Properties of Cross-Rolled Low Alloy White Cast Iron Grinding Ball

The low-energy, multi-impact fracture resistance and the abrasiveness of the cross-rolled low alloy white cast iron grinding balls were studied after heat treatments at residual rolling temperature. Moreover, the means by which they are damaged and characters of the wear surface were analyzed. The results show that high resistance to impact fracture and high abrasiveness can be achieved after appropriate heat treatment at residual rolling temperature. This kind of heat treatment technology has several advantages under low impact and hard abrasive. These results are very useful for determining the optimized heat treatment technology at residual rolling temperatures.

Experimental and FEM Study of Coated and Uncoated Tools Used for Dry Milling of Compacted Graphite Cast Iron

Compacted graphite cast iron （CG1） has been the material for high-power diesel engines recently, but its increased strength causes poor machinability. In this study, coated and uncoated carbide tools were used in dry milling experiment and FEM simulation to study the machinability of CGI and wear behaviour of tools. The experimental and FEM simulation results show that coated tool has great advantage in dry milling of CGI. SEM and EDS analysis of tool wear indicate the wear morphology and wear mechanism. Adhesive wear is the main mechanism to cause un- coated tool wear, while abrasive wear and delamination wear are the main mechanism to cause coated tool wear. Stress and temperature distribution in FEM simulation help to understand the wear mechanism including the reason for coat- ing peeled off.

Effect of Cooling Rate after hot Deformation on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy Wear Resistance Cast iron

The effect of cooling rate after 40% hot deformation on structure and mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistance cast iron was investigated by metallographic, scanning electron microscopes and detection of properties. The results show that for the cast steel after deformed, the amount of granular carbides of precipitation during the cooling decreased with the increase of the cooling rate, but the hardness was obviously enhanced, as a result, better mechanical properties will be obtained by force air cooling(cooling rate is about 7 ℃·s-1). And the reason of the change for structure and mechanical properties of the cast steel were analyzed.

Effect of RE Modification and Heat Treatment on Formation and Growth of Thermal Fatigue Crack in Wear Resistant Cast Iron Containing Low Alloy

The formation and growth of thermal fatigue crack and the function of RE and heat treatment in wear resistance of cast iron containing low alloy were investigated,and it was analyzed in view of the activation energy for the crack′s propagation. The results show that the thermal fatigue cracks are mainly generated at eutectic carbides,and the cracks are grown by themselves spreading and joining each other. RE can improve the eutectic carbide′s morphology,inhibit the generation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks,therefore,promote the activation energy for the crack′s propagation,and especially,which is more noticeable in case of the RE modification in combination with heat treatment.

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Dynamics of Thermal Fatigue Crack′s Propagation in Low Alloy White Cast Iron

The effect of rare earth elements on dynamics of thermal fatigue crack′s propagation in low alloy white cast iron was studied. The results show that the generation and growth of the thermal fatigue crack can be restrained and the activation energy for the crack′s propagation can be increased by adding a certain amount of RE, and especially, the restraint for the thermal fatigue crack′s propagation is more evident under the combined action of RE and heat treatment at high working temperatures, which can be attributed to the segregation of RE to interfaces, the participation of granular carbides and the change of eutectic carbide morphology.

Influence of Rare Earth on Wear Resistance of Wear Resistant Cast Iron Containing Low Alloy

The Influence of RE on wear resistance of wear resistant cast iron containing low alloy was studied by means of slide wear and impact wear test. Moreover, its microstructure and characteristics of wearing surface was analyzed. The experimental results show that RE can improve the wear resistance of wear resistant cast iron containing low alloy, especially for impact wear resistance. The optimum wear resistance of wear resistant cast iron containing low alloy modified by RE of 0.046% can be obtained by normalization at 950 ℃ for 3 h. Moreover, the coordinated effect of rare earths and heat treatment was also revealed in this paper.

