Low Bit Rate Underwater Video Image Compression and Coding Method Based on Wavelet Decomposition

In view of the limited bandwidth of underwater video image transmission,a low bit rate underwater video compression coding method is proposed.Based on the preprocessing process of wavelet transform and coefficient down-sampling,the visual redundancy of underwater image is removed and the computational coefficients and coding bits are reduced.At the same time,combined with multi-level wavelet decomposition,inter frame motion compensation,entropy coding and other methods,according to the characteristics of different types of frame image data,reduce the number of calculations and improve the coding efficiency.The experimental results show that the reconstructed image quality can meet the visual requirements,and the average compression ratio of underwater video can meet the requirements of underwater acoustic channel transmission rate.

Low-carbon economic development in Central Asia based on LMDI decomposition and comparative decoupling analyses

Low-carbon economic development is a strategy that is emerging in response to global climate change. Being the third-largest energy base in the world, Central Asia should adopt rational and efficient energy utilization to achieve the sustainable economic development. In this study, the logarithmic mean Divisia index(LMDI) decomposition method was used to explore the influence factors of CO2 emissions in Central Asia(including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) during the period 1992–2014. Moreover, decoupling elasticity and decoupling index based on the LMDI decomposition results were employed to explore the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions during the study period. Our results show that the total CO2 emissions decreased during the period 1992–1998, influenced by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent financial crisis. After 1998, the total CO2 emissions started to increase slowly along with the economic growth after the market economic reform. Energy-related CO2 emissions increased in Central Asia, mainly driven by economic activity effect and population effect, while energy intensity effect and energy carbon structure effect were the primary factors inhibiting CO2 emissions. The contribution percentages of these four factors(economic activity effect, population effect, energy intensity effect and energy carbon structure effect) to the total CO2 emissions were 11.80%, 39.08%, –44.82% and –4.32%, respectively, during the study period. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan released great quantities of CO2 with the annual average emissions of 189.69×106, 45.55×106 and 115.38×106 t, respectively. In fact, their economic developments depended on high-carbon energies. The decoupling indices clarified the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth, highlighting the occurrence of a ’’weak decoupling’’ between these two variables in Central Asia. In conclusion, our results indicate that CO2 emissions are still not completely decoupled from economic growth in Central Asia. Based on these results, we suggest four key policy suggestions in this paper to help Central Asia to reduce CO2 emissions and build a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society.

Direct decomposition of nitric oxide in low temperature over iron-based perovskite-type catalyst modified by Ru

Iron-based perovskite-type compounds modified by Ru were prepared through sol-gel process to study its catalytic activity of NOx direct decomposition at low temperature and evaluate the conversion of NO under the experimental conditions. The catalytic activity of La 0.9Ce 0.1Fe 0.8-nCo 0.2RunO3 （n=0.01,0.03,0.05,0.07,0.09）series for the NO, NO-CO two components, CO-HC-NO three components were also analyzed. The catalytic investigation evidenced that the presence of Ru is necessary for making highly activity in decomposition of nitric oxide even at low temperature（400 ℃）and La 0.9Ce 0.9Fe 0.75Co 0.2Ru 0.05O3 （n=0.05） has better activity in all the samples, the conversion of it is 58.5%. With the reducing gas（CO,C3H6）added into the gas, the catalyst displayed very high activity in decomposition of NO and the conversion of it is 80% and 92.5% separately.

EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTO-TEMPERING AND DECOMPOSITION OF MARTENSITE FOR A LOW CARBON Si-Mn-V STEELS

The effect of rare earth metals(REM)on the characteristics of auto-tempering and decomposition of martensite for low-carbon and low-alloy steels(20SiMn2V and 20SiMn2VRE)was investigated using TEM,dilatometer and microhardness test.Results show that both ε.and θ carbides,during auto-tempering, may precipitate from the low-carbon martensite matrix at the same time in the 20SiMn2V steel,however,the precipitation of the ε-carbides can be inhibited by the REM contained in the 20SiMn2 VRE steel,resulting in change of the type of precipitated carbides and decrease of the extent of auto-tempering.The“in-situ”ob- servations show that the decomposition of martensite is also inhibited by the REM contained in the 20SiMn2 VRE steel during low temperature tempering.

