Studies on Reducing Nitrogen Excretion: Ⅰ. Net Energy Requirement of Finishing Pigs Maximizing Performance and Carcass Quality Fed Low Crude Protein Diets Supplemented with Crystalline Amino Acids

Two experiments were conducted to in- vestigate the effects of net energy （NE） level on the performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs fed low crude protein （CP） diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids （CAA）. A total of 216 （Exp. 1） and 360 （Exp. 2 ） barrows （ Yorkshire × Landrace× Duroc ） were allotted to one of six treatments （n =6）. The experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal, and consisted of a high-CP diet that contained approximately 16% CP and 2.50 Mcal/kg of NE as well as five low-CP diets in which the CP level of the diet was reduced by approximately four percentage units but was supplemented with crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. The low CP diets provided 2.64, 2.58, 2.50, 2.42, or 2.36 Mcal/kg in Exp. 1 as well as 2.45, 2.40, 2.35, 2.30, or 2.25 Mcai/kg in Exp.2. In Exp. 1, a linear （P=0.03） increase in weight gain was observed with decreasing NE level while the ratio of gain to feed was unaffect- ed （P 〉 0.05） by NE level. There was a linear in-crease （P = 0.01 ） in the percentage of fat-free lean and a linear decrease （ P = 0.03 ） in the percentage of total fat with decreasing NE levels. In Exp. 2, a sig- nificant quadratic （ P = 0.03 ） effect of NE level was observed for weight gain. The ratio of gain to feed demonstrated a significant （P 〈0.01 ） quadratic effect with pigs fed 2.35 and 2.40 Mcal/kg of NE, Pigs fed the diet containing 2.40 Mcal/kg of NE had the lowest percentage of total fat （36. 95% ） and the highest percentage of fat-free lean （49.36%）. The overall results of these experiments indicate that feed- ing either a surplus or a deficiency of NE is detrimen- tal to both pig performance and carcass composition when low CP diets supplemented with CAA are fed. Our results indicate that when the CP content of the diet is reduced by four percentage units and the diet is properly supplemented with CAA, maximum per- formance and carcass quality will be obtained if the diet provides approximately 2.42 Mcal/kg of NE.

Effects of Low Protein Diets Supplemented with Ami-no Acids on Production Performance,Carcass Qual-ity and Input-output Ratio of Pigs

[ Objectives ] To study the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids on the production performance, carcass quality and input-output ratio of fattening pigs and growing-finishing pigs. [ Methods] Two studies were conducted on fattening pigs and growing pigs respectively. Pigs in two experimental groupswere fed with low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids and normal diets respectively, and the initial weight, final weight, feed consumption and car- cass index of the tested pigs were measured. [ Results] The average final weight of fattening pigs in test group was 2.4 kg lower than that in control group, while the difference was not significant （P 〉 0.05 ）. The average daily gain of fattening pigs in test group was 60 g lower than that in control group, indicating that low protein diets had a tendency to decrease the growth rate （P 〉 0.05 ）, and reduction of daily weight gain in low protein diet pigs reached 7.6%. The development of pigs in low protein diet group was poor, however, the difference was not significant. Carcass backfat thickness in low-protein diet group was slightly higher than that in control group, the difference was significant （ P 〈 0.05 ）. There was no significant difference in input-output ratio between low-protein diet group and control group. Finalweight of growing-finishing pigs in low-protein diet group was 3.22 % lower than that in control group, the average daily weight gainwas 6.91% lower than that in control group, feed intake in test group was 5.48% lower than that in control group, and difference between the two treatments was significant （P 〈 0.05 ）. Feed meat ratio in low-protein diet group improved, however, the difference was not significant（P 〉0.05）. [ Conclusions] Production performance of the pigs would be decreasedand the input-output ratio could not be improvedwhen the adding contents of crude protein in diets was reduced 3% -4%. Therefore, it is recommended that the crude protein level should be enough when pigs were fed with low-protein diets.

