Carbon Equivalent Fundamentals in Evaluating the Weldability of Microalloy and Low Alloy Steels

Understanding the weldability of steel in relation to the use of carbon equivalent is very necessary for the welding industry. The study was poised to unearth the fundamentals of carbon equivalent as applied in evaluating the weldability of steel. The study used a two-stage design approach to address the problem of carbon equivalence weldability of steel, thus, survey and experimental. Two different steels were tested to ascertain their chemical composition which could inform carbon equivalent calculation, and the results revealed microalloy and low alloy steels respectively. In subjecting the microalloy steel to carbon equivalent analyses of the AWS and IIW coefficients;revealed a value (CEV) = 0.11 each, suggesting that this microalloy steel has excellent weldability;no preheating is required. A successful welding operation on this steel does not depend on preheating. Also, the average results of the low alloy steel revealed a value (CEV) = 0.37 and 0.32 respectively, suggesting that this type of steel has very good weldability and may require to preheat. It is recommended that welders have a general idea about the weldability of steel with regard to carbon equivalent calculation. In addition, they should understand the chemical compositions of steels they are dealing with.

High Carbon Alloy Steels with Multiple Types of Ultra-fine Carbides and Their Characteristics

Under normal forging and annealing conditions, there are different ultra fine carbides (M3C, M23C6, M7Cj, M6C and MC) in high carbon alloy steels when alloy composition design is carried out properly. On the basis of carbides transformation orderliness, the alloy composition design of the high carbon alloy steels is conducted by phase-equilibrium thermodynamic calculation for Fe-Cr-W-Mo-V-C system. The nucleation and growth of new carbides, dissolution of previous partial carbides in these steels during annealing process, all these lead to ultra-fine distribution of carbides. Due to different crystal structures of carbides and different thermodynamics as well dynamics parameters of the carbides dissolution and precipitation, the range of quenching temperature of these steels is widened, and the good temper-resistance is obtained. The characteristics of heat treatment process and microstructure variance, and the carbides transformation for different temperature are explained by the phase-equilibrium component satisfactorily. Their bend and yield strength, flexibility and toughness all are advanced markedly comparing with that of kindred steels. Results of the applications have proved that the microstructure of ultra-fine carbides in these steels played importance roles in the enhancement of edginess and fatigue crack resistance of the die and knives.

Significance of Alloying Element Levels in Realizing the Specified Tensile Properties in 18 Wt % Nickel Maraging Steel

Among the various grades of commercially available 18 wt. % nickel maraging steels, the one with nominal 0.2% proof strength in the range 1700-1750 MPa is the most commonly used and is distinguished by an excellent combination of high strength and high fracture toughness. The main alloying elements are nickel, cobalt, molybdenum and titanium. The first three of these are present at relatively high concentrations in the chemical composition. The high cost of these metals leads to a high cost of production and this becomes a deterrent to extensive use of the steel. In the present study, an attempt was made to produce the steel by pegging the levels of these alloying elements in the lower half of the specified range. The objective was to save on the raw material cost, while still conforming to the specification. The steel so produced could not, however, attain the specified tensile properties after final heat treatment. The observed behavior is explained based on the role played by the different alloying elements in driving the precipitation hardening reaction.

常见结构材料低温性能研究进展

随着深空探测、极地科考、低温贮运等低温领域的快速发展,对低温材料的要求越来越高,低温材料逐渐成为目前国内外的研究热点。本文综述低温钢、铝合金、钛合金、铝基复合材料以及树脂基复合材料等常见结构材料的低温性能,归纳不同晶体结构、合金种类、合金元素等因素对结构材料的低温强度、塑性与韧性等力学性能的影响及低温变形和强韧化机理,介绍不同种类低温结构材料在国内外重要领域的应用,提出了低温材料未来的研究展望。

