeO_(2-δ).The catalysts were characterized by PXRD,N_(2)adsorption,H_(2)-TPR,XPS,SEM,EDS and HRTEM techniques.The Mg doped catalyst shows lattice expansion of ceria due to the formation of smaller Ce^(3+)species with oxygen vacancies.The Mg-O bond also takes part in CO activation and oxidation,which results in the increase of CO oxidation.The Mg doped CuOxCeO_(2-δ)catalyst shows improvement in low temperature activity compared with the CuOxCeO_(2-δ).

An analytical model to estimate the time delay to reach spontaneous ignition considering heat loss in oil reservoirs

During air injection into an oil reservoir,an oxidation reaction generates some heat to raise the reservoir temperature.When the reservoir temperature reaches an ignition temperature,spontaneous ignition occurs.There is a time delay from the injection to ignition.There are mixed results regarding the feasibility of spontaneous ignition in real-field projects and in laboratory experiments.No analytical model is available in the literature to estimate the oxidation time required to reach spontaneous ignition with heat loss.This paper discusses the feasibility of spontaneous ignition from theoretical points and experimental and field project observations.An analytical model considering heat loss is proposed.Analytical models with and without heat loss investigate the factors that affect spontaneous ignition.Based on the discussion and investigations,we find that it is more difficult for spontaneous ignition to occur in laboratory experiments than in oil reservoirs;spontaneous ignition is strongly affected by the initial reservoir temperature,oil activity,and heat loss;spontaneous ignition is only possible when the initial reservoir temperature is high,the oil oxidation rate is high,and the heat loss is low.

Polyethylene Oxide-Coated Electrospun Polyimide Fibrous Seperator for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery

A polyethylene oxide （PEO）-coated polyimide （PI） membrane was prepared by electrospinning method followed by a dip-coating and drying process for high-performance lithium-ion batteries （LIB）. 8emicrystal PEO was covered on the surface of the fibers and partially enmeshed in PI matrix, which formed unique porous structures. The pores with an average size of 4.1 μm and a porosity of 90% served as ion transport channels. Compared with the cell with Celgard 2400 membrane, the half-cell using PEO-coated P1 membrane as a separator exhibits excellent electrochemical performance both at room temperature and at low temperature. The electrolyte uptaking rate of PEO-coated PI membrane was 170% and the ionic conductivity was 3.83 × 10^-3 S cm^-1. PEO-coated PI membrane possessed 5.3 V electrochemical window. The electrode-electrolyte interfacial resistance was 62.4 Ω. The capacity retention ratios with PEO- coated PI membrane were 86.4% at 5 C and 73.5% at 10 C at 25 ℃ and 75% at 5 C at 0 ℃. Furthermore, the cell using the separator demonstrates excellent capacity retention over cycling. These advanced characteristics would boost the application of the PEO-coated PI membrane for high-power lithium ion battery.