A method to study interface diffusion of arsenic into a Nb-Ti microalloyed low carbon steel

A novel diffusion couple method was used to investigate the interface diffusion of arsenic into a Nb-Ti microalloyed low carbon steel and its effects on phase transformation at the interface. It is discovered that the content of arsenic has great effect on grain growth and phase transformation at high temperature. When the arsenic content is no more than lwt%, there is no obvious grain growth and no obvious ferrite transitional region formed at the diffusion interface. However, when the arsenic content is no less than 5wt%, the grain grows very rapidly. In addition, the arsenic-enriched ferrite transitional layer forms at the diffusion interface in the hot-rolling process, which results from a slower diffusion rate of arsenic atoms than that of carbon in ferrite.

Abrasive Wear Characteristics of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels for Better Performance of Farm Implements

The low stress abrasion behaviours of heat treated mild, medium carbon and high C - low Cr steels, which are generally used in making farm implements, have been investigated. The simple heat treatment greatly improves the hardness, tensile strength and abrasion resistance of medium carbon and high C - low Cr steels. The results indicate that the material removal during abrasion is controlled by a number of factors, such as hardness, chemical composition, microstructure and heat treatment conditions. The conclusion is that the heat treated high C - low Cr steel and mild steel carburized by using coaltar pitch provide the best hardness and abrasion resistance and thus appear to be the most suitable materials for making agricultural tools.

Metal magnetic memory signals from surface of low-carbon steel and low-carbon alloyed steel

In order to investigate the regularity of metal magnetic signals of ferromagnetic materials under the effect of applied load, the static tensile test of Q235 steel and 18CrNiWA steel plate specimens were conducted and metal magnetic memory signals of specimens were measured during the test process. The influencing factors of metal magnetic memory signals and the relationship between axial applied load and signals were analyzed. The fracture and microstructure of the specimens were observed. The results show that the magnetic signals corresponding to the measured points change linearly approximately with increasing axial load. The microstructure of Q235 steel is ferrite and perlite, whereas that of 18CrNiWA steel is bainite and low-carbon martensite. The fracture of these two kinds of specimens is ductile rupture; carbon content of specimen materials and dislocation glide give much contribution to the characteristics of magnetic curves.

Influence of soaking time in deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-alloy medium-carbon HY-TUF steel

The influence of soaking time in deep cryogenic treatment on the tensile and impact properties of low-alloy medium-carbon HY-TUF steel was investigated in this study. Microstructural studies based on phase distribution mapping by electron backscatter diffraction show that the deep cryogenic process causes a decrease in the content of retained austenite and an increase in the volume fraction of η-carbide with increasing soaking time up to 48 h. The decrease in the content of retained austenite from ~1.23vol% to 0.48vol% suggests an isothermal martensitic transformation at 77 K. The η-type precipitates formed in deep cryogenic-treated martensite over 48 h have the Hirotsu and Nagakura orientation relation with the martensitic matrix. Furthermore, a high coherency between η-carbide and the martensitic matrix is observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The variations in macrohardness, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility with soaking time in the deep cryogenic process show a peak/plateau trend.

PHASE TRANSFORMATION UNIT OF BAINITIC FERRITE AND ITS SURFACE RELIEF IN LOW AND MEDIUM CARBON ALLOY STEELS

The lath-or plate-shaped bainitic ferrite of low and medium carbon alloy steels consists of packets of ferrite sublaths which are composed of many finer and regular ferrite blocks.They are uniform shear growth units of bainitic phase transformation.No carbide is precipitated from them.The bainitic O-carbides are precipitated from γ-α interface or carbon-rich austenite.The mode of arrangement of the units in ferrite sublath packet is in uni-or bi-di- rection.Single surface relief is produced by the accumulation of uniform shear strains with all the ferrite units arranged unidirectionally in a sublath packet,while tent-shaped surface relief is formed by the integration of the uniform shear strains of two groups with ferrite units piling up in two directions and growing face to face;whereas if they grow back to back,the integra- tion will be responsible for invert-tent-shaped surface relief.The interface trace between two groups of ferrite units in a sublath packet is shown as“midrib”.