基于Low-rank一步法波场延拓的黏声各向异性介质纯qP波正演模拟

各向异性介质纯qP波正演模拟及逆时偏移近年受到广泛关注,但它虽考虑了地下介质的各向异性特征,却忽略了黏滞性特征,使得最终偏移结果中噪声增加、分辨率降低。常规拟声波方程存在伪横波干扰、受模型参数限制(ε≥δ)、传播不稳定等因素影响,极大地限制了其应用。为此,引入一步法波场延拓方法,推导了黏声介质方程在空间—波数域的表达形式;结合空间—波数域各向异性介质延拓算子,构建一种适用于黏声各向异性介质的空间—波数域纯qP波波场延拓算子;引入Low-rank分解算法,实现基于Low-rank一步法波场延拓的黏声各向异性介质纯qP波正演模拟。数值模拟结果表明:①地震波场能同时表现出各向异性特征和黏滞性特征,更符合实际地下介质情况;②该方法克服了拟声波方程的局限性,消除了伪横波干扰,不受模型参数限制且地震波场能稳定传播;③在适当增大时间步长情形下无数值频散现象,所提算法能同时兼顾计算效率和计算精度,是一种稳定、高效的正演模拟方法,为基于Q补偿的各向异性介质逆时偏移提供了理论依据。

基于Low-rank分解的复杂TI介质纯qP波正演模拟与逆时偏移

近年来,面向实际应用的TI介质准P波正演模拟与逆时偏移成像技术受到空前的关注.基于常规耦合型传播方程的正演模拟方法不仅存在伪横波及频散假象干扰,而且还遭受模型参数限制(η>0)和不稳定影响;而纯qP波方程的推导繁琐,且由于方程中包含拟微分算子造成求解难度大且精度有限.为此,本文首先构建了一种适用于任意TI介质的纯qP波传播算子,然后借助Low-rank分解求取该算子中的空间-波数域矩阵,同时引入Cerjan衰减边界条件来压制边界反射干扰,最终实现了一种间接的纯qP波波场外推方案,并将其成功应用于复杂TI介质正演模拟与逆时偏移成像中.通过开展数值模拟,并与其他方法对比表明:①该方法既避免了纯qP波方程的繁琐推导,又克服了耦合型方程对模型参数的限制;②还彻底消除了残余伪横波噪音及数值频散;③且能适应较大时间或空间步长及高频震源,是一种相对准确且稳定的各向异性纵波正演与成像策略.

TTI介质Low-rank有限差分法高效正演模拟及逆时偏移

计算效率是制约各向异性逆时偏移实用化的关键因素,此外,伪横波假象、数值频散以及不稳定问题也是TTI介质qP波正演模拟及逆时偏移的固有难题。Low-rank波场延拓算法虽能解决上述三方面问题,但其运算速度受模型参数限制,计算效率较低。为此,本文基于混合网格有限差分思想,给出一种新的紧致差分模板,并借助Low-rank分解求取与模型匹配的自适应差分系数,进而实现一种针对TTI介质的Low-rank有限差分法高效正演模拟及逆时偏移成像策略。数值模型测试结果表明:本文方法既继承了有限差分法高效灵活的特点,又拥有Low-rank波场延拓方法准确计算纯qP波波场的优势,即在提高计算效率的同时避免了伪横波假象和数值不稳定,是一种兼顾成像精度与计算效率的各向异性逆时偏移实用方法。

The proper orthogonal decomposition method for the Navier-Stokes equations

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method for the instationary Navier-Stokes equations is considered. Several numerical approaches to evaluating the POD eigenfunctions are presented. The POD eigenfunctions are applied as a basis for a Galerkin projection of the instationary Navier-Stokes equations. And a low-dimensional ordinary differential models for fluid flows governed by the instationary Navier-Stokes equations are constructed. The numerical examples show that the method is feasible and efficient for optimal control of fluids.