Low-protein diets supplemented with casein hydrolysate favor the microbiota and enhance the mucosal humoral immunity in the colon of pigs

Background:High-protein diets can increase the colonic health risks.A moderate reduction of dietary crude-protein(CP)level can improve the colonic bacterial community and mucosal immunity of pigs.However,greatly reducing the dietary CP level,even supplemented with all amino acids(AAs),detrimentally affects the colonic health,which may be due to the lack of protein-derived peptides.Therefore,this study evaluated the effects of supplementation of casein hydrolysate(peptide source)in low-protein(LP)diets,in comparison with AAs supplementation,on the colonic microbiota,microbial metabolites and mucosal immunity in pigs,aiming to determine whether a supplementation of casein hydrolysate can improve colonic health under very LP level.Twenty-one pigs(initial BW 19.90±1.00 kg,63±1 days of age)were assigned to three groups and fed with control diet(16%CP),LP diets(13%CP)supplemented with free AAs(LPA)or casein hydrolysate(LPC)for 4 weeks.Results:Compared with control diet,LPA and LPC diet decreased the relative abundance of Streptococcus and Escherichia coli,and LPC diet further decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria.LPC diet also increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri.Both LP diets decreased concentrations of ammonia and cadaverine,and LPC diet also reduced concentrations of putrescine,phenol and indole.Moreover,LPC diet increased total short-chain fatty acid concentration.In comparison with control diet,both LP diets decreased protein expressions of Toll-like receptor-4,nuclear factor-κB,interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α,and LPC diet further decreased protein expressions of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein-1 and interferon-γ.LPC diet also increased protein expressions of G-protein coupled receptor-43,interleukin-4,transforming growth factor-β,immunoglobulin A and mucin-4,which are indicators for mucosal defense activity.Conclusions:The results showed that supplementing casein hydrolysate showed beneficial effects on the colonic microbiota and mucosal immunity and barrier function in comparison with supplementing free AAs in LP diets.These findings may provide new framework for future nutritional interventions for colon health in pigs.

Apoptosis induced by a low-carbohydrate and high-protein diet in rat livers

AIM: To determine whether high-protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diets can cause lesions in rat livers.METHODS: We randomly divided 20 female Wistar rats into a control diet group and an experimental diet group. Animals in the control group received an AIN-93 M diet, and animals in the experimental group received an Atkins-based diet(59.46% protein, 31.77% fat, and 8.77% carbohydrate). After 8 wk, the rats were anesthetized and exsanguinated for transaminases analysis, and their livers were removed for flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and light microscopy studies. We expressed the data as mean ± standard deviation(sd) assuming unpaired and parametric data; we analyzed differences using the student's t-test. statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.RESULTS: We found that plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. According to flow cytometry, the percentages of nonviable cells were 11.67% ± 1.12% for early apoptosis, 12.07% ± 1.11% for late apoptosis, and 7.11% ± 0.44% for non-apoptotic death in the experimental diet group and 3.73% ± 0.50% for early apoptosis, 5.67% ± 0.72% for late apoptosis, and 3.82% ± 0.28% for non-apoptotic death in the control diet group. The mean percentage of early apoptosis was higher in the experimental diet group than in the control diet group. Immunohistochemistry for autophagy was negative in both groups. sinusoidal dilation around the central vein and small hepatocytes was only observed in the experimental diet group, and fibrosis was not identified by hematoxylin-eosin or Trichrome Masson staining in either group.CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of an experimental diet resulted in cellular and histopathological lesions in rat livers. Apoptosis was our principal finding; elevated plasma transaminases demonstrate hepatic lesions.