The micro structure of high carbon low alloy steel for easy drawing

For better processing performance of high carbon low alloy steel wire rod,an investigation about the influence of cementite lamellar spacing on wire 'easy drawing' performance is completed.It is pointed out that too thin cementite lamellar spacing(<80 um) reduces the strain hardening level of wire drawing, and reduce the torsion performance of drawn wire at same time.For the wire or wire rod from industrial production,compared with the micro-structure with troostite,the micro-structure with sorbite or sorbite mixed with pearlite is more suitable to the drawing process with high reduction ratio.

Carbon Equivalent Fundamentals in Evaluating the Weldability of Microalloy and Low Alloy Steels

Understanding the weldability of steel in relation to the use of carbon equivalent is very necessary for the welding industry. The study was poised to unearth the fundamentals of carbon equivalent as applied in evaluating the weldability of steel. The study used a two-stage design approach to address the problem of carbon equivalence weldability of steel, thus, survey and experimental. Two different steels were tested to ascertain their chemical composition which could inform carbon equivalent calculation, and the results revealed microalloy and low alloy steels respectively. In subjecting the microalloy steel to carbon equivalent analyses of the AWS and IIW coefficients;revealed a value (CEV) = 0.11 each, suggesting that this microalloy steel has excellent weldability;no preheating is required. A successful welding operation on this steel does not depend on preheating. Also, the average results of the low alloy steel revealed a value (CEV) = 0.37 and 0.32 respectively, suggesting that this type of steel has very good weldability and may require to preheat. It is recommended that welders have a general idea about the weldability of steel with regard to carbon equivalent calculation. In addition, they should understand the chemical compositions of steels they are dealing with.

Impact property analysis of weld metal and heat-affected zone for low-alloy carbon steel multi-pass welded joint

Welded joint impact performances of low-alloy carbon steel plates welded by full-automatic gas metal arc welding （GMAW） were evaluated. To clarity the effect of impact temperature on impact properties of weld metal （WM） and heat- affected zone （ HAZ）, Charpy V impact tests at different temperatures and fracture surface analysis were carried out. The Charpy V impact energy decreases with the decreasing test temperature both for the WM and HAZ, while the proportion of crystal zone on WM and HAZ impact fracture surface increases with the decreasing test temperature. Research results indicate that the welding defects （void and slag） make the impact energy of WM more scattered and lower than that of HAZ.

Influence of mill scale and rust layer on the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steel in simulated concrete pore solution

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to investigate the influence of mill scale and rust layer on the passivation capability and chloride-induced corrosion behaviors of conventional low-carbon（LC） steel and low-alloy（LA） steel in simulated concrete pore solution. The results show that mill scale exerts different influences on the corrosion resistance of both steels at various electrochemical stages. We propose that the high long-term corrosion resistance of LA steel is mainly achieved through the synergistic effect of a gradually formed compact, adherent and well-distributed Cr-enriched inner rust layer and the physical barrier protection effect of mill scale.

CoNi nanoparticles anchored inside carbon nanotube networks by transient heating:Low loading and high activity for oxygen reduction and evolution

Transitional metal alloy and compounds have been developed as the low cost and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,a high mass loading of these catalysts is commonly needed to achieve acceptable catalytic performance,which could cause such problems as battery weight gain,mass transport blocking,and catalyst loss.We report herein the preparation of fine CoNi nanoparticles(5-6 nm)anchored inside a nitrogendoped defective carbon nanotube network(CoNi@N-DCNT)by a transient Joule heating method.When utilized as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution in alkaline media,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst with a very low mass loading of 0.06 mg cm^(-2) showed excellent bifunctional catalytic performance.For ORR,the onset potential(Eonset)and the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))were 0.92 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs.RHE)and 0.83 V(vs.RHE),respectively.For OER,the potential at the current density(J)of 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(10))was 1.53 V,resulting in an overpotential of 300 mV much lower than that of the commercial RuO_(2) catalyst(320 mV).The potential gap between E_(1/2) and E_(10) was as small as 0.7 V.Considering the low mass loading,the mass activity at E_(10) reached at 123.2 A g^(-1),much larger than that of the RuO_(2) catalyst and literature results of transitional metal-based bifunctional catalysts.Moreover,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst showed very good long-term stability during the ORR and OER test.The excellent bifunctional catalytic performance could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the bimetal alloy.

