Application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology to carbon capture,utilization and storage:A review

Carbon capture,utilization and storage (CCUS) is considered as a very important technology for mitigating global climate change.Carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into an underground reservoir will induce changes in its physical properties and the migration of CO2 will be affected by many factors.Accurately understanding these changes and migration characteristics of CO2 is crucial for selecting a CCUS project site,estimating storage capacity and ensuring storage security.In this paper,the basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies are briefly introduced in the context of laboratory experiments related to CCUS.The types of NMR apparatus,experimental samples and testing approaches applied worldwide are discussed and analyzed.Then two typical NMR core analysis systems used in CCUS field and a self-developed high-pressure,low-field NMR rock core flooding experimental system are compared.Finally,a summary of the current deficiencies related to NMR applied to CCUS field is given and future research plans are proposed.

Performance study of aluminum shielded room for ultra-low-field magnetic resonance imaging based on SQUID： Simulations and experiments

The aluminum shielded room has been an important part of ultra-low-field magnetic resonance imaging(ULF MRI)based on the superconducting quantum interference device(SQUID). The shielded room is effective to attenuate the external radio-frequency field and keep the extremely sensitive detector, SQUID, working properly. A high-performance shielded room can increase the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and improve image quality. In this study, a circular coil with a diameter of 50 cm and a square coil with a side length of 2.0 m was used to simulate the magnetic fields from the nearby electric apparatuses and the distant environmental noise sources. The shielding effectivenesses(SE) of the shielded room with different thicknesses of aluminum sheets were calculated and simulated. A room using 6-mm-thick aluminum plates with a dimension of 1.5 m×1.5 m×2.0 m was then constructed. The SE was experimentally measured by using three-axis SQUID magnetometers, with tranisent magnetic field induced in the aluminum plates by the strong pre-polarization pulses. The results of the measured SE agreed with that from the simulation. In addition, the introduction of a 0.5-mm gap caused the obvious reduction of SE indicating the importance of door design. The nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) signals of water at 5.9 kHz were measured in free space and in a shielded room, and the SNR was improved from 3 to 15. The simulation and experimental results will help us design an aluminum shielded room which satisfies the requirements for future ULF human brain imaging. Finally, the cancellation technique of the transient eddy current was tried, the simulation of the cancellation technique will lead us to finding an appropriate way to suppress the eddy current fields.

7.0T nuclear magnetic resonance evaluation of the amyloid beta(1–40) animal model of Alzheimer's disease: comparison of cytology verification

3.0T magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging is a commonly used method in the research of brain function in Alzheimer's disease.However,the role of 7.0T high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in brain function of Alzheimer's disease remains unclear.In this study,7.0T magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease rats,the N-acetylaspartate wave crest was reduced,and the creatine and choline wave crest was elevated.This finding was further supported by hematoxylin-eosin staining,which showed a loss of hippocampal neurons and more glial cells.Moreover,electron microscopy showed neuronal shrinkage and mitochondrial rupture,and scanning electron microscopy revealed small size hippocampal synaptic vesicles,incomplete synaptic structure,and reduced number.Overall,the results revealed that 7.0T high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy detected the lesions and functional changes in hippocampal neurons of Alzheimer's disease rats in vivo,allowing the possibility for assessing the success rate and grading of the amyloid beta(1–40) animal model of Alzheimer's disease.

Nuclear magnetic resonance measurement station in SECUF using hybrid superconducting magnets

Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) is one of the most powerful tools to explore new quantum states of condensed matter induced by high magnetic fields at a microscopic level. High magnetic field enhances the intensity of the NMR signal, and more importantly, can induce novel phenomena. In this article, examples are given on the field-induced charge density wave(CDW) in high-Tc superconductors and on the studies of quantum spin liquids. We provide a brief introduction to the high magnetic field NMR platform, the station 4 of the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility(SECUF), being built at Huairou, Beijing.

Heteronuclear intermolecular single-quantum coherences in liquid nuclear magnetic resonance

This paper analyses the heteronuclear Cosy Revamped by Asymmetric Z-gradient Echo Detection pulse sequence.General theoretical expressions of the pulse sequence with arbitrary flip angles were derived by using dipolar field treatment and signals originating from heteronuclear intermolecular single-quantum coherences (iSQCs) in highly-polarized two spin-1/2 systems were mainly discussed in order to find the optimal flip angles.The results show that signals from heteronuclear iSQCs decay slower than those from intermolecular double-quantum coherences or intermolecular zero-quantum coherences.Magical angle experiments validate that the signals are from heteronuclear iSQCs and insensitive to the imperfection of radio-frequency flip angles.All experimental observations are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.The quantum-mechanical treatment leads to similar predictions to the dipolar field treatment.

Observation of intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal dips in nuclear magnetic resonance

The correlated spectroscopy revamped by asymmetric Z-gradient echo detection (CRAZED) sequence is modified to investigate intermolecular double-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance signal dips in highly polarized spin systems. It is found that the occurrence of intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal dips is related to sample geometry, field inhomogeneity and dipolar correlation distance. If the field inhomogeneity is refocused, the signal dip occurs at a fixed position whenever the dipolar correlation distance approaches the sample dimension. However, the position is shifted when the field inhomogeneity exists. Experiments and simulations are performed to validate our theoretic analysis. These signal features may offer a unique way to investigate porous structures and may find applications in biomedicine and material science.

