Polymer Surface Treatment by Atmospheric Pressure Low Temperature Surface Discharge Plasma:Its Characteristics and Comparison with Low Pressure Oxygen Plasma Treatment

The polymer treatment with a low-temperature plasma jet generated on the atmospheric pressure surface discharge （SD） plasma is performed. The change of the surface property over time, in comparison with low pressure oxygen （O2） plasma treatment, is examined. As one compares the treatment by atmospheric pressure plasma to that by the low pressure O2 plasma of PS （polystyrene） the treatment effects were almost in complete agreement. However, when the atmospheric pressure plasma was used for PP（polypropylene）, it produced remarkable hydrophilic effects.

A two-dimensional air streamer discharge modified model based on artificial stability term under non-uniform electric field at low temperature and sub-atmospheric pressure

In this paper, an improved air discharge fluid model under non-uniform electric field is constructed based on the plasma module COMSOL Multiphysics with artificial stability term, and the boundary conditions developed in the previous paper are applied to the calculation of photoionization rate. Based on the modified model, the characteristics of low temperature subatmospheric air discharge under 13 kV direct current voltage are discussed, including needle-plate and needle-needle electrode structures. Firstly, in order to verify the reliability of the model, a numerical example and an experimental verification were carried out for the modified model respectively. Both verification results show that the model can ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the calculation. Secondly, according to the calculation results of the modified model, under the same voltage and spacing, the reduced electric field under low temperature subatmosphere pressure is larger than that under normal temperature and atmospheric pressure. The high electric field leads to the air discharge at low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure entering the streamer initiation stage earlier, and has a faster propagation speed in the streamer development stage, which shortens the overall discharge time. Finally, the discharge characteristics of the two electrode structures are compared, and it is found that the biggest difference between them is that there is a pre-ionization region near the cathode in the needle-needle electrode structure. When the pre-ionization level reaches 1013 cm-3, the propagation speed of the positive streamer remains unchanged throughout the discharge process, and is no longer affected by the negative streamer. The peak value of electric field decreases with the increase of pre-ionization level, and tends to be constant during streamer propagation. Based on the previous paper, this paper constructs the air discharge model under non-uniform electric field, complements with the previous paper, and forms a relatively complete set of air discharge simulation system under low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure, which provides a certain reference for future research.

High temperature oxidation of powder metallurgy two phase Cu Cr alloys under low oxygen pressure

The oxidation of two phase Cu Cr alloys containing 25% and 50% Cr prepared by powder metallurgy (PM) with a rather uniform two phase microstructure has been studied at 700～900 ℃ under oxygen pressure below the stability of the copper oxides. The two PM alloys oxidized very slowly and formed only external Cr 2O 3 scales rather than undergoing an internal oxidation of chromium. This result is attributed mainly to a supply of chromium from the small Cr rich particles dispersed within the Cu rich phase. The oxidation kinetics of the two PM Cu Cr alloys approximately followed the parabolic rate law. The scaling rates are of the same order as those measured for pure chromium under the same oxygen pressure, but smaller than those for the alloys of similar composition prepared by normal arc melting techniques, whose compositions were largely non uniform. The results are interpreted in terms of the two phase nature of these alloys.

Oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys in a Low Oxygen Partial Pressure Atmosphere to Mitigate Coke Formation

Anti-coking oxide films were prepared on a 25Cr35Ni and 35Cr45Ni alloy surface under the low oxygen partialpressure atmosphere of a H2-H2O mixture. The composition and phase structure of the oxide films were analyzed by energydispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The anti-cokingperformance of a mini tube made of a HP40 (25Cr35Ni) alloy was evaluated on a bench scale pyrolysis and coking test unit.The results showed that the surface Fe and Ni content decreased after the oxidation of the two alloys in a low oxygen partialpressure atmosphere. The oxide films were mainly composed of MnCr_(2)O_(4) and Cr_(2)O_(3). The average mass of coke in the minitube with oxide film decreased by 87% relative to that of a tube without an oxide film when the cracking temperature was 900℃. The ethylene, propylene, and butadiene yields in the pyrolysis tests were almost the same for the mini tubes withand without an oxide film. The oxide film on the alloy surface effectively inhibited catalytic filamentous coke formation.An industrial test showed that the run length of the cracking furnace with the in-situ coating technology was significantlyextended.