Effects of Low Protein Diets on Nutrient Digestibility and Excretion in Finishing Pigs

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of low protein diets on nutrient digestibility and excretion of finishing pigs. For the 30-d trial,fortytwo duroc × landrace × yorkshire( DLY) finishing pigs with the initial weight of( 91. 13 ± 1. 64) kg were randomly divided into two groups,with three replicates in each group. The pigs in the two groups were fed with different crude protein( CP) levels( control groups: 15. 49% and low protein groups: 12. 59%). The results showed that:( 1) The digestibility of dry matter and crude fat( CF) in low protein groups were increased significantly( P < 0. 01),but there were no significant differences in digestibility among CP,calcium( Ca) and phosphorus( P);( 2) The digestibility of arginine( Arg) in low protein groups were 2. 02%( P <0. 05) lower than that in control groups. However,the digestibility of other amino acid were no difference between two groups;( 3) The nitrogen( N) excretion in low protein groups was 23. 96%( P < 0. 05) lower than that in control groups,but there were no significant differences in excretion among organic matter,P and Ca( P > 0. 05). The results showed that 2. 9% reduction of the CP in diets could improve nutrient digestibility and reduce the excretion of N,but reduced the digestibility of Arg.

Idiopathic Reactive Hypoglycemia: Mechanisms of Onset and Remission with High Protein Low Carbohydrate Diet

Objective: Idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia is defined as early postprandial hypoglycemia occurring on ingestion of high carbohydrate containing meal. Remission ensues with high protein low carbohydrate diet. This study assessed roles of insulin and glucagon in its onset and remission. Methods: Plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were determined after an overnight fast and repeatedly until 180 minutes on ingestion of 3 meals;100 g glucose;100 g pure protein liquid and mixture of 50 g each at 14 days’ interval. Five adults with IRH and 6 age matched healthy volunteers participated. Results: In IRH, glucose ingestion induced prompt rise in glucose (5.1 ± 0.8 to10.5 ± 1.2 mM/L) followed later by hypoglycemia (2.6 ± 0.4 mM/L). Insulin rose from 7 ± 2 to 90 ± 18 mU/L. Glucagon rose initially (10% ± 2%) from elevated basal concentration (373 ± 57 mU/L) followed by later decline (-43% ± 12%). On protein ingestion, glucose declined followed by a restoration to basal level while both insulin and glucagon rose (28 ± 6 mU/L;148% ± 38%, p < 0.01). However, insulin response was lower and glucagon rise was greater when compared to responses on glucose ingestion (p < 0.01). With mixed meal, glucose (8.2 ± 0.6 mM/L), insulin (65 ± 12 mU/L) and glucagon (48% ± 7%) responses were lesser than rises following glucose ingestion (p < 0.05) and hypoglycemia did not occur. Conclusion: In IRH, initial hyperglycemia on glucose ingestion may be exacerbated by paradoxical glucagon rise and hypoglycemia may be induced by increased insulin and declining glucagon responses. Resolution of hypoglycemia with high protein low carbohydrate diet may be attributed to blunting of insulin response and concurrent glucagon rise.

Maternal low protein diet and fetal programming of lean type 2 diabetes

Maternal nutrition is found to be the key factor that determines fetal health in utero and metabolic health during adulthood.Metabolic diseases have been primarily attributed to impaired maternal nutrition during pregnancy,and impaired nutrition has been an immense issue across the globe.In recent years,type 2 diabetes(T2D)has reached epidemic proportion and is a severe public health problem in many countries.Although plenty of research has already been conducted to tackle T2D which is associated with obesity,little is known regarding the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D,a variant of T2D.Recent studies have focused on the effects of epigenetic variation on the contribution of in utero origins of lean T2D,although other mechanisms might also contribute to the pathology.Observational studies in humans and experiments in animals strongly suggest an association between maternal low protein diet and lean T2D phenotype.In addition,clear sex-specific disease prevalence was observed in different studies.Consequently,more research is essential for the understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D,which might help to develop better disease prevention and treatment strategies.This review examines the role of protein insufficiency in the maternal diet as the central driver of the developmental programming of lean T2D.

