Implementation of broadband low-sidelobe beamforming in time domain

In modern active and passive sonar systems, broadband beamforming for acoustic arrays is widely used to suppress unwanted interference and to detect target signals of interest. A broadband low sidelobe beamforming scheme in time domain is proposed in this paper. The first step of this scheme is to delay the outputs of each element in the acoustic array by a tapped-delay-line (TDL) to accomplish the integer part of the time delay need to form a beam. Then, finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters are used to implement the fractional part of the time delay. The weighting coefficients for all array elements at different frequencies to realize the low sidelobe beams are also implemented with the FIR digital filters. Finally, the outputs of the digital filters are summed up to yield the time domain beam output. The design of low sidelobe beam pattern and that of the FIR digital filters are two crucial technical issues in this beamforming procedure. The low sidelobe beams of each sub-band are designed using the optimized beam synthesis approach based on the principle of MVDR beamforming. An improved adaptive approach are used for the design of FIR digital filters, and the design requirements of these filters were specified by the weights of low sidelobe beams of each sub-band over the broad frequency band. Results of computer simulation for a twelve-element arc array show that the beamforming scheme is very effective in forming low sidelobe broadband beam.

LOW SIDELOBE APERTURE DISTRIBUTION OF MULTI-STEP AMPLITUDE QUANTIZATION WITH PEDESTAL

A low sidelobe aperture design method of multi-step amplitude quantization with pedestal is proposed, and general analysis and formulas are described. The computation results compared with our previous method "Multi-Step Amplitude Quantization(MSAQ)" on peak side-lobe level, aperture efficiency, normalized input power and sidelobe degradation with tolerance are given. It is shown that, under the same conditions, the method presented in this paper is better than the MSAQ.

COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR AN ULTRA-LOW RANGE SIDELOBE PULSE COMPRESSION SCHEME

A canceling range sidelobes scheme has been suggested by Yang Guangzheng, et al.,(1997) this technology is based on the fact that all sidelobe of group correlation function of ideal sets are zero. At first, this paper gives the best ideal sets (i. e. the best biphase code sets whose maximal sidelobe not more than 2) for all code length N≤12, which have been obtained from binary sequences by means of the best codes sieving method suggested by Yang Guangzheng, et al.(1997) Computer simulation for group correlation property of best ideal sets for code length N=12 on various conditions is made. Simulation result shows that the sidelobe level of best ideal set with no weighting is zero, under condition of zero-Doppler shift and has ultra-low sidelobe on Doppler up to 5kHz with no weighting and whose tolerance of phase and amplitude distortion is bigger too.

A New Synthesis Method for Sum and Difference Beam Pattern with Low Sidelobe

A new method for sum and difference beam pattern synthesis with low sidelobe is proposed.In the situation of phase taper weighting,it makes use of Fourier transform pair relationship existing between the array factor and the element excitations and uses a loop iterative way to derive the array element excitations according to given array factor.The iteration does not stop until the array element excitations meet the initial sidelobe requirements.The method overcomes the defects of traditional methods,such as more searching times,larger amount of calculation and poor robustness.In addition,it can also synthesize the low sidelobe pattern in case of element failures.Simulation verifies the effectiveness of the method.

Design of a low-sidelobe-level and wideband dielectric resonator antenna array for 60 GHz millimeter wave communication

A low-sidelobe-level( SLL) and wideband linear dielectric resonator antenna( DRA) array is proposed for 60 GHz millimeter wave communication. The array consists of 10 wideband DRAs which work at 60 GHz and it is fed by a Chebyshev feeding network to get a low SLL. To avoid the influence from the feeding network,a U-shaped substrate and a conformal ground are used,which can separate the DRA array and the feeding network. The parameter analysis and simulated results are presented.

THE LIMITATION OF MUTUAL IMPEDANCE PRECISION TO THE SIDELOBE LEVEL OF ARRAY ANTENNA

Accurate mutual coupling correction is necessary for an array antenna to reach ultra-low sidelobe level.If the mutual impedance or mutual coupling coefficient matrix of an array isperfectly known,theoretically,one can compensate the effects of mutual coupling completelyand realize the desired low sidelobe level.However,the mutual impedance matrix obtainedwhether by calculation or by measurement has limited precision,which limits the effectiveness ofcompensation.This paper deals with the requirements on the precision of mutual impedance forcompensation in ultra-low sidelobe array antennas.The relationship between mutual impedanceerrors and the amplitude and phase errors of an array is derived,by which the relationship betweenthe mutual impedance errors and the sidelobe level is obtained.