Relationship between Sea Surface Single Carrier Waves and Decreasing Pressures of Atmosphere Lower Boundary

Descriptions of unusually high waves appearing on the sea surface for a short time (freak, rogue or killer waves) have been considered as a part of marine folklore for a long time. A number of instrumental registrations have appeared recently making the community to pay more attention to this problem and to reconsider known observations of freak waves. To allow a better understanding of the behavior of rogue waves associated with tornadoes in terms of their origin, the nonlinear theory of off-balance systems is developed in the specific case of strong agitations constantly seen on the surface of extensive and deep rivers, when they are crossed by an atmosphere’s low pressure system (tornadoes, cyclones, hurricanes, etc.). A mathematical model based on the Navier-Stokes and Euler Lagrange equations coupled with assumptions derived from instrumental registrations on the training locations (or birth places) of freak waves is developed to enhance the physics of processes responsible for the formation (or origin) of the waves associated with atmosphere’s low pressure systems. Freak waves births’ constraints are mainly the need for both consistent water (i.e., extensive-deep rivers) and potential velocity flow availabilities. Numerical simulations, based on the use of the NLSE (Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation) are performed to validate our mathematical model on the births of single carrier waves associated with atmosphere’s low pressure systems.

The Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on Air Content and Pore Structure of Air-entrained Concrete

To study the effect of atmospheric pressure on the properties of fresh and hardened airentrained concrete, three kinds of air entraining agents were used for preparing air-entrained concrete in the plateaus(Lhasa, 61 kPa) and the plains(Beijing, 101 kPa). Air content, slump, compressive strength and pore structure of the three air-entrained concretes were tested in these two places. It is found that the air content of concrete under low atmospheric pressure(LAP) is 4%-36% lower than that of concrete under normal atmospheric pressure(NAP), which explaines the decrease of slump for air-entrained concrete under LAP. Pore number of hardened concrete under LAP is reduced by 48%-69%. While, the proportion of big pores(pore diameter >1 200 μm) and air void spacing factor are increased by 1.5%-7.3% and 51%-92%, respectively. The deterioration of pore structure results in a 3%-9% reduction in the compressive strength of concrete. From the results we have obtained, it can be concluded that the increase of critical nucleation energy of air bubbles and the decrease of volumetric compressibility coefficient of air in the concrete are responsible for the variation of air content and pore structure of concrete under LAP.

Ar/N2/CH4 Glow Discharge at Low Pressures

Ar/N2/CH4 glow discharge at low-pressure are studied in a closed system. The plasma was produced in 79.6% N2-15.4% Ar- 5.0% CH4 ternary mixture at pressures between 0.5 and 10.0 Torr. The diagnostic has been made by optical emission spectroscopy （OES）. The principal species observed were： N2, N2＋, CH＋, CN, C2, C3, HI3, Ha, C＋ and At. It presents the behaviour of the bands and lines intensities as a function of the pressure. Also, it displays the ratios of intensities of N＋2 （391.44 nm）, CN （392.08 nm）, and H （486.13 nm） to that of the N2 （337.13 rim） as function of pressure. The ratios show a slow decreasing behavior as a function of the pressure. Being the CH/N2 ratio more highest and H/N2 ratio the lowest one. The variations of excited species at different pressures may change the subsequent chemical reactions in the gas phase significantly. The present results suggest that the ion-molecule and molecule-molecule reactions in the gas phase are likely to play a dominant role in the present pressures.