Effect of low protein diet combined with drug therapy on renal function and oxidation - anti-oxidation balance in patients with diabetic nephropathy

Objective:To study the effect of low protein diet combined with drug therapy on renal function and oxidation - anti-oxidation balance in patients with diabetic nephropathy.Methods: Patients with diabetic nephropathy who were treated in the Second People's Hospital of Deyang City between July 2014 and March 2017 were collected, retrospectively analyzed and then divided into two groups according to the application of low protein diet intervention or not, observation group received low protein diet combined with drug therapy, and control group accepted routine drug therapy. The contents of renal function indexes, oxidative products and antioxidant indexes in serum as well as the expression of podocyte injury markers in urine were measured before treatment and 3 months after treatment.Results: 3 months after treatment, BUN, Scr, CysC, Hcy, MDA and AOPP contents in serum as well asα-actinin-4, ZO-1, nephrin and podocinde mRNA expression in urine of both groups were lower than those before treatment whereas CAT, SOD and T-AOC contents in serum were higher than those before treatment, and BUN, Scr, CysC, Hcy, MDA and AOPP contents in serum as well asα-actinin-4, ZO-1, nephrin and podocinde mRNA expression in urine of observation group were lower than those of control group whereas CAT, SOD and T-AOC contents in serum were higher than those of control group.Conclusion:Low protein diet combined with drug therapy can improve the renal function and the oxidation - anti-oxidation balance in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Effect of low-protein diet with supplementing different levels of DL-methionine on production performance of minks in growing-furring period

A study was conducted to evaluate production performance of minks in growing-furring period with supplementing DL-Methinnine （Met） in low protein diet. Seventy healthy male minks were randomly divided into five groups of 14 minks each. The minks were fed in five kinds of experiment diets （HP, LP, LP＋M1, LP＋M2 and LP＋M3）. The dietary protein levels, expressed as percentage of dry matter （DM）, were 32% （high protein, HP） and 24% （low protein, LP）. LP was supple- mented with Met 0.4% （M1）, 0.8% （M2） and 1.2% （M3） DM. From mid of September to December 10, apparent digestibility of CP （crude pro- tein）, N intake and urinary N excretion were decreased with declining dietary protein levels （p 〈 0.05） and N retained was the highest in treat- ment LP＋M2. No significant difference was found in total serum protein （TP） and serum urea nitrogen （SUN） among all treatment groups （p 〉 0.05）. Skin length of treatment HP and LP^M2 was higher than that of other groups （p 〈 0.05）. Body length, skin weight, length of guard hair and under hair were not affected by different dietary protein levels （p〉0.05）. The best performance could be observed in treatment LP＋M2. In diet, 24% （DM） protein level with 1.54% Met supplementing was enough for minks during growing-farring period. Dietary protein lowered from 32% to 24% with supplementing Met in diets would result in a37.9% decrease in urinary N excretion. Furthermore, addition of Met in diets for minks would be beneficial in terms of reducing feed expenses and lessening nitrogen emissions to the environment.