高增益低旁瓣宽扇形波束脊形波导缝隙天线阵列设计

提出了一种具有高增益低副瓣的脊形波导缝隙阵列天线,中心工作频率为24.125 GHz,其包括一个八路馈电网络和一个尺寸为400 mm×65 mm的8×40辐射缝隙。通过波束合成方法提取天线阵列的期望激励分布,采用截止模式功率分配器灵活控制功率比。使用三维电磁仿真软件HFSS综合仿真计算,在中心频率处,获得仰角平面上的旁瓣电平(sidelobe level,SLL)和半功率波束宽度(half power beam width,HPBW)分别为-20.9 dB和54.5°、方位角平面上的SLL和HPBW分别为-27.8 dB和2.5°、峰值增益为23.2 dBi,仿真结果与理论分析一致。此天线可以同时实现低旁瓣的宽扇形波束,覆盖较宽的检测范围,并减轻来自其他方向的干扰,具有应用于空中探测、反无人机、气象雷达和成像雷达的潜力。

多模式低副瓣阵列方向图综合方法

本文面向阵列天线低副瓣的实际应用需求,利用空时编码的思路设计加权矢量,分别提出序贯快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)方法、约束方程计算方法和优化函数求解方法,对应多脉冲低副瓣方向图综合时加权矢量时变、不变和奇偶交替变的3种不同工作模式。理论分析和仿真实验表明,序贯FFT和约束方程计算方法均能实现超低副瓣方向图(优于-50 dB),而优化函数求解方法在实现低副瓣的同时仍能保持方向图主瓣的良好性能,避免了传统方向图综合方法无法同时兼顾主副瓣性能的缺点。另外,从计算复杂度、随机幅相误差、干扰抑制等各方面综合分析了不同方法的优缺点,可为实际阵列天线的工程应用提供理论指导和技术参考。

基于脊间隙波导的低副瓣多波束阵列天线设计

为了克服毫米波频段传统多波束阵列天线损耗高、效率低以及等幅激励情况下副瓣电平较高的问题,该文提出了一种基于间隙波导技术的低副瓣多波束阵列天线设计方法。首先,设计了基于巴特勒矩阵的双层多波束馈电网络拓扑结构,将传统巴特勒矩阵的4个输出端口与不等功分器相连,拓展为8个输出端口,实现输出功率的重新分配,以达到低副瓣设计的目的。接着,设计了基于脊间隙波导的双层和单层定向耦合器、交叉结和不等功分器,完成了低副瓣多波束阵列天线的整体设计。最后,进行了天线实物加工和测试,测试与仿真结果较为吻合,副瓣电平得到了有效降低,验证了所提出的低副瓣多波束阵列天线的性能。

Ku波段高增益波导缝隙阵列天线

文章设计了在Ku频段窄边开缝的行波阵波导缝隙天线。首先设计了单根的开槽缝隙天线,其增益可达23.69dB以上,在方位面波束宽度为1.4°,副瓣电平均低于-15dB。64根开槽缝隙天线组阵后能够在4%的带宽内实现增益大于41.88dB,波束宽度在1.4°左右,副瓣电平均低于-13dB。仿真与测试结果均可以表明,该天线能够在Ku波段实现高增益和低副瓣、指向性好,并具有低剖面的优点。

非规则子阵阵列天线仿真与性能分析

文中设计了一种超宽带Vivaldi天线,并对其组成的16×16阵列按照划分设计的最优子阵方案进行仿真。通过均匀加权与低副瓣加权对天线阵列进行了波束偏转分析,从不同频点和偏转角度对波束扫描进行了分析,并仿真分析了天线的差波束及赋形波束,结果良好;同时对子阵级别的扰动进行了敏感度分析,发现在不同相位干扰下,干扰范围越大相位干扰对主瓣波束影响越大,主瓣增益降低和副瓣电平升高越明显,幅度干扰和幅相干扰也有同样结论。实际非规则子阵阵列天线在应用时,子阵级的相位误差在一定范围内对天线的影响不大,幅度误差对天线的整体影响也不大,即子阵级干扰对非规则子阵阵列天线扫描角度的影响不大,但对主波束的影响随干扰范围的增大而增大。本文的仿真分析可为非规则子阵阵列天线的设计和加工提供参考,丰富和拓展非规则子阵阵列天线设计仿真和性能分析领域,节省实际加工和应用的成本。