Reverse time migration based on normalized wavefield decomposition imaging condition

With the increasing complexity of prospecting objectives,reverse time migration( RTM) has attracted more and more attention due to its outstanding imaging quality. RTM is based on two-way wave equation,so it can avoid the limits of angle in traditional one-way wave equation migration,image reverse branch,prism waves and multi-reflected wave precisely and obtain accurate dynamic information. However,the huge demands for storage and computation as well as low frequency noises restrict its wide application. The normalized cross-correlation imaging conditions based on wave field decomposition are derived from traditional cross-correlation imaging condition,and it can eliminate the low-frequency noises effectively and improve the imaging resolution. The practical procedure includes separating source and receiver wave field into one-way components respectively,and conducting cross-correlation imaging condition to the post-separated wave field. In this way,the resolution and precision of the imaging result will be promoted greatly.

光照不均匀条件下无人机航拍低照度图像增强方法

增强图像时高低频参数未增强,没有更好地保留图像的细节和平衡图像的亮度,因此,提出一种光照不均匀条件下无人机航拍低照度图像增强方法。首先通过高斯滤波预处理无人机航拍图像,实现无人机航拍图像中的噪声抑制,将预处理后的图像通过小波分解得到图像的高频参数和低频参数,分别通过双边滤波算法、软阈值方法和直方图对图像的低频参数和高频参数进行增强,采用小波重构对增强后的图像高频参数和低频参数进行重构,得到增强后的无人机航拍图像。通过实验验证,该方法能够实现一种效果较好的图像增强,在原始图像基础上,通过文中方法增强原始亮度8.14%、对比度提高了37.90%以及清晰度增加了31.01%,使得图像的整体质量得到了显著提升,为后续的图像分析、处理提供了更加准确、丰富的信息。

局部对比度融合重加权的红外图像小目标检测

红外图像块小目标检测算法在数据链、预警、制导等领域有较为广泛的应用,如利用数据链可以将红外图像块小目标精确传送给雷达。为了在复杂背景条件下进一步提高红外小目标检测的效果,提出了一种重加权和局部先验融合的红外图像块(IPI)小目标检测算法。首先,采用加权Schatten p范数对背景图像块进行约束;其次,引入局部对比度先验信息和加权l_(1)范数抑制非目标稀疏点,进一步增强目标图像稀疏性,使算法模型性能进一步得到提升。仿真结果表明,所提算法在抑制背景杂波和精确检测目标方面均有较好的结果,优于现有经典算法。

低碳试点城市工业碳排放脱钩状态及驱动因素研究——以常州市为例

利用OECD碳排放脱钩指数、Tapio碳排放脱钩弹性及LMDI指数分解法,对常州2011-2022年工业脱钩现状及工业碳排放驱动因素进行分析。研究表明,常州在低碳试点城市的建设过程中,工业增加值及工业增加值占比均出现增加态势,工业碳生产能力逐年增加,实现了工业总量增长,形成了市场竞争优势;常州工业碳排放处于脱钩状态,2011-2022年常州工业碳排放降碳的首要因素是能源强度效应,常州工业碳排放增碳的首要因素是产业规模效应。

Exploration of the key microbes and composition stability of microbial consortium GF-20 with efficiently decomposes corn stover at low temperatures