The optimal dietary arginine level of laying hens fed with low-protein diets

Background:Arginine(Arg)is an essential amino acid(EAA)in poultry,an important substrate for protein synthesis and a precursor of several molecules.Supplementation of EAAs with low protein(LP)diet increases the utilization efficiency of dietary crude protein(CP).However,if the EAA requirement is changed in hens fed a LP diet remains to be elucidated.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the optimal level of dietary Arg in the LP diet of hens.A total of 1350 Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments:a basal diet(16%CP,positive control),or an isoenergetic LP diet(14%CP,0.80%Arg)supplemented 0,0.05%,0.10%,0.15%,and 0.20%L-Arg,corresponding to 0.80%,0.85%,0.90%,0.95%and 1.00%dietary Arg,respectively.Results:The feed efficiency was decreased(P<0.05)by 0.80%and 1.00%Arg-LP diets,compared to control.Within LP diets,dietary Arg level had significant quadratic effects(P<0.05)on laying rate,egg mass,and feed efficiency.Compared to control,the plasma CAT activity or T-AOC content were decreased by 0.80%(P<0.001).However,the hens offered 0.85%and 0.90%Arg-LP diets had higher CAT activity(P<0.001)than 0.80%Arg-LP diet.In contrast,1.00%Arg-LP group had the highest MDA and the lowest T-AOC content in plasma,liver,duodenal and jejunal mucosa(P<0.05).Compared to control,the villus height was decreased by 0.80%,0.95%and 1.00%Arg-LP diets,while the villus height to crypt depth(V/C)ratio was reduced by 0.95%and 1.00%Arg-LP diets in duodenum.Conclusion:The result demonstrates that LP diet(14%CP)deficient in Arg(0.80%Arg)result in augmented oxidative damage and impaired development of intestinal mucosa.According to the quadratic broken-line regression model,the optimal dietary arginine levels for Hy-Line Brown laying hens fed with low protein diet(14%CP)aged 33 to 40 weeks are 0.85%,0.86%,and 0.86%to obtained the maximum laying rate,egg mass,and feed efficiency,respectively.

Analysis of Overall Popularization of Low-Protein Diet

The shortage of protein feed resources and environmental pollution restrict the healthy and sustainable development of breeding industry,so it is imperative to promote low protein diet. Based on the current industry trends and national policies, this paper analyzes the background con-ditions, significance and specific measures of popularizing low-protein diets, in order to provide policy, theoretical and technical support for the im-plementation of low-protein diets throughout the year.

Effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs

Background:This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on the growth performance,carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs.Forty-two barrows(25.00±0.39 kg)were randomly assigned to 7 diets.Diet 1:the high crude protein diet with balanced for 10 essential amino acids(EAAs).Diet 2:the medium crude protein diet with 2%(approx)decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs.Diet 3:the low crude protein diet with 4%decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs.The protein levels of Diet 4,5,6 and 7 were the same as that of Diet 3.Diet 4 was only balanced for lysine(Lys),methionine(Met),threonine(Thr)and tryptophan(Trp);Diet 5 and 6 were further supplemented with extra isoleucine(Ile)or valine(Val),respectively;Diet 7 was further supplemented with extra Ile+Val.Results:Over the 112 days trial,the reduction of dietary protein by 2%or 4%with balanced10 EAAs significantly decreased nitrogen excretion(P<0.05),but had no effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics(P>0.05).In low protein diet,Val supplementation significantly increased body weight gain at 25–50 kg phase(P<0.05),while Ile supplementation at 75–100 kg phase and 100–125 kg phase significantly reduced the ratio of feed to gain(P<0.05).No effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on carcass characteristics was observed(P>0.05).The total N excretion of pigs supplemented with only Lys,Met,Thr and Trp was numerically higher than that of pigs fed with extra Ile,or Val,or Ile+Val diets.Conclusion:In low protein diet,Val is more required than Ile in the early growing phage(25–50 kg),while Ile becomes more required in the late growing and finishing phage(75–125 kg).

Long-term effects of early antibiotic intervention on blood parameters,apparent nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial fermentation profile in pigs with different dietary protein levels