圆柱共形阵低副瓣波束形成算法研究

相较于传统的平面相控阵雷达,圆柱形相控阵雷达具有探测性能全方位均匀覆盖、波束调度更加灵活等优点,但存在方向图副瓣电平较高的问题。针对该问题,本文研究了基于分步综合法的圆柱阵列低副瓣波束形成方法,通过将圆柱阵的二维低副瓣波束形成问题转化为方位维均匀圆环阵(或均匀圆弧阵)和俯仰维均匀线阵的低副瓣方向图综合问题,实现了圆柱阵的二维低副瓣波束形成的降维处理,将圆柱阵的低副瓣波束图综合问题转化为一维圆环阵(或均匀圆弧阵)的低副瓣方向图综合问题。虚拟干扰法是一种在固定主瓣宽度下实现最低均匀副瓣的波束形成方法,但现有方法存在干扰个数取值模糊的问题,本文提出了一种虚拟干扰法改进算法,利用干扰采样比来确定虚拟干扰个数,解决了算法实施过程中对干扰个数的选取定量化。利用改进后的算法本文仿真实现了一维均匀圆弧阵的低副瓣方向图综合和二维圆柱阵的低副瓣波束图综合,并在此基础上定量分析了在波束指向偏离法向时圆柱阵的二维波束图在方位和俯仰维的恶化情况,计算机仿真结果表明,在圆柱阵波束的方位和俯仰指向左右偏离中心法线20°范围内,采用本方法得到的圆柱阵方位和俯仰维方向图副瓣电平均优于-30 dB。最后,利用圆柱阵实物样机在微波暗室开展了方向图测试实验,实测数据表明,圆柱阵方位和俯仰维方向图的副瓣电平均优于-25 dB。

W波段宽带宽角低副瓣类喇叭天线稀布阵

针对大损耗、制作工艺、T/R组件尺寸与通道数量以及位置等因素带来的W波段宽带宽角低副瓣相控阵天线设计难题,文中设计了一款在80~110 GHz频率范围内的宽带类喇叭天线单元,天线驻波比均小于1.8。在充分考虑T/R组件带来的布阵空间限制下,文中仅通过阵元位置优化设计了64元高增益低副瓣宽带宽角阵列天线,并为该阵列设计了小型低剖面空气波导馈电网络。仿真结果表明,64元稀布阵在䥺SymbolqB@40°波束扫描范围内下增益高于22.6 dB,副瓣电平低于-6.2 dB,各阵元有源驻波比均小于2,证实该阵列天线具有宽带宽角、低副瓣、高增益、结构易于加工实现等优点,应用前景良好。

毫米波宽带低副瓣波导缝隙阵列天线设计

本文提出了一种毫米波宽带低副瓣波导缝隙阵列天线。该天线分为上下两层,利用下层的功分器和反相器使电磁波从上层的辐射波导的两端向中心进行馈电,激励12个非均匀波导缝隙辐射单元。该天线呈中心对称结构,结构紧凑,并使得天线的方向图具有稳定性。在辐射波导中引入二阶短路金属阶梯,并且阵列的辐射单元采用非连续的双层缝隙,拓展了天线的工作带宽。所提出的加载二阶金属阶梯双层缝隙阵列天线的阻抗带宽达到16.3%(35.35~41.55 GHz),峰值增益为16 dBi,工作频带内天线的增益下降低于2.5 dBi,副瓣电平低于−20 dB。

基于粒子采样投影的雷达低旁瓣复合波形设计

非合作无人机机动性强、易被建筑物遮挡,往往具备信号截获能力,给传统雷达探测带来严峻挑战。对此,提出基于粒子采样投影的恒模波形设计方法来获得局部低旁瓣、低截获波形。首先,利用混沌相位编码的随机性构造复合波形,增强波形低截获性能;接着,引入低旁瓣波形设计的数学模型,并转化为多变量交替范数迭代优化问题;进而,借鉴粒子滤波采样思想、交替投影框架,构建粒子集群同步投影、采样更新机制。仿真实验表明,所提算法运算效率高、稳定性强,波形兼具低旁瓣、低截获与多普勒容忍性,与当前流行算法相比具有显著优势。