Evaluation of Corrosion Behaviour of Grey Cast Iron and Low Alloy Steel in Cocoa Liquor and Well Water

Corrosion behaviour of cast iron and low alloy steel in cocoa liquor and well water was investigated. The average weight losses of the specimens were measured using digital weighing balance. The results showed that the weight losses of both cast iron and low alloy steel in both media increases with time. Corrosion rate of cast iron in cocoa liquor increases rapidly with time for up to 336 hours (1000 μm/yr), but in well water the rapid rate of corrosion only lasted up to 187 hours (1160 μm/yr) thereafter it continuously dropping until 264 hours (667 μm/yr) after which it remains constant. Low alloy steel corroded faster in cocoa liquor up to 264 hours (200 μm/yr), whereas the initial rapid corrosion rate only lasted up to 168 hours (180 μm/yr) in well water environment. The results revealed that low alloy steel exhibited better corrosion resistance in both media, with cocoa liquor been more aggressive. Thus, low alloy steel will be a better material for piping and pumping system in cocoa processing industries.

Thermal conductivity of cast iron-A review

This paper gives a brief introduction to the four research methods for the study on thermal conductivity of cast irons,including experimental measurement,statistical analysis,effective medium theory and numerical simulation.Recent studies on the thermal conductivity of various cast irons are reviewed through the influence of alloying elements,structural constituents,and temperature.The addition of alloying elements is the main reason that restricts the thermal conductivity of cast irons,especially spheroidal graphite cast iron.The connectivity of graphite has a significant effect on the thermal conductivity of flake and compacted graphite cast irons,semiquantitative and quantitative analysis of this factor is a key and difficult point in the study of thermal conductivity of cast irons.The thermal conductivities of different types of cast irons show varying degrees of dependence on temperature.This phenomenon is the combination of graphite and matrix,rather than just depending on graphite morphology.The study of the relationship between individual phase and temperature is the focus of future research.These summaries and discussions may provide reference and guidance for the future research and development of high thermal conductivity cast irons.

Effect of Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Mn on the Microstructural and Mechanical Behaviour of As-Cast Non-Inoculated Hypereutectic Grey Iron

The hypereutectic region of grey cast iron has received very little attention especially for designing cast products by researchers. Due to its high carbon equivalence, hypereutectic grey iron poses some challenges especially its tendency for grey to white transition (GWT) at this level of carbon content. However, hypereutectic grey iron possesses inherent properties that could be easily utilized for improved performance in automobile engines and brake pad system. Significantly, they could be modified for superior hardness, strength and toughness. This study presents the effect of microalloying on the mechanical behaviour of hypereutectic grey cast iron with carbon equivalence above 4.5. The first part of this work presented in this paper considers the addition of Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Mn to series of as-cast hypereutectic grey cast iron and their hardness and tensile strength were studied and compared. A total of 33 cast samples were obtained with the control sample. The examination of the micrographs revealed that graphite eutectics cells of Type A and A + D were obtained in the resulting microstructure. Results analyses showed that the ferrite forming tendency of silicon was suppressed due to the high carbon content of the as-cast hypereutectic grey iron coupled with the absence of inoculation which plays a great role in the graphite flake type, network, size and distribution. Cu-Ni microalloying was also confirmed to promote hardness with the hardening effect limit of nickel observed at 1.3% composition. For Cu-Mi-Mn addition, excess and free sulphur in the hyper- eutectic grey iron results in reverse effect of manganese on strength, hardness, reduced graphite flake size and shape.