Backgroud： This study aimed to determine the effects of early antibiotic intervention（EAI） on subsequent blood parameters, apparent nutrient digestibility, and fecal fermentation profile in pigs with different dietary crude protein（CP） levels. Eighteen litters of piglets（total 212） were randomly allocated to 2 groups and were fed a creep feed diet with or without in-feed antibiotics（olaquindox, oxytetracycline calcium and kitasamycin） from postnatal d 7 to d 42. On d 42, the piglets within the control or antibiotic group were mixed, respectively, and then further randomly assigned to a normal-（20%, 18%, and 14% CP from d 42 to d 77, d 77 to d 120, and d 120 to d 185,respectively） or a low-CP diet（16%, 14%, and 10% CP from d 42 to d 77, d 77 to d 120, and d 120 to d 185,respectively）, generating 4 groups. On d 77（short-term） and d 185（long-term）, serum and fecal samples were obtained for blood parameters, microbial composition and microbial metabolism analysis.Results： EAI increased（P 〈 0.05） albumin and glucose concentrations in low-CP diet on d 77, and increased（P 〈 0.05） urea concentration in normal-CP diet. On d 185, EAI increased（P 〈 0.05） globulin concentration in normal-CP diets, but decreased glucose concentration. For nutrient digestibility, EAI increased（P 〈 0.05）digestibility of CP on d 77. For fecal microbiota, the EAI as well as low-CP diet decreased（P 〈 0.05） E. coli count on d 77. For fecal metabolites, on d 77, EAI decreased（P 〈 0.05） total amines concentration but increased skatole concentration in low-CP diet. On d 185, the EAI increased（P 〈 0.05） putrescine and total amines concentrations in low-CP diets but reduced（P 〈 0.05） in the normal-CP diets. The low-CP diet decreased the concentrations of these compounds.Conclusions： Collectively, these results indicate that EAI has short-term effects on the blood parameters and fecal microbial fermentation profile. The effects of EAI varied between CP levels, which was characterized by the significant alteration of glucose and putrescine concentration.

Dietary branched-chain amino acids modulate the dynamics of calcium absorption and reabsorption in proteinrestricted pigs

Background:Very low-protein(VLP)diets negatively impact calcium(Ca)metabolism and absorption.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental branched-chain amino acids(BCAA)and limiting amino acids(LAA)on Ca digestibility,absorption and reabsorption in pigs fed with VLP diets.Forty-eight piglets were assigned to six treatments:positive control(PC),negative control(NC),and NC containing LAA 25%,LAA 50%,LAA+BCAA 25%(LB25)and LAA+BCAA 50%(LB50)more than recommendations.Results:Relative to PC or NC,LB25 and LB50 had higher digestibility of Ca and plasma Ca and phosphorus(P),but lower plasma vitamin D3.LB50 tended to increase vitamin D receptor transcript and protein in the gut,but decreased mRNA or protein abundance of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor(PTH1R),calbindin 1(CALB1),cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 and occludin in small intestine.LB50 increased the transcript of cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 and PTH1R but decreased the transcript of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5,CALB1 and solute carrier family 17 member 4 in kidney.Conclusion:Overall,BCAA increased Ca digestibility through regulating the transcellular and paracellular Ca absorption in the gut and reabsorption in kidney during protein restriction.

Effect of dietary near ideal amino acid profile on heat production of lactating sows exposed to thermal neutral and heat stress conditions