The microbial consortium GF-20(GF-20) can efficiently decompose corn stover at low temperatures. The present study explored the key microbes of GF-20 and evaluated different culture conditions on its composition stability to promote the utilization of corn stover decomposing microbes in low temperature regions. GF-20 was subcultured to the 15 th generation under different temperatures, pHs, carbon, and nitrogen sources. Then, the dynamics of fermenting pH, cellulose enzyme activities, carbohydrate concentration, and oxidation reduction potential were determined to estimate the degradation efficiency of corn stover with GF-20. Furthermore, the structural stability and functional microbes of GF-20 were identified on the basis of PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) profiling and principal component analysis. The results showed that the offspring of GF-20 subcultured under different temperatures(4–30°C) and pH(6.0–9.0) conditions maintained stable growth, decomposition function, and composition structure. Furthermore, consortia GF-20 had a stable composition structure, which induced GF-20 to secrete cellulose and promote substrate decomposition as corn stover and ammonium were used as sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. According to the PCR-DGGE profiles, the key strains of GF-20 were determined to be Bacillus licheniformis, Cellvibrio mixtus subsp. mixtus, Bacillus tequilensis, Clostridium populeti, and Clostridium xylanolyticum.

A NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION O F HIGH PURITY PARATUNGSTATE AMMONIUM FROM LOW GRADE TUNGSTEN CONCENTRATE

ＡＮＥＷＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹＦＯＲＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＨＩＧＨＰＵＲＩＴＹＰＡＲＡＴＵＮＧＳＴＡＴＥＡＭＭＯＮＩＵＭＦＲＯＭＬＯＷＧＲＡＤＥＴＵＮＧＳＴＥＮＣＯＮＣＥＮＴＲＡＴＥＳｕｎＰｅｉｍｅｉＣｈｅｎＺｈｏｕｘｉＬｉＨｏｎｇｇｕｉＬｉＹｕｎｊ...

Preparation of chemical manganese dioxide from low-grade rhodochrosite ore

The preparation of chemical manganese dioxide(CMD) from low-grade rhodochrosite ore(LGRO) in Xiushan,Chongqing,was studied and improved,including leaching with sulfuric acid,purifying,crystallizing and decomposing of MnCO3,and refining of primary MnO2.The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction.The results showed that the extraction ratio,the manganese recovery ratio of purifying,crystallization and refining reached 96.8%,93.9%,97.7%and 85.4%,respectively.The optimum conditions of refining were described as follows:liquid(H2SO4)/solid(primary MnO2) ratio was 3 L/g,the concentrations of NaClO exceeded 20%,and reaction time was 3 hours.Under the above conditions,the contents of MnO2and Mn in the obtained manganese dioxide were respectively 85.1%and 53.9%.The refined MnO2can be used as the super grade manganese dioxide mine powder in chemical industry.The XRD indicated that the structure of the product wasγ-MnO2.

Ethanol sensing properties of Bi_(3.15)Nd_(0.85)Ti_3O_(12) films at low operating temperatures

Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 (BNdT) films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by a metal organic decomposition (MOD)method, and annealed by a rapid thermal annealing process in oxygen atmosphere and in air, respectively. The crystalline structuresand morphologies of BNdT films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and thegas sensing properties were measured by monitoring its resistance at different gas concentrations. The results indicate that the BNdTfilms annealed in air are of porous microstructure and rough surface, and the annealing atmosphere has great influence on gas sensingproperties. At an operating temperature of 100 °C, the BNdT films annealed in air are of high response value to 1×10?6 gaseousethanol, and the detecting limit is as low as 0.1×10?6. The corresponding response and recovery time is about 10 and 6 s, respectively.The results can offer useful guidelines for fabricating high performance ethanol sensors.

