Background Low crude protein(CP)formulations with supplemental amino acids(AA)are used to enhance intestinal health,reduce costs,minimize environmental impact,and maintain growth performance of pigs.However,extensive ...Background Low crude protein(CP)formulations with supplemental amino acids(AA)are used to enhance intestinal health,reduce costs,minimize environmental impact,and maintain growth performance of pigs.However,extensive reduction of dietary CP can compromise growth performance due to limited synthesis of non-essential AA and limited availability of bioactive compounds from protein supplements even when AA requirements are met.Moreover,implementing a low CP formulation can increase the net energy(NE)content in feeds causing excessive fat deposition.Additional supplementation of functional AA,coupled with low CP formulation could further enhance intestinal health and glucose metabolism,improving nitrogen utilization,and growth performance.Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of low CP formulations with supplemental AA on the intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs.Methods In Exp.1,90 pigs(19.7±1.1 kg,45 barrows and 45 gilts)were assigned to 3 treatments:CON(18.0%CP,supplementing Lys,Met,and Thr),LCP(16.0%CP,supplementing Lys,Met,Thr,Trp,and Val),and LCPT(16.1%CP,LCP+0.05%SID Trp).In Exp.2,72 pigs(34.2±4.2 kg BW)were assigned to 3 treatments:CON(17.7%CP,meeting the requirements of Lys,Met,Thr,and Trp);LCP(15.0%CP,meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,and Phe);and VLCP(12.8%CP,meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,Phe,His,and Leu).In Exp.3,72 pigs(54.1±5.9 kg BW)were assigned to 3 treatments and fed experimental diets for 3 phases(grower 2,finishing 1,and finishing 2).Treatments were CON(18.0%,13.8%,12.7%CP for 3 phases;meeting Lys,Met,Thr,and Trp);LCP(13.5%,11.4%,10.4%CP for 3 phases;meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,and Phe);and LCPG(14.1%,12.8%,11.1%CP for 3 phases;LCP+Glu to match SID Glu with CON).All diets had 2.6 Mcal/kg NE.Results In Exp.1,overall,the growth performance did not differ among treatments.The LCPT increased(P<0.05)Claudin-1 expression in the duodenum and jejunum.The LCP and LCPT increased(P<0.05)CAT-1,4F2hc,and B0AT expressions in the jejunum.In Exp.2,overall,the VLCP reduced(P<0.05)G:F and BUN.The LCP and VLCP increased(P<0.05)the backfat thickness(BFT).In Exp.3,overall,growth performance and BFT did not differ among treatments.The LCPG reduced(P<0.05)BUN,whereas increased the insulin in plasma.The LCP and LCPG reduced(P<0.05)the abundance of Streptococcaceae,whereas the LCP reduced(P<0.05)Erysipelotrichaceae,and the alpha diversity.Conclusions When implementing low CP formulation,CP can be reduced by supplementation of Lys,Thr,Met,Trp,Val,and Ile without affecting the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs when NE is adjusted to avoid increased fat deposition.Supplementation of Trp above the requirement or supplementation of Glu in low CP formulation seems to benefit intestinal health as well as improved nitrogen utilization and glucose metabolism.展开更多
To reduce nitrogen excretion and lower feeding costs,low crude protein(CP)diets are sometimes pro-posed,however,a great reduction of dietary CP concentration(>4%reduction vs.recommended con-centration),even supplem...To reduce nitrogen excretion and lower feeding costs,low crude protein(CP)diets are sometimes pro-posed,however,a great reduction of dietary CP concentration(>4%reduction vs.recommended con-centration),even supplemented with essential and nonessential amino acids(AA)can detrimentally affect small intestinal barrier function and immunity,possibly due to the excessive lack of peptides.Here we hypothesize that with an extremely low CP concentration diet,protein-derived peptides,rather than AA supplementation,can improve intestinal barrier development and health.To test this hypothesis,21 growing pigs(19.90±1.00 kg body weight)were randomly assigned to 3 treatments with control diet(16%CP),or low CP diets(13%CP)supplemented with AA(LCPA)or casein hydrolysate(LCPC)for 28 days.In comparison with the control diet,the LCPA diet decreased the protein expression level of jejunal barrier factor zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and stem cell proliferation factor leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor-5,whereas the LCPC diet enhanced intestinal barrier function by increasing the protein expression level of jejunal occludin and ZO-1 and ileal mucin-2.The LCPA diet reduced Lactobacillus counts,whereas the LCPC diet increased Lactobacillus counts and reduced Escherichia coli counts in the ileum.The LCPA diet also increased protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6(IL-6)and IL-22,whereas the LCPC diet decreased protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory IL-1β,IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor-αin the ileum.Collectively,the casein hydroly-sate supplementation of low CP diets showed beneficial effects on the small intestinal barrier,bacterial community,and immunity in pigs,pointing to the important role of protein-derived peptides in small intestinal health in cases of low crude protein diets.展开更多