Fracture mode identification of low alloy steels and cast irons by electron back-scattered diffraction misorientation analysis

The fracture modes of low alloy steels and cast irons under tensile and fatigue conditions were identified by electron back-scattered diffraction（EBSD） misorientation analysis in this research. The curves of grain reference orientation deviation（GROD） distribution perpendicular to the fracture surface were obtained by EBSD observation, and the characteristics of each fracture mode were identified. The GROD value of the specimen fractured in tension decreases to a constant related to the elongation of corresponding specimen in the far field（farther than 5 mm away from the fracture surface）. The peak exhibits in GROD curves of two smooth specimens and a notched specimen near the fracture surface（within 5 mm away from the fracture surface）, and the formation mechanisms were discussed in detail based on the influences of specimen geometries（smooth or notched） and material toughness. The GROD value of fatigue fractured specimen is close to that at undeformed condition in the whole field, except the small area near the crack path. The loading conditions（constant stress amplitude loading or constant stress intensity factor range K loading） and the EBSD striation formation during fatigue crack propagation were also studied by EBSD observation parallel to the crack path.

球墨铸铁电极气体开关特性研究

高功率容量的气体开关是国内外大型脉冲功率装置的首选,但因气体放电随机性导致的自击穿电压抖动一直以来是脉冲功率装置的瓶颈问题。电极是影响气体开关稳定性和寿命的关键,开关设计总要面临低抖动和长寿命之间的取舍,提出一种兼顾低抖动、长寿命特性的球墨铸铁气体开关。基于对球墨铸铁材料的特性分析,提出球墨均布于电极有利于提高气体开关击穿稳定性的机制,且球状石墨均布于整个电极体内,相比表面结构,具有长寿命的原生优势。设计开展了单级开关稳定性测试实验,结果表明球墨铸铁电极可将传统电极结构3%~4%的重频自击穿抖动有效降低至2.5%。最终利用低抖动球墨电极,设计了5级1 MV等自击穿概率型全密封气体开关,开关抖动进一步降低至2%以下。在测试电压范围960~980 kV,放电电流约9 kA,无维护条件下开展了开关30万脉冲寿命考核,自击穿抖动维持在2%以下,最优达1.7%。开关导通前沿小于5 ns,传输效率大于90%。此结果展现了球墨铸铁作为气体开关电极的应用潜力。

铸态QT700-2偏心体铸件的研发

本文介绍铸态QT700-2偏心体铸件的研发过程。在铸造工艺方案上采用分层浇注,在铸件热节部位使用冷铁,并且结合保温冒口工艺,使铸件达到均衡凝固,消除铸件的缩松、缩孔缺陷;在熔炼过程通过合金化,使用低稀土球化剂,采用多次孕育处理,消除了碎块状石墨、细化了石墨晶粒、稳定了珠光体含量,生产的铸态偏心体的性能满足客户要求。

铸件厚度与热处理对RuT450蠕墨铸铁微观组织与力学性能的影响

对重卡发动机的蠕墨铸铁缸体不同厚度部分进行取样,采用3D激光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子万能材料试验机以及X射线应力分析仪等分析测试手段,研究了不同铸造厚度蠕墨铸铁RuT450的显微组织、蠕化率、表面残余应力、布氏硬度、拉伸强度等性能,还研究了去应力退火、不同时长的自然时效处理下蠕墨铸铁RuT450的组织变化和力学性能演变规律。结果表明:相对较厚的蠕墨铸铁铸件石墨蠕化率较高;蠕墨铸铁的铸态表层残余应力为压应力,且随试样厚度的增加而逐渐增大;在保证强度指标的前提下适度的退火处理比自然时效能更高效地释放表面残余应力;蠕墨铸铁表面硬度及强度随着试样厚度的增加而逐渐降低,退火处理可进一步降低表面硬度和强度。该研究结论对蠕墨铸铁切削性能评价及优选切削加工工艺提供了重要的理论依据。

