Low dosages:new chemotherapeutic weapons on the battlefield of immune-related disease

Chemotherapeutic drugs eliminate tumor cells at relatively high doses and are considered weapons against tumors in clinics and hospitals.However,despite their ability to induce cellular apoptosis,chemotherapeutic drugs should probably be regarded more as a class of cell regulators than cell killers,if the dosage used and the fact that their targets are involved in basic molecular events are considered.Unfortunately,the regulatory properties of chemotherapeutic drugs are usually hidden or masked by the massive cell death induced by high doses.Recent evidence has begun to suggest that low dosages of chemotherapeutic drugs might profoundly regulate various intracellular aspects of normal cells,especially immune cells.Here,we discuss the immune regulatory roles of three kinds of chemotherapeutic drugs under low-dose conditions and propose low dosages as potential new chemotherapeutic weapons on the battlefield of immune-related disease.

A new high performance gas hydrate inhibitor

In petroleum exploration and production operations,gas hydrates pose serious flow assurance,economic and safety concerns.Thermodynamic inhibitors are widely used to reduce the risks associated with gas hydrate formation.In the present study,systematic laboratory work was undertaken to determine synergistic effects between methanol and a Poly Vinyl Methyl Ether as Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors（LDHIs）.A valuable effect was discovered at a certain ratio of methanol to the low dosage hydrate inhibitor.

Large-scale manufacturing of functional single-atom ink for convenient glucose sensing

Printing techniques hold great potential in the manufacture of electronics such as sensors,micro-supercapacitors,and flexible electronics.However,developing large-scale functional conductive inks with appropriate rheological properties and active components still remains a challenge.Herein,through optimizing the formulations of ink,iron single sites supported N-doped carbon black(Fe_(1)-NC)inks can serve as both conductive electrodes and high-reactive catalysts to realize convenient glucose detection,which pronouncedly reduces the dosage of enzyme and simplifies the sensors preparation.In detail,utilizing in-situ pyrolysis method,Fe_(1)-NC single-atom catalysts(SACs)are prepared in bulk(dekagram-level).The batched Fe_(1)-NC SACs materials can be uniformly mixed with modulated ink to realize the screen printing with high resolution and uniformity.Also,the whole scalable preparation and ink-functional process can be extended to various metals(including Co,Ni,Cu,and Mn).The introduction of highly active Fe_(1)-NC sites reduces the amount of enzyme used in glucose detection by at least 50%,contributing to the cost reduction of sensors.The strategy in harnessing the SACs onto the carbon inks thus provides a broad prospect for the low-cost and large-scale printing of sensitive sensing devices.