Development of Low and Middle Carbon Martensite Spring Steel with High Strength and Toughness for Automobile

The conventional middle and high carbon spring steels have some drawbacks in properties, production and application. In order to meet the demands of rapid development of automobile, a new low and middle carbon spring steel 35Si2CrMnVB, C0.34, Sil.66, MnO.80, CrO.67, V0.13, B0.001, P0.011, S0.014 wt.%, has been developed. Comparison between the new spring steel 35Si2CrMnVB and the conventional spring steel 60Si2MnA, C0.61, Si 1.75, MnO.76, P0.021, S0.018 wt.%, shows that the new spring steel has not only high strength, good ductility, good comprehensive mechanical properties, but also low decarbonization tendency, sufficient hardenability and high elastic sag resistance, etc.. The microstructure change in quenched steel caused by the decreasing of carbon contents is detected through metallographic observation, the new low and middle carbon spring steel 35Si2CrMnVB after quenching is composed of almost lath martensite with high dislocation density and only a little martensite with twin structure. It is testified that to develop low carbon spring steel with more excellent properties for automobile is feasible.

青岛海洋环境碳纤维复合材料与低合金钢电偶腐蚀研究

目的 探究碳纤维复合材料在舰船应用时与金属材料的电偶腐蚀问题。方法 针对一种典型舰船用碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料,在青岛海洋大气环境下开展0.5、1、1.5、2 a期的自然曝晒试验,进而采用电化学分析手段考察其与低合金钢的电偶腐蚀效应,结合老化机制探究碳纤维复合材料的老化行为对其与钢电偶腐蚀的影响。结果及结论 在青岛大气环境曝晒不同周期的复合材料试样,开路电位与低合金钢相差较大,存在较高的电偶腐蚀倾向。随曝晒时间的延长,复合材料表面微裂纹不断产生、扩展,导致电化学反应活性点增多,两者电偶电流密度随之增大。在青岛海洋大气环境下暴露2 a后,碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料与低合金钢的电偶电流为0.356 9μA/cm^(2),两者的电偶腐蚀敏感性达到B级。

Q235和Q345材料的异型管弯曲成型质量的仿真研究

由于管坯不同材料的力学特性的差异、热硬化指数、厚向异性系数以及延伸率都不同,使得不同强度钢材在弯曲成型过程中出现各种质量问题。为判断不同材料下不同截面大小的异型管弯曲不同角度成型时对管坯质量的影响,建立了Q235和Q345两种材料弯曲30°~90°的12种工况下的有限元模型。研究结果表明:同一截面尺寸的不同材料,对管坯中面高度缩减率和壁厚减薄率影响规律一致;不同截面尺寸大小的同一材料,其最大中面高度缩减率和最大壁厚减薄率数据相差甚大;临界弯曲角度为60°,超出临界弯曲角度,管坯截面尺寸小且大角度弯曲时,其最大壁厚减薄率呈急速加大趋势,此时严重影响管坯成型质量。

Cathodic reaction mechanisms in CO2 corrosion of low-Cr steels

The cathodic reaction mechanisms in CO2 corrosion of low-Cr steels were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and galvanostatic measurements.Distinct but different dominant cathodic reactions were observed at different p H levels.At the higher p H level(p H>~5),H2 CO3 reduction was the dominant cathodic reaction.The reaction was under activation control.At the lower pH level(pH<~3.5),H+reduction became the dominant one and the reaction was under diffusion control.In the intermediate area,there was a transition region leading from one cathodic reaction to another.The measured electrochemical impedance spectrum corresponded to the proposed cathodic reaction mechanisms.