连梁可更换的Y型偏心支撑组合框架力学性能试验研究

为研究连梁可更换的Y型偏心支撑组合框架(简称“Y型V-EBCF”)的力学性能,设计制作了一榀Y型V-EBCF试件,其中可更换式连梁由低屈服点钢加工并通过高强螺栓与周边构件相连。对Y型V-ECBF试件和拆卸了连梁后的试件分别进行了拟静力试验,分析了试件的失效模式、荷载-位移曲线和残余位移角,试验结果表明:在连梁失效前,结构具有稳定的滞回性能和良好的耗能能力;当拆卸失效连梁后,结构在组合框架的不平衡内力下恢复至原位,残余变形角为0.002 rad,小于规范限值(0.005 rad)及最大可更换残余位移角限值(0.0023 rad),且余下试件再加载时的滞回曲线依旧饱满稳定,表明Y型V-ECBF体系具有良好的震后恢复能力;采用现行AISC360-16规范相关公式可以准确计算低屈服点钢连梁的承载力,但超强系数建议取3.0以防止周边构件的破坏;Y型V-ECBF体系的刚度和承载力等于偏心支撑中连梁和组合框架的刚度与承载力之和。此外,Y型V-EBCF中的连梁会引起框架梁跨中承担额外的弯矩,导致跨中混凝土板的开裂,该文给出了计算跨中混凝土板裂缝宽度的公式。

非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构设计及其磁-振动特性分析

非晶合金和取向硅钢是制作配电变压器铁心常用的两种软磁材料,各有优劣。采用非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构可以综合两者的优势。该文以非晶合金和取向硅钢铁心并排的组合结构为基础,选取组合铁心的取向硅钢占比和尺寸参数为自由变量,提出一种基于自由参数扫描法的组合铁心结构设计方法。首先,根据非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构特点,建立组合铁心的等效双非线性磁路模型;其次,采用磁路法迭代求解组合铁心的磁通密度分布,并制定组合铁心的结构设计流程;最后,根据结构设计结果制作了组合铁心的实验模型,采用实验和有限元仿真结合的方法分析了其磁-振动特性,验证了所提设计方法的准确性,并与传统纯非晶合金和纯取向硅钢铁心进行对比分析,阐述了组合铁心的优势。

Progress in corrosion-resistant coatings on surface of low alloy steel

Low alloy steels are widely used in bridges,construction,chemical and various equipment and metal components due to their low cost and excellent mechanical strength.Information in the literature related to the preparation,advantages and disadvantages,and applications along with research progress of various types of protective coatings suitable for low-alloy steel surfaces is reviewed,while a conclusive and comparative analysis is also afforded to the numerous factors influencing the protective ability of coatings.The characteristics of coatings drawn from the latest published literature are discussed and suggest that the modification of traditional metal coatings and the development of new organic coatings under the consideration of environmental protection,low cost,simplicity and large-scale industrial application are simultaneously proceeding,which holds promise for improving the understanding of corrosion protection in related fields and helps to address some of the limitations identified with more conventional coating techniques.

青岛海洋环境碳纤维复合材料与低合金钢电偶腐蚀研究

目的 探究碳纤维复合材料在舰船应用时与金属材料的电偶腐蚀问题。方法 针对一种典型舰船用碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料,在青岛海洋大气环境下开展0.5、1、1.5、2 a期的自然曝晒试验,进而采用电化学分析手段考察其与低合金钢的电偶腐蚀效应,结合老化机制探究碳纤维复合材料的老化行为对其与钢电偶腐蚀的影响。结果及结论 在青岛大气环境曝晒不同周期的复合材料试样,开路电位与低合金钢相差较大,存在较高的电偶腐蚀倾向。随曝晒时间的延长,复合材料表面微裂纹不断产生、扩展,导致电化学反应活性点增多,两者电偶电流密度随之增大。在青岛海洋大气环境下暴露2 a后,碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料与低合金钢的电偶电流为0.356 9μA/cm^(2),两者的电偶腐蚀敏感性达到B级。