A Disturbance Source Location Method on the Low Frequency Oscillation With Time-varying Steady-state Points

The low frequency oscillation is a serious threat to security and stability of a power grid.How to locate the disturbance source accurately is an important issue to low frequency oscillation disposal.Existing methods have poor adaptability to the low frequency oscillation with time-varying steady-state points because of the limitations in the location criterion derivation.A disturbance source location method on a low frequency oscillation with good generality is presented in the paper.Firstly,the reasons why the steady-state points are time-varying on a low frequency oscillation are analyzed.Then,based on the energy function construction form,the branch transmission energy is decomposed into state energy,reciprocating energy and dissipation energy by mathematical derivation.The flow direction of the dissipation energy shows the source and destination of the disturbance energy,and the specific location of a disturbance source can be identified according to its flow direction.Meanwhile,to meet the needs of energy calculation,a recognition method on the electrical quantities steady-state points is also presented by using the cubic spline interpolation.Simulation results show the correctness of the derivation and analysis on energy structure in the paper,and the disturbance source can be located accurately according to the dissipation energy.

中国工业低碳转型进程再评估及其多样化分解

工业低碳转型是中国落实“双碳”目标、推进绿色低碳发展的关键所在,全面理解中国工业低碳转型进程具有重要价值。为此,首先构建工业低碳转型进程再评估及其分解的理论框架,随后基于跨国、省份和行业样本数据,采用SBM方向性距离函数和Luenberger生产率指标对2001—2021年中国工业低碳转型进程展开再评估,并从生产技术演化、要素效率变动和经济结构变迁三个维度对该进程进行分解。研究发现,国际视角下的中国工业低碳转型进程在研究期内稳步推进,节奏更为平稳、方式更可持续;国内视角下的中国工业低碳转型进程在研究期内具有先快后缓的推进特征,且省份间和行业间低碳转型分化程度持续加深;经典分解表明技术进步和技术效率提升在推动工业低碳转型过程中无法有效协同,存在普遍的正负或强弱特征;要素分解表明工业低碳转型的驱动要素逐渐多元化,能源效率和碳效率的贡献逐步凸显,但具有一定波动性;结构分解显示区域结构效率总体呈小幅下降趋势,产业结构效率始终为负且后期受政策影响而呈现周期性波动特征。基于研究结论,从协同推进技术进步与技术效率改善、提升区域及行业维度能源效率和碳效率、优化经济结构效率三方面为高质量推进中国工业低碳转型进程提出了具体建议。

POD Analysis and Low-Dimensional Model Based on POD-Galerkin for Two-Dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard Convection

Direct numerical simulation based on OpenFOAM is carried out for two-dimensional RayleighBénard( RB) convection in a square domain at high Rayleigh number of 107 and Pr = 0.71. Proper orthogonal decomposition( POD) is used to analyze the flow and temperature characteristics from POD energy spectrum and eigenmodes. The results show that the energy spectrum converges fast and the scale of vortex structures captured by eigenmodes becomes smaller as the eigenmode order increases. Meanwhile,a low-dimensional model( LDM) for RB convection is derived based on POD eigenmodes used as a basis of Galerkin project of Navier-Stokes-Boussinesq equations. LDM is built based on different number of eigenmodes and through the analysis of phase portraits,streamline and isothermal predicted by LDM,it is suggested that the error between LDM and DNS is still large.

空域色噪声下的多输入多输出雷达角度估计

由于多输入多输出(multiple input multiple output,MIMO)雷达的空域色噪声协方差矩阵通常为非对角矩阵,因此在色噪声下信号子空间与噪声子空间无法有效分离,从而致使传统算法无法有效估计目标角度。为此,首先利用信号协方差矩阵的低秩性和色噪声协方差矩阵的稀疏性来抑制空域色噪声。然后,根据MIMO雷达数据的内在多维结构特性,建立四阶张量CP(canonical or parallel factor analysis,CANDECOMP/PARAFAC)分解模型。针对传统交替最小二乘算法对数值病态性较为敏感而导致CP分解精度低的问题,利用张量因子矩阵之间的共轭关系来降低求解的病态敏感度,提高张量分解的稳健性。最后,利用最小二乘拟合法从因子矩阵的估计值中得到目标角度。仿真结果表明,所提算法能够对色噪声有效抑制并提高了角度估计的精度。