Observation of the Emission Spectra of an Atmospheric Pressure Radio-frequency Plasma Jet

An atmospheric pressure plasma jet （APPJ） using radio-frequency （13.56 MHz） power has been developed to produce homogeneous glow discharge at low temperature. With optical emission spectroscopy, we observed the excited species （atomic helium, atomic oxygen and metastable oxygen） generated in this APPJ and their dependence on gas composition ratio and RF power. O and O2（b1∑g^＋） are found in the effluent outside the jet by measuring the emission spectra of effluent perpendicular to the jet. An interesting phenomenon is found that there is an abnormal increase of O emission intensity （777.4 nm） between 10 mm and 40 mm away from the nozzle. This observation result is very helpful in practical operation.

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia using a cell with a Nafion membrane and SmFe_(0.7)Cu_(0.3-x)Ni_xO_3(x=0―0.3) cathode at atmospheric pressure and lower temperature

Samaria-doped ceria Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ(SDC) and SmFe0.7Cu0.3-xNixO3 have been synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia was investigated at atmospheric pressure and low temperature,using the SFCN materials as the cathode,a Nafion membrane as the electrolyte,nickel-doped SDC(Ni-SDC) as the anode and silver-platinum paste as the current collector.Ammonia was synthesized from 25 to 100℃ when the SFCN materials were used as cathode,with SmFe0.7Cu0.1Ni0.2O3 giving the highest rates of ammonia formation.The maximum rate of evolution of ammonia was 1.13 × 10-8 mol·cm-2·s-1 at 80℃,and the current efficiency reached as high as 90.4%.

Apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis of winter wheat and its response to temperature and intercellular CO_2 concentration under low atmospheric pressure on Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by lower atmospheric pressure, lower air temperature and high daily and seasonal variation due to high elevation. The photosynthesis of aaplants is significantly influenced by these alpine environmental factors. Apparent quantum yield (αA) is one of the basic parameters of photosynthesis and mass production. Its accuracy determination is of significance to model photosynthesis of C3 plants and global change on the plateau. In the Lhasa Plateau Ecological Station with 65.4 kPa of atmospheric pressure at an elevation of 3688 m, Li-Cor 6400 portable photosynthesis system was used to measure light response curves of winter wheat in different temperatures and intercellular CO2 concentration (C,). The slope of light response curve in weak light area of PFD from 0 to 150 μmol m-2 s-1 was used to evaluate the value of αA. The dependence of αA on temperature and intercellular concentration was analyzed. In 30℃, the average value of αA was 0.0476±0.0038. It is not quite different from the values in low elevation areas. αA is influenced both by temperature and by the ratio of CO2 and O2 partial pressure ([CO2]/[O2]). The measured values in the previous study were much lower. This might be due to systematic errors from instrument and data processing methods. The values of αA decreased linearly with temperature. It decreased 0.0007 in every 1℃ increase of temperature. The decrease slope is similar to those of C3 plants in the previous researches. While [O2] is constant,αA increases with Ciwith a hyperbolic relationship. In comparison with low elevation areas, the αA on the Tibetan Plateau is more sensitive to increase of CO2.