汽车用钢的发展与低熵化先进高强钢设计

介绍了汽车用钢的发展历史与推动汽车用钢发展的历史性事件,展望了未来汽车用钢在“双碳”背景下的发展方向。同时,介绍了汽车用先进高强钢的发展与分类,阐述汽车钢从软钢、低碳钢、高强钢到先进高强钢的发展过程,详细阐述第一代到第三代先进高强钢迭代升级过程中成本、合金、组态与性能等方面的设计思路。最后,提出创新性的低熵化设计理念,并介绍所设计的覆盖四类双相钢产品的低熵化产品,包含成分与工艺的设计思路。提出“组态异构”的低熵化设计,以用户切实的应用需求为导向,深入分析产品性能特征,结合钢铁材料的物理冶金机理与生产制造阶段装备及工艺特征,从设计端对产品进行减量化、单一化、归一化的梯度低熵化设计,实现产品低成本高性能生产制造思路。

天然气低温分离系统压力管道材料设计

在以往项目中,海洋油气田工艺系统的低温压力管道的材料规范均采用ASTM A333标准,目前国标低温管道材质已有相应的标准。为拓展海上油气低温压力管道选材范围,文章针对天然气低温分离系统的压力管道,探讨可替代ASTM A333 Gr6的国标管线材质。结合低温合金钢的使用条件,从低温管道材料选型、管线壁厚计算、管线保冷方面,分别介绍设计中应遵循的各项标准规范和设计方法。

基于BIM技术的高低位组合钢栈桥应用研究——以巴河大桥为例

在特大桥的建设中,栈桥作为重要的水上通道得到广泛应用,栈桥设计也是桥梁工程顺利实施的重要环节。以巴河大桥5#墩基础、墩柱施工为工程背景,针对桥址区巴河水位变化较大的特点,为确保次年汛期前的主墩施工进度,采用高低位组合钢栈桥方案,并利用“BIM(建筑信息模型)+数字仿真分析”技术进行模拟与结构分析。通过GIS(地理信息系统)获取各阶段洪水位高度,以此确定栈桥搭设高度,随后利用MIDAS软件对高低位组合钢栈桥结构各部件进行验算。结果表明,高低位组合钢栈桥结构设计合理,整体稳定性及安全性满足使用要求。高低位组合钢栈桥的成功应用,可为同类型工程的施工提供一定参考和借鉴。

Development and application research of light weight heat treated B-grade bulletproof steel

The light weight heat treated B-grade bulletproof steel was developed through composition design and optimization based on multiplex alloying,multiplex micro-alloying design ideas and complex phase structure strengthening theory.The puzzle how to avoid the quenching deformation problem of super high strength thin sheet was solved through heat treatment in a die with a set of cooling system.Such B-grade bulletproof steel plate has fine tempered lath martensite structure.The shooting and certification test results showed that the shoot resistance of B-grade bulletproof steel plate can meet the protection demand of Protection specification for cash carrying vehicles(GA 164—2005).In comparison with B-grade bulletproof steel plate made by one of the companies in Sweden,the weight of the developed B-grade bulletproof steel plate can be decreased by 8 %under the same shoot resistance condition.It will be meaningful for cash truck and anti-hijacking vehicle to realize light weight,energy conservation and emission reduction.

熔覆方式对电弧增材制造高强耐磨层性能的影响

采用熔化极气体保护(MAG)焊熔覆得到以Q345钢为基体的耐磨复合板。设计了两种熔覆方案:一种是焊道之间无覆盖,另一种是焊道之间有覆盖(覆盖率约50%)。其他工艺条件为:电流160~180 A,电压20~24 V,保护气体流量10~15 L/min,熔覆速率450 mm/min,干伸长度16 mm。采用金相显微镜和光学显微镜分析了熔覆层、熔合区和热影响区的组织结构。对比了采用不同方案所得熔覆试样的显微硬度、耐磨性和冲击韧性。结果表明:两种熔覆方案获得的复合板外观均良好,无明显缺陷,且以马氏体组织为主。采用方案一时复合板具有较好的韧性,但熔覆层的硬度略低,耐磨性较差;采用方案二所得复合板的韧性不如方案一,但硬度较高,耐磨性更好。