Background:Reduced protein diet manifested potential to mitigate heat production based on the concept of ideal amino acid profile.The hypothesis of this study was that lactating sows fed a low crude protein(LCP)diet with supplemental amino acid produce less heat compared to those fed a high crude protein(HCP)diet under both thermal neutral(TN)and heat stress(HS)conditions.Methods:Thirty-two lactating sows were allotted to HCP(193 g CP/kg)and LCP(140 g CP/kg)diets under thermal neutral(TN,21±1.5°C)or cycling heat stress(HS,32±1.5°C daytime and 24±1.5°C nighttime)conditions.Diets contained 0.90%SID lysine and 10.8 MJ/kg net energy.Positive pressure indirect calorimeters were used to measure gas exchange in individual sows with litters,and individual piglets on days 4,8,14 and 18.Sow and litter weights were recorded on days 1,10 and 21.Results:Sow total heat production(THP)was calculated by subtracting litter THP from sow+litter THP based on BW0.75.Sow BW and body protein(BP)loss was greater for LCP diet compared to HCP diet in peak lactation(P<0.05 and P<0.01,respectively)and throughout the entire lactation period(P<0.05 and P=0.056,respectively)under HS conditions.Heat-stressed sows fed HCP diet had higher(P<0.05)rectal temperature at 13:00(P<0.05)and 19:00(P<0.01),and higher respiration rate at 07:00(P<0.05),13:00(P<0.05)and 19:00(P<0.05)compared to TN sows fed HCP diet.In sows fed LCP diet,those under HS tended to have higher(P=0.098)rectal temperature at 13:00 and had higher(P<0.05)respiration rate at 07:00,13:00 and 19:00 compared to TN sows.The relationship between daily THP and days in lactation of sows fed LCP diet was quadratic(P<0.05),with an ascending trend until day 14 and a descending trend from days 14 to 18.Sows fed LCP diet had lower daily THP at day 18(P<0.001)compared to those fed the HCP diet under HS conditions.Conclusion:Reduction in THP in sows fed LCP diet was largely associated with THP on day 18 of lactation under HS conditions.Feeding LCP diets alleviated the increased body temperature in sows under HS conditions throughout lactation,which was accompanied by a reduction in respiration rate.Total heat production is associated with days in lactation,in particular under HS conditions with THP appearing to peak between days 14 and 18.

Dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy may explain changes in body composition after spinal cord injury: A retrospective case report

BACKGROUND Reduced level of physical activity,high-fat diet and skeletal muscle atrophy are key factors that are likely to contribute to deleterious changes in body composition and metabolic following spinal cord injury (SCI).Reduced caloric intake with lowering percentage macronutrients of fat and increasing protein intake may likely to improve body composition parameters and decrease ectopic adiposity after SCI.AIM To highlight the effects of dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on body composition after SCI METHODS A 31-year-old male with T5 SCI was administered transdermal TRT daily for 16 wk.Caloric intake and percentage macronutrients were analyzed using dietary recalls.Magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used to measure changes in body composition.RESULTS Caloric intake and fat percentage were reduced by 445 kcal/d and 6.5%,respectively.Total body weight decreased by 8%,body fat decreased by 29%,and lean mass increased by 7%.Thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue cross-sectional area was reduced by 31%.CONCLUSION Manipulation of caloric intake,fat percentage,and protein percentage may have influenced body composition after SCI.

低蛋白质饲粮中添加益生菌对育肥猪生长性能、粪便菌群组成和代谢组特征的影响

本试验旨在探讨低蛋白质饲粮中添加益生菌对育肥猪生长性能、粪便菌群组成和代谢组特征的影响。选取平均体重为(80.56±0.45)kg的长×大育肥猪90头,随机分为3组,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,每组3圈(重复),每圈10头(阉公猪与母猪各占1/2)。对照组饲喂含14%蛋白质的常规蛋白质饲粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂含12%蛋白质的低蛋白质饲粮,试验Ⅱ组饲喂添加益生菌的低蛋白质饲粮(每千克低蛋白质饲粮中含2.0×10^(9)CFU乳酸菌和2.0×108CFU酿酒酵母)。预试期5 d,正试期42 d。结果显示:1)与对照组和试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组的平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。2)与对照组和试验Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅰ组粪便中颤螺菌目、毛螺菌目、毛螺菌科、瘤胃球菌科、UCG-005、粪杆菌属、小杆菌属和福涅氏菌属的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),解纤维素菌属的相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组粪便中毛螺菌目、乳杆菌目和毛螺菌科的相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)试验Ⅰ组与对照组、试验Ⅱ组与对照组以及试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅱ组粪便样品间分别发现9、37和41种差异代谢物;不同组间差异代谢物的KEGG通路富集分析显示共有27条富集通路;与对照组和试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组粪便中5-羟基吲哚乙酸的表达量显著升高(P<0.05),肾上腺素的表达量显著降低(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组粪便中N-乙酰-L-苯丙氨酸的表达量显著低于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组粪便中L-谷氨酰胺、D-葡萄糖醛酸的表达量显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组粪便中总支链脂肪酸、总短链脂肪酸、氨氮和粪臭素含量显著减少(P<0.05);与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组粪便中乙酸含量显著减少(P<0.05),丁酸含量显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,在低蛋白质饲粮中添加益生菌(乳酸菌和酿酒酵母)可改善育肥猪的肠道菌群结构及其代谢物表达,减少粪便中总短链脂肪酸、氨氮和粪臭素含量,提高育肥猪的平均日增重和饲料转化效率。