低温等离子体空气消毒机在骨科病室的应用效果

目的 针对医院骨科病室环境的常态化消毒需求,研制基于低温等离子体技术的空气消毒机,探究其在骨科病室患者住院、家属陪同、医护治疗的动态环境中的空气消毒效果。方法 以西安交通大学第二附属医院骨科病室环境为研究对象,采用自制的低温等离子体空气消毒机进行病室空气消毒,利用安德森六级筛孔空气碰撞式微生物采样器对室内空气中微生物浓度进行采样,分析低温等离子体消杀对病室空气中不同种类微生物的影响,揭示该技术对空气中悬浮微生物的消杀机制。结果 利用低温等离子体协同催化剂对病室环境进行间歇式消毒,能够保持室内臭氧浓度低至5 ppbv以内,消毒3 h后病室空气中自然菌的菌落总数减少至约150 CFU/m^(3),消亡率达92.35%;消杀2 h后马赛血杆菌的消亡率达100%;消杀3 h后人葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、霉菌、藤黄微球菌的消亡率分别为90.48%、80.90%、87.50%和92.82%。结论 利用低温等离子体协同催化剂的空气消毒机对病室动态环境进行间歇式消毒,室内臭氧浓度达到了一级国家标准线,在有效控制臭氧产生造成二次污染的同时,可高效杀灭空气中悬浮微生物,病室环境接近《GB 15982-2012医院消毒卫生标准》中Ⅰ类环境标准。等离子体-催化协同消杀具有高效消毒和人机共存的技术优势,可以在保障病室内空气质量安全的同时,减轻护理人员的工作量,是辅助甚至替代现有物理化学手段的有效方法。

低负荷血流限制和高强度抗阻运动对男性运动青年大腿微循环功能的影响

背景:微循环作为人体物质能量代谢交换的唯一场所,与人体运动能力密切相关。抗阻运动是提高微循环功能的有效方式,但也有研究指出血流限制训练也能提高微循环功能,且具有负荷小和安全性高等优点。目的:比较6周低负荷血流限制运动、高强度抗阻运动对运动型男性青年大腿微循环功能的影响,并从血管内皮功能角度探讨运动改善微循环功能的可能机制。方法:将湖北民族大学60名体育专业男性大学生按照随机数表法分为对照组、高强度抗阻运动组和低负荷血流限制运动组,每组20人。低负荷血流限制运动组进行6周(每周3次、每次90 min、运动强度为30%1RM)的低负荷血流限制运动;高强度抗阻运动组进行6周(每周3次、每次90 min、运动强度为70%1RM强度)的抗阻训练;对照组该时间段不进行任何形式的运动训练。分别在干预开始的前1 d以及6周干预结束后次日的晨起空腹状态下对3组受试者微血管血流灌注量、经皮氧分压、肌氧饱和度、一氧化氮、内皮型一氧化氮合酶、内皮素1、血管内皮细胞生长因子及大腿围、肌力等指标进行测试。结果与结论:①运动干预后,低负荷血流限制运动组和高强度抗阻运动组的微血管血流灌注量加热值、血细胞移动速度加热值与对照组及运动干预前相比有显著差异(P<0.05);低负荷血流限制运动组微血管血流灌注量加热值、血细胞移动速度加热值与高强度抗阻运动组相比有显著差异(P<0.05);经皮氧分压和肌氧饱和度与干预前相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。②运动干预后,低负荷血流限制运动组和高强度抗阻运动组一氧化氮、内皮型一氧化氮合酶、内皮素1、血管内皮细胞生长因子与对照组及运动干预前相比有显著差异(P<0.05)。③运动干预后,低负荷血流限制运动组和高强度抗阻运动组大腿围和大腿肌肉力量与运动干预前相比有显著差异(P<0.05)。④上述结果证实,6周低负荷血流限制运动和高强度抗阻运动可能通过调节内皮型一氧化氮合酶、内皮素1、血管内皮细胞生长因子等血管因子的分泌,提高体育专业大学生大腿微循环功能,并增加大腿肌肉的收缩力量,且低负荷血流限制运动对微血管血流灌注量、血细胞移动速度的干预效果更佳,因此低负荷血流限制运动较高强度抗阻运动在提高微循环功能方面更具优势。

常低压储罐超压与真空工况研究

在常压储罐与低压储罐操作使用过程中,储存介质的进罐与出罐、环境温度升降、大气压变化、发生火灾、设备故障、人员误操作等因素会引起储罐压力过高或储罐内出现负压。SH/T 3007-2014《石油化工储运系统罐区设计规范》与API 2000-2014《Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks》等对储罐发生超压与真空的工况及引起的呼吸量进行了详细论述。文章结合这两个规范,分析了常低压储罐的各种超压与真空工况,并结合某项目中地上保温固定顶储罐,计算多种工况下所需通气量,为选定通气装置提供计算依据和设计指导。