一种低旁瓣非均匀圆形活塞换能器的设计

针对水声换能器的指向性旁瓣级问题,该文提出了一种低旁瓣非均匀圆形活塞平面水声换能器。该换能器在均匀圆形活塞换能器的基础上,采取去双环分布方法去除均匀圆形活塞换能器部分压电相体积,改变换能器结构,实现了抑制旁瓣的效果。以均匀连续平面活塞阵为基础,该文推导了去双环圆形平面活塞阵指向性函数,并采用Matlab对该指向性函数求解,分析两个环的位置和宽度随换能器指向性最大旁瓣级的变化规律,根据优化结果确定了换能器的最优尺寸。通过有限元仿真分析表明,该去双环圆形活塞换能器指向性最大旁瓣级为-25.3 dB,与均匀圆形活塞换能器相比,最大旁瓣级降低了8.3 dB,实现了旁瓣抑制,有效降低了最大旁瓣级。

切比雪夫馈电网络开口谐振环天线阵列

提出了一种基于切比雪夫馈电网络的13×14开口谐振环天线阵列。该天线阵列由天线单元和切比雪夫馈电网络组成。根据八木天线原理,该天线阵列设计的辐射贴片作为天线单元的引向器,金属地面作为反射器;辐射贴片由开口谐振环结构以及I型谐振结构组成,增强天线单元的辐射能力并提高增益;天线单元的馈电端由圆弧单极子组成,提高调节天线单元阻抗匹配的灵活性;电流矩阵指导非均匀电流分布切比雪夫馈电网络的设计,减小天线阵列的旁瓣;天线单元竖直插入馈电网络的基板,减少带有馈电网络阵列的口径大小。通过实物加工后,测试结果表明,该天线阵列在工作频率点10.1 GHz处实现了22.3 dBi的增益,E面和H面旁瓣电平分别为−16 dB和−17.66 dB,具有高增益、低副瓣的特点。

低副瓣微带天线设计

针对传统低副瓣天线工作带宽窄的问题,设计了一种应用于低副瓣天线阵列设计的新型宽带微带天线单元。通过采用H型槽耦合馈电方法,天线单元工作带宽达到11%以上。同时,为实现天线阵列的宽频带工作特性,对宽带馈电网络进行了专门设计。馈电网络采用串、并结合的馈电方式,利用阻抗变换节实现所需要的天线单元馈电幅相分布。基于所设计的天线单元和馈电网络,设计了一种基于道尔夫-切比雪夫电流分布的C波段微带天线阵,并对天线进行了加工、测试。测试结果表明,所设计的天线具有低副瓣、窄波束、高增益的特性,天线的旁瓣电平抑制大于20 dB。

77GHz全金属车载雷达天线阵列设计

本文设计了一种应用于77GHz的全金属车载雷达天线阵列,天线的辐射单元采用单脊波导开缝的形式,实现了水平极化的辐射模式,并且结构更加紧凑,然后通过调整各个缝隙偏移中心的距离来满足切比雪夫电流分布,使天线在H面方向上的副瓣得以有效降低。天线的馈电部分通过一个一分八的E面不等分功分网络将8个天线辐射单元组成阵列来提高增益,并防止能量泄露,对不等分功分网络的幅度和相位进行优化设计,使其满足天线阵列在E面上的低副瓣需求。仿真结果表明,在所需的76-77GHz频段内|S11|小于-10dB,增益大于24.7dBi,E面和H面的副瓣电平分别优于-25 dB和-20 dB,方向图稳定。所设计的天线阵列结构紧凑,易于加工,在车载应用中具有良好的前景。

一种宽带低剖面高增益低副瓣阵列天线的设计

本文提出了一种工作于22 GHz-29 GHz的宽带低剖面高增益低副瓣阵列天线。天线由64个(8×8)子阵列组成,采用泰勒幅度加权进行非均匀馈电从而实现低副瓣。馈电网络采用悬置带状线结构,可有效降低馈电网络剖面高度;辐射网络采用8条CTS(continuous Transverse Stub)结构等间距排列,能有效降低损耗和实现宽带性能。通过HFSS仿真得到的结果表明,其阻抗带宽为27.5%,最终实现在工作频段范围内反射系数均小于-15 dB,且在E面和H面的副瓣电平均小于-20 dB,整体增益高于24.5 dBi。