焊丝钢DT08A炼钢工艺开发与实践

焊丝钢DT08A是用于制造E4303钛钙型药皮电焊条焊芯的钢材,是下游终端用户在GB/T3429中H08系列碳素钢焊丝的基础上,进一步低控钢中化学成分P≤0.005%、S≤0.003%、Al≤0.01%而得到的改进牌号。针对该牌号低碳低硅低磷低硫低铝的“五低”特点,采用电炉氧化法吹炼、偏心底出钢,LF炉造高碱度炉渣、根据钢液成分使用铝或电石粒脱氧,连铸进行氩气保护浇铸、使用低磷中间包覆盖剂等措施,保障了冶炼和浇铸质量,最终生产出合格的焊丝钢。

宜城汉江铁路特大桥主桥方案设计研究

研究目的:宜城汉江特大桥为新建襄阳至荆门高速铁路的关键控制性工程,主桥采用2×200 m双主跨跨越汉江通航水域。通过研究主桥桥跨布置及支承体系,从技术性、经济性等方面综合比选斜拉加劲刚构连续梁和钢-混组合(混合)梁刚构连续梁两种桥式方案。研究结论:(1)两种方案均为适用方案,斜拉加劲刚构连续梁方案在刚度条件、长期线形稳定性、技术成熟性、工程实践经验、维修养护和景观效果等方面有优势;(2)斜拉加劲刚构连续梁方案通过采用“高中塔、低边塔”的桥塔布置,保证合理结构受力并避免边支座负反力;(3)结构计算表明结构受力安全可靠,列车行车安全性、旅客乘坐舒适性均满足要求;(4)本设计成果可为类似铁路桥梁提供参考。

转炉流程生产42CrMo圆钢实践

介绍了开发生产42CrMo圆钢的生产实践。通过优化成分设计,严格控制冶炼、轧制各工序参数,生产的42CrMo合金结构圆钢化学成分偏差小、纯净度高,w(P)≤0.016%,w(S)≤0.010%。氧质量分数不超过2.0×10^(-5),氮质量分数不超过5.0×10^(-5)。低倍组织检验全部合格,金相组织为P+F+B,组织晶粒细小均匀,晶粒度稳定在8级。圆钢夹杂物含量较少,球状氧化物类夹杂物0.5级。各项力学性能指标均满足GB/T 3077—2015的相关规定。

耐低温合金钢及其焊接接头组织性能研究进展

耐低温合金钢因在低温下具有足够的强度、优异的韧性和抗脆性断裂能力,在低温服役条件下被广泛使用。目前,国内外对低温用钢的温度界限还没有统一的规定,如何提高低温钢的低温韧性和焊接接头性能仍是比较棘手的问题。文中综述了按相组成划分的双相低温钢的研究现状,着重介绍了成分设计、组织演变规律和组织与性能调控等;归纳总结了影响耐低温钢焊接接头组织性能的主要因素,包括合金元素、热处理工艺、焊接工艺等。合理的成分设计、优化制备工艺和了解失效机制是实现耐低温合金钢工程化应用的基础;微合金化、控轧控冷(TMCP)和增材制造(AM)技术是未来开发高强高韧低温结构钢的重要手段;将计算科学引入合金设计和损伤机制的研究,以实现整个制备过程的可操控性,是未来研究的重点。

低温压力容器选材的探讨

随着低温压力容器在石油化工项目中越来越广泛的应用,压力容器设计人员必须根据低温压力容器的设计条件、使用温度以及介质的腐蚀性能等设计因素来选择既能保证压力容器安全,又能兼顾经济合理的低温钢材。主要依据标准从材料的化学成分、力学性能等方面对低温压力容器材料选用的问题进行分析和比较,列举了工程设计中的应用实例,便于加深设计人员对低温压力容器选材的理解和借鉴。

低轧制力下钢板提高折弯性能研究

为试验低轧制力下低合金钢板的晶粒度和折弯性能,采用不同Nb、V、C元素含量的成分设计,从试验结果来看:采用Nb-V微合金化或降低C含量的成分设计,可以改善材料的塑性和晶粒度。尤其是降低C含量后,在低晶粒度下,折弯性能结果仍然良好。