Self-healing behavior of Ti_(2)AlC at a low oxygen partial pressure

Ti_(2)AlC,a MAX phase ceramic,has an attractive self-healing ability to restore performance via the oxidation-induced crack healing mechanism upon healing at high temperatures in air(high oxygen partial pressures).However,such healing ability to repair damages in vacuum or low oxygen partial pressure conditions remains unknown.Here,we report on the self-healing behavior of Ti_(2)AlC at a low oxygen partial pressure of about 1 Pa.The experimental results showed that the strength recovery depends on both healing temperature and time.After healing at 1400℃for 1–4 h,the healed samples exhibited the recovered strengths even exceeding the original strength of 375 MPa.The maximum recovered strength of~422 MPa was achieved in the healed Ti_(2)AlC sample after healing at 1400 for 4 h,about 13%higher than the original strength.Damages were healed by the formed℃TiCx from the decomposition of Ti_(2)AlC.The decomposition-induced crack healing as a new mechanism in the low oxygen partial pressure condition was disclosed for the MAX ceramics.The present study illustrates that key components made of Ti_(2)AlC can prolong their service life and keep their reliability during use at high temperatures in low oxygen partial pressures.

Effect of cerium addition on oxidation behavior of 25Cr20Ni alloy under low oxygen partial pressure

The influence of Ce addition on the oxidation behavior of 25Cr20Ni alloy at 950 oC under low oxygen partial pressure was inves-tigated. The oxidized samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）, and scratch tester to obtain the oxide phases, morphology, thickness, composition and adhesion property of the oxide scales. The experiment results indicated that a small amount of Ce addition （0.02 wt.% or 0.05 wt.%） promoted oxidation resistance and inhibited the growth of the needlelike oxide. The Ce addition also decreased the formation of MnCr2O4 but promoted the SiO2 formation un-derneath the Cr2O3, which largely contributed to the improvement of oxide scale spallation resistance. For the sample with 0.3 wt.% Ce addi-tion, the oxidation rate significantly increased and the spallation resistance of the oxide scale decreased.

高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆力学与抗冻性能

磷酸镁水泥(MPC)砂浆因其低温下卓越的强度发展潜力和免于蓄热保湿养护的特性,特别适用于高寒地区破损混凝土结构的修补工作。研究采用现场试验的办法,以成型温度、镁磷质量比、养护制度为变量,跟踪不同龄期下不同条件的磷酸镁水泥砂浆的抗折与抗压强度,厘清了高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆力学性能的发展规律。研究又以成型海拔、成型温度、镁磷质量比为变量,以气泡结构和水饱和度为中间指标,以单面盐冻中质量剥蚀和快速冻融循环中相对质量及相对动弹性模量的变化为直接指标,剖析了高海拔地区低温成型磷酸镁水泥砂浆抗冻性能的影响因素。研究结果表明,自然养护相较恒定低温养护对早期强度发展有利,但对后期强度发展有不良影响。低温环境下成型有利于自然养护的磷酸镁水泥砂浆的后期强度。成型海拔、成型温度和镁磷质量比与砂浆的含气量呈负相关,与砂浆的气泡间距系数和水饱和度呈正相关。试验条件下,这三个变量的值越小,砂浆的抗冻性越好。-10℃成型,镁磷质量比为4对砂浆强度最有利;而-10℃成型,镁磷质量比为3对砂浆抗冻性最有利。这些研究成果为高寒地区磷酸镁水泥砂浆的工程应用提供了技术建议与理论支持。