长裸眼恶性漏失井膨胀管堵漏适用技术

四川盆地天然气井钻井过程中,经常面对长裸眼井段、多压力系统、承压能力要求高的堵漏需求,但已有的化学类堵漏及承压技术无法完全达到承压目标及时效要求。为此,针对四川盆地天然气井恶性井漏问题,研发了高抗挤膨胀管、配套工具及液体体系,开展了管材性能评价及适用边界分析,形成了膨胀管裸眼封堵技术并开展了现场应用。研究结果表明:(1)低碳锰合金化技术、“第三代”Mn-TRIP钢材配方以及高标准的生产制造工艺可大幅提高管材性能,新研制的高抗挤膨胀管胀后冲击韧性≥105 J,抗外挤强度≥20MPa;(2)基于测定的螺纹接头连接效率,参考API标准及J55膨胀管应用边界计算方法,建立了高抗挤膨胀管的适用边界;(3)基于高抗挤膨胀管,结合水力扩眼器、悬砂清砂液及固井水泥浆等,形成了“扩眼—膨胀管下入—膨胀作业—恢复钻进”全过程规范化膨胀管裸眼封堵施工工艺。结论认为:(1)该技术在四川盆地已成功应用8井次,累计作业长度5177.81 m,承压能力达35 MPa以上,均实现了裸眼井段的有效封隔;(2)该技术有望成为解决恶性井漏的有效途径,并可在井身结构拓展、高压盐水封隔及井筒修复等领域进行推广应用。

《通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件》国家标准解读

《通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件》(GB/T 40802-2021)是我国首次制定的通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件的国家标准。介绍了标准的编制背景、技术要求、试验方法、检验规则等相关规定,便于该标准的推广应用。该标准的制定为制造、使用通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件提供了技术保证,有助于推动通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件的标准化,对钢铁、有色金属等行业铸件的选用有积极的指导意义。

Cr和Ni对低碳合金钢微观结构和耐蚀性的影响

为探究Cr和Ni含量对低碳合金钢组织和性能的叠加促进效应,通过SEM、XRD、硬度测试、电化学测试、浸泡试验及XPS测试等方法研究了Cr和Ni含量对低碳合金钢微观结构及其在模拟海水(3.5%NaCl溶液)中耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:同时增加Cr和Ni含量能显著促进钢中形成更多尺寸细小的碳化物Cr_(3)C_(2),进而促进晶粒尺寸减小、马氏体组织细化及增加硬度;同时增加钢中Cr和Ni的含量对钢在模拟海水环境中热力学稳定性、动力学稳定性、抵抗腐蚀损伤能力的提升均大于单独增加Cr或Ni含量的情况;增加钢中Cr的含量能提高NiFe_(2)O_(4)、FeO在腐蚀产物中的占比,增加钢中Ni的含量能提高腐蚀产物中FeCr_(2)O_(4)、FeO的占比,且同时增加钢中的Cr和Ni含量对提高NiFe_(2)O_(4)、FeCr_(2)O_(4)、FeO等占比的促进效果高于单独增加Cr或Ni含量的情况;NiFe_(2)O_(4)、FeCr_(2)O_(4)、FeO越多,腐蚀产物致密性越高,对基体的保护性越好,钢的耐蚀性越高。同时增加钢中的Cr和Ni含量对低碳合金钢微观结构和耐蚀性存在叠加促进效应。

C含量对低合金钢在模拟高湿热海洋大气环境中腐蚀行为的影响

在模拟高湿热海洋大气环境中对0.07C钢和0.09C钢进行周期浸润腐蚀试验;采用电化学测试,结合显微组织观察、腐蚀形貌观察以及腐蚀产物分析,研究了C含量对两种低合金钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:与0.07C钢相比,0.09C钢中的珠光体含量较高且分布不均匀,这提高了材料的点蚀敏感性;C含量对于耐蚀性的影响主要体现在腐蚀中后期,在腐蚀4 d后0.07C钢的腐蚀速率相较于0.09C钢降低约15%,0.07C钢的自腐蚀电位较高,更容易生成具有保护性的钝化膜。