宽幅温度和应力范围下蠕墨铸铁的蠕变试验及本构模型对比研究

随着发动机功率密度的增加,气缸盖在运行过程中所承受的温度和应力也增加,因此蠕变损伤预测需要考虑准确的蠕变本构模型和参数。针对蠕墨铸铁(Compacted Graphite cast Iron,CGI)气缸盖大范围的温度和应力工作条件,开展温度450~550℃、试验应力100~300 MPa条件下的CGI蠕变试验,进行表征宽幅温度和应力下CGI最小蠕变速率的蠕变本构模型对比研究。研究表明:与较小的温度和应力范围相比,在宽幅条件下CGI更容易发生蠕变损伤,且温度相比应力更能促使CGI发生蠕变变形;分别基于Norton⁃Bailey幂律模型、Garofalo双曲正弦模型和变形机制的真应力(Deformation Mechanism⁃based True Stress,DMTS)模型,结合多目标优化方法,构建了CGI蠕变本构模型。其中,基于DMTS模型的CGI蠕变模型有73%的预测值在两倍误差范围内,吻合效果在三种模型中为最佳。

铸件厚度及退火处理对蠕墨铸铁切削加工性能的影响

以发动机缸体材料蠕墨铸铁RuT450为研究对象,通过监测其铣削加工过程中的切削力、切削温度及已加工表面粗糙度的变化,结合微观组织及力学性能演变分析其对切削性能的影响。研究表明,铸造厚度不同,材料的微观组织和力学性能不同;切削力是石墨含量、蠕化率、残余应力、硬度、抗拉强度等性能指标的综合反映,切削热则与切削力密切相关;在保证强度指标的前提下,退火处理有助于降低铣削加工时的切削温度,对适度厚度的工件还可以降低切削力。在相对低速铣削时,退火处理可有效提高工件的加工表面质量;在保证满足表面质量的前提下,去应力退火后可以适当提升切削速度,提高蠕墨铸铁加工效率。

我国铸铁生产技术回顾与展望

我国是铸铁生产大同,铸铁件产量约占世界的40%;2010年我国铸铁件产量达到2 950万t(其中,灰铸铁1 900万t,球墨铸铁990万t),铸铁件占全部铸件产量的74.5%。本文回顾了60年来我国球量铸铁、等温淬火球量铸铁(ADI)、蠕墨铸铁和灰铸铁在生产技术、性能水平、技术标准、应用领域、质量检测和控制等方面的进展;对比分析了与国外先进工业国家在铸铁材质结构、生产规模、成分和性能波动、熔炼造型和质量控制等方面的差距;展望了铸铁生产技术发展趋势,供同行探讨和参考。

多元低合金化对蠕墨铸铁组织与性能的影响

采用光学金相、扫描电镜、力学性能测试等手段研究了普通蠕墨铸铁、Cu-Mo-Sn蠕墨铸铁、Cu-Mo-Sn-Cr蠕墨铸铁的铸态显微组织和不同温度下的拉伸性能,分析了多元低合金化对蠕墨铸铁蠕化率、屈强比(σ0.2/σb)、高温强度保持率(高温强度/室温强度)的影响。结果表明:多元合金元素的复合加入对其蠕化效果无明显影响,但可促进珠光体的形成并强化基体组织;多元低合金化处理可以提高蠕墨铸铁的屈强比,降低合金的伸长率。并且多元合金化对中低温(350℃)强度保持率影响不明显,但可以大大提高高温(500℃)强度保持率,其500℃抗拉强度保持率由56%提高到71%以上;断口分析表明,室温下其微观断裂呈现为以解理为主的解理-韧窝混合断裂,随着多元低合金元素的加入,韧窝、撕裂棱减少,塑性降低。

薄壁蠕墨铸铁的组织与性能研究

蠕墨铸铁(CGI)是制造高功率密度发动机机体及气缸盖等部件的理想材料。本试验通过金相显微分析和力学性能测试,研究了CE和Cu、Mo合金化对薄壁蠕墨铸铁组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:CE为4.5%时,壁厚6 mm铸件的蠕化率可达到80%～85%,同时可使壁厚3 mm铸件消除游离渗碳体,获得无白口组织;Cu-Mo复合强化效果要优于Cu、Mo单因素强化作用,复合加入量为0.6%时,综合力学性能可稳定达到Rm≥450 MPa、A≥3%。