基金funded by USDA-NIFA Hatch Fund(#02893,Washington DC,USA)North Carolina Agricultural Foundation(#660101,Raleigh,NC,USA)+3 种基金Ajinomoto Co.,Inc(Tokyo,Japan)CJ Cheil Jedang Corp.(Seoul,Korea)Daesang Corp(Seoul,Korea)Fellowship to support MLTA from CNPq(Brasilia,Brazil).CNPq 305869/2018-3 to support MLTA。
文摘Background Low crude protein(CP)formulations with supplemental amino acids(AA)are used to enhance intestinal health,reduce costs,minimize environmental impact,and maintain growth performance of pigs.However,extensive reduction of dietary CP can compromise growth performance due to limited synthesis of non-essential AA and limited availability of bioactive compounds from protein supplements even when AA requirements are met.Moreover,implementing a low CP formulation can increase the net energy(NE)content in feeds causing excessive fat deposition.Additional supplementation of functional AA,coupled with low CP formulation could further enhance intestinal health and glucose metabolism,improving nitrogen utilization,and growth performance.Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of low CP formulations with supplemental AA on the intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs.Methods In Exp.1,90 pigs(19.7±1.1 kg,45 barrows and 45 gilts)were assigned to 3 treatments:CON(18.0%CP,supplementing Lys,Met,and Thr),LCP(16.0%CP,supplementing Lys,Met,Thr,Trp,and Val),and LCPT(16.1%CP,LCP+0.05%SID Trp).In Exp.2,72 pigs(34.2±4.2 kg BW)were assigned to 3 treatments:CON(17.7%CP,meeting the requirements of Lys,Met,Thr,and Trp);LCP(15.0%CP,meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,and Phe);and VLCP(12.8%CP,meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,Phe,His,and Leu).In Exp.3,72 pigs(54.1±5.9 kg BW)were assigned to 3 treatments and fed experimental diets for 3 phases(grower 2,finishing 1,and finishing 2).Treatments were CON(18.0%,13.8%,12.7%CP for 3 phases;meeting Lys,Met,Thr,and Trp);LCP(13.5%,11.4%,10.4%CP for 3 phases;meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,and Phe);and LCPG(14.1%,12.8%,11.1%CP for 3 phases;LCP+Glu to match SID Glu with CON).All diets had 2.6 Mcal/kg NE.Results In Exp.1,overall,the growth performance did not differ among treatments.The LCPT increased(P<0.05)Claudin-1 expression in the duodenum and jejunum.The LCP and LCPT increased(P<0.05)CAT-1,4F2hc,and B0AT expressions in the jejunum.In Exp.2,overall,the VLCP reduced(P<0.05)G:F and BUN.The LCP and VLCP increased(P<0.05)the backfat thickness(BFT).In Exp.3,overall,growth performance and BFT did not differ among treatments.The LCPG reduced(P<0.05)BUN,whereas increased the insulin in plasma.The LCP and LCPG reduced(P<0.05)the abundance of Streptococcaceae,whereas the LCP reduced(P<0.05)Erysipelotrichaceae,and the alpha diversity.Conclusions When implementing low CP formulation,CP can be reduced by supplementation of Lys,Thr,Met,Trp,Val,and Ile without affecting the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs when NE is adjusted to avoid increased fat deposition.Supplementation of Trp above the requirement or supplementation of Glu in low CP formulation seems to benefit intestinal health as well as improved nitrogen utilization and glucose metabolism.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(31430082)National Key Basic Research Program of China,973 Program(2013CB127300)
文摘To reduce nitrogen excretion and lower feeding costs,low crude protein(CP)diets are sometimes pro-posed,however,a great reduction of dietary CP concentration(>4%reduction vs.recommended con-centration),even supplemented with essential and nonessential amino acids(AA)can detrimentally affect small intestinal barrier function and immunity,possibly due to the excessive lack of peptides.Here we hypothesize that with an extremely low CP concentration diet,protein-derived peptides,rather than AA supplementation,can improve intestinal barrier development and health.To test this hypothesis,21 growing pigs(19.90±1.00 kg body weight)were randomly assigned to 3 treatments with control diet(16%CP),or low CP diets(13%CP)supplemented with AA(LCPA)or casein hydrolysate(LCPC)for 28 days.In comparison with the control diet,the LCPA diet decreased the protein expression level of jejunal barrier factor zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and stem cell proliferation factor leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor-5,whereas the LCPC diet enhanced intestinal barrier function by increasing the protein expression level of jejunal occludin and ZO-1 and ileal mucin-2.The LCPA diet reduced Lactobacillus counts,whereas the LCPC diet increased Lactobacillus counts and reduced Escherichia coli counts in the ileum.The LCPA diet also increased protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6(IL-6)and IL-22,whereas the LCPC diet decreased protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory IL-1β,IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor-αin the ileum.Collectively,the casein hydroly-sate supplementation of low CP diets showed beneficial effects on the small intestinal barrier,bacterial community,and immunity in pigs,pointing to the important role of protein-derived peptides in small intestinal health in cases of low crude protein diets.