等离子体医学研究进展

大气压非平衡等离子体(atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma,APNP)能够在产生多种活性成分的同时保持较低甚至常温的气体温度,这使得它在生物医学方面有着巨大的应用前景,因此等离子体医学成为一个备受关注的新兴研究领域。自1996年第一篇等离子体医学研究论文发表以来,等离子体医学领域取得了蓬勃的发展,但也面临着一些核心科学问题亟需解决。文中对等离子体医学的研究进展进行了综述,探讨了该领域面临的核心科学问题和等离子体的生物安全性。此外,还简要介绍了等离子体医学在微生物消杀、伤口愈合、癌症治疗、经皮给药和皮肤病治疗等重要应用方面取得的成果。对于制定等离子体医学的标准和规范、建立第三方检测平台以及共享数据库和标准装置等问题,也进行了初步的讨论。最后,对等离子体医学的未来进行了展望。

火星低密度大气条件下超声速降落伞充气过程研究

降落伞充气过程是火星探测器着陆过程中最为关键的环节,该文推导建立了考虑火星稀薄大气环境、超声速工作条件的降落伞充气过程计算流体动力学和结构动力学模型,流场求解采用可压缩流场模型,结构动力学采用伞系统多节点质量阻尼弹簧模型,通过计算得到某时间节点处的流场,将该流场中的压力数据引入伞系统质量阻尼弹簧模型,从而获得下一时间节点的伞衣形状,最后得到充气过程中伞衣形状和流场之间的动态关系,从而模拟了在这种条件下的降落伞充气过程。将仿真计算结果与飞行试验结果进行对比分析,两者的一致性很好,证明了所建立的数学模型的正确性。研究表明:开伞动载达到峰值后有明显的振动,振动频率只与降落伞自身特性有关;伞衣张开的速度呈现出先慢后快的特点;在初始速度相同的情况下,随着大气密度的增加,开伞动载峰值增大;在初始动压相同的情况下,随着大气密度的增加,开伞动载峰值减小。

低气压对水泥基材料性能及水化进程的影响

采用强度试验、X射线衍射仪和综合热分析仪等手段,研究了低气压对水泥基材料性能及水化进程的影响.结果表明:低养护气压延缓了水泥水化进程,水化产物生成量减小,且养护气压越低,影响效果越显著,3~7 d龄期时出现明显的水化平台期;低养护气压下水泥基材料孔隙结构劣化,凝胶孔占比增长幅度最大;养护气压越低,水泥基材料吸水速率越快,吸水量越大;水泥基材料的吸水量、吸水速率及相对吸水率均随着环境气压的降低明显减小.

局部正压通风方法解决采面低氧问题的试验及模拟研究

针对浅埋近距离煤层群工作面易产生低氧现象的难题,以山西某矿3105工作面低氧问题为研究背景,采用理论分析、相似模拟及数值模拟方法进行了研究。分析得出煤层地质条件、工作面通风方式、大气压力变化和自然风压是工作面产生低氧现象的主要原因,并探究了采用局部正压通风方法解决采面低氧问题的可行性。结果表明:采用负压通风时,增加风速不能明显提高工作面上隅角区域的氧气体积分数,仍低于20%;采用局部正压通风时,采场内20%氧气体积分数等值线在通风风速达到1.6 m/s时,与工作面呈平行状态,增加风速能有效提高采面上隅角的氧气体积分数;采用局部正压通风回风巷增阻时,相较于单一的局部正压通风能够在更小的风速条件下解决采面低氧的问题,且一定程度上有利于防范采空区遗煤自然发火。利用COMSOL仿真软件,建立工作面采场气体运移模型,开展了不同通风方法、不同风速条件下的采空区氧气体积分数分布及运移规律研究,数值模拟结果与试验测定结果基本一致。3105工作面现场实践表明,采用局部正压通风回风巷增阻的技术措施能够有效解决工作面低氧问题,工作面上隅角及回风流的氧气体积分数由15%上升到20%以上,并始终保持正常水平,确保了工作面的安全生产。