典型饲用氨基酸的太赫兹光谱检测与密度泛函理论指认分析

为探索用于畜禽饲喂低蛋白日粮的典型氨基酸太赫兹波段指纹特性及其与分子结构相关性,本文基于太赫兹时域光谱技术和密度泛函理论(DFT)对蛋氨酸等6种饲用氨基酸开展了实验测量和理论振动计算分析。首先,制备了氨基酸实验样本,测量了它们在0.5~2.0 THz的太赫兹吸收光谱,发现:蛋氨酸在1.48和1.54 THz、赖氨酸在0.95和1.67 THz、色氨酸在1.2和1.4 THz、苏氨酸在1.42 THz、组氨酸在1.4 THz、异亮氨酸在1.41和1.51 THz处呈现明显吸收特性;然后,利用GaussView软件构建了6种氨基酸单分子结构,应用DFT理论的B3LYP杂化泛函方法,结合6-311G(d,p)基组优化结构,计算获得其太赫兹波段的频谱特征,发现:蛋氨酸在1.51 THz、赖氨酸在0.89和1.68 THz、色氨酸在0.67和1.39 THz、苏氨酸在1.4 THz、组氨酸在1.4 THz、异亮氨酸在1.56和1.75 THz处有一定吸收,与实际实验测量吸收峰位基本吻合;最后,利用Gaussian软件分析了6种氨基酸在0.5~2.0 THz波段各吸收峰处的振动模式,发现:蛋氨酸1.51 THz处吸收峰源自其甲基团的面内摇摆振动;赖氨酸0.89和1.68 THz处吸收峰源自其羧基官能团的旋转和氨基官能团的面内摇摆振动;色氨酸1.39 THz处吸收峰源自其羧基官能团的面外弯曲振动;苏氨酸1.4 THz处吸收峰源自其羧基官能团的面外弯曲和氨基官能团的面内摇摆振动;组氨酸1.4 THz处吸收峰源自其氨基官能团的面内摇摆和整体摇摆振动;异亮氨酸1.56 THz处吸收峰源自其甲基团和氨基官能团的整体摇摆和羧基官能团的面外摇摆振动、1.75 THz处吸收峰源自其甲基团的整体摇摆和羧基官能团的面外摇摆振动。该研究为利用太赫兹光谱技术开展典型饲用氨基的快速定性定量研究提供理论参考。

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮添加谷氨酸对断奶仔猪生长性能、血液抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

试验旨在研究较大幅度降低饲粮粗蛋白质(CP)水平,平衡必需氨基酸并添加谷氨酸对断奶仔猪生长性能、血液抗氧化和免疫指标的影响。试验选用144头杜长大杂交仔猪,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复8头猪,试验期16 d。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲粮CP水平为21.16%,Ⅱ组饲粮CP水平为15.97%,补充必需氨基酸(EAA)赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)、苏氨酸(Thr)、色氨酸(Trp)、缬氨酸(Val)和异亮氨酸(Ile),Ⅲ组为Ⅱ组+谷氨酸(Glu)。结果表明,仔猪平均日增重(ADG)Ⅱ组显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组仔猪腹泻率显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组极显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。Ⅲ组血浆总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。血浆免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组血浆IL-10含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。综上,断奶后饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡并添加谷氨酸的饲粮能够提高断奶仔猪生长性能、减少腹泻、增强机体抗氧化和免疫功能。