Comparison between computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in clinical diagnosis and treatment of tibial platform fractures

BACKGROUND Tibial plateau fracture is one of the common fracture types.It occurs mainly in teenagers and is usually caused by a fall.After the occurrence of fracture,knee swelling,pain,limited activity,etc.greatly affect the patient’s exercise habits and lifestyle.X-ray,computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)were used in this examination.X-rays are relatively new and easy to operate.However,there are some errors in the observation of fracture collapse and fracture displacement.In recent years,CT and MRI have been actively used to diagnose various types of clinical fractures.They have more diagnostic power than X-ray film.However,some scholars believe that CT is also prone to errors in clinical application.The volume effect leads to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis in some cases,while the multidirection scanning of MRI technology can effectively overcome the shortcomings of CT.To facilitate the selection of clinical examination regimens,this study further observed the diagnostic ability of these two regimens in the diagnosis of tibial plateau fractures.AIM To explore the value of nuclear MRI and CT in the clinical diagnosis of tibial plateau fractures.METHODS A total of 120 patients with tibial plateau fractures admitted from September 2017 to August 2019 were included.All patients were examined by nuclear MRI and CT scanning.The results were sent to senior physicians in our hospital to complete the diagnosis.RESULTS Nuclear magnetic resonance showed the same effects as CT in four aspects:fracture displacement,bone defect,fracture site and fracture comminution.There was no significant difference in the score data(P>0.05).Nuclear magnetic resonance and CT tended to be consistent in the B3,C2 and C3 fracture diagnosis coincidence rate,combined injury detection rate and fracture detection rate.The diagnostic coincidence rate of type B1,B2 and C1 fractures and the accuracy rate of overall fracture classification indicated that the MRI technique was significantly better than that of CT(P>0.05).CONCLUSION MRI and CT have good diagnostic typing in the diagnosis of tibial plateau fractures,but MRI is more accurate and may be preferred.

Classification of different walnut varieties using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology and cluster analysis

To classify different walnut varieties based on water and oil content of walnut,and determine their storage conditions,the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LFNMR)technology was used to obtain the NMR transverse relaxation time(T 2)of the samples based on the physical and chemical indicators of the walnut quality.The relationship between the relaxation time and phase state of the internal material of the sample was investigated,and the characteristic parameters of the NMR spectrum signals were statistically analyzed using cluster analysis to determine the different walnut varieties,and three different components,as well as their contents,were detected by a LFNMR spectrometer:firmly bound water,weakly bound water,and weakly bound oil.Test results indicated that the oil peak was dominant in the overall signal intensity compared to the water peaks,in which the firmly bound water phase contributed more to the overall water signal between the water peaks.Using the analytic hierarchy process of cluster analysis,21 walnut samples were classified into three different classes,based on the characteristic parameters of the water-content and oil-content spectrum signals.The first class contains four walnut varieties characterized by least water and highest oil contents;the third class contains two walnut varieties,with the highest water content and least oil content;whereas,the second class contains 15 walnut varieties,with both water and oil contents at medium levels.The results showed that LFNMR led to a rapid detection of moisture and oil contents in walnuts,while cluster analysis classified different walnuts varieties based on these parameters.This study also provided the basis for optimizing the storage methods and storage conditions of walnuts.

基于低场核磁共振技术进行黄酒发酵进程监测及品牌的分析

该文对不同发酵阶段的黄酒样品进行低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)检测,比较了陈酿时间、酒精度和品牌对黄酒低场核磁弛豫特性的影响,最后对9个品牌黄酒的LF-NMR弛豫信息进行了主成分分析。结果表明,发酵后样品的单组分弛豫时间(T_(2W))显著缩短,而陈酿后黄酒的T_(2W)又相对延长。多组分弛豫图谱(T_(2))表明,对照组和浸米样品均只有1个峰。发酵后样品的T_(2)图谱均出现2个峰。从第一次发酵到煎酒期间,T_(21)和T_(22)不断缩短,而陈酿期间T_(21)和T_(22)相对延长。同一品牌及陈酿时间的黄酒,酒精度越大,体系的T_(2W),T_(21)和T_(22)越短;同一品牌及酒精度下,陈酿时间仅对T_(21)有一定影响。不同品牌黄酒因酿造工艺的区别而使弛豫分布有一定特点。主成分分析表明,不同酒精度、陈酿时间、品牌及种类的黄酒的弛豫特性的PCA分布及间距不同。说明应用LF-NMR技术可实现对不同工艺生产的黄酒的快速辨别。

基于不同维度低场核磁共振技术的大豆含油率检测与判别

大豆含油率的高低直接影响榨油与育种结果。为探究大豆含油率的最佳检测方法与构建含油率高低判别模型,该研究基于不同维度低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术,以国标法为对照,利用LF-NMR波谱和LF-NMR含油含水率软件检测大豆含油率;核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)结合深度学习,建立大豆含油率高低判别模型。引入低场二维核磁共振(low field two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-2D-NMR)技术,定性分析一维波谱中信号重叠无法区分组分的问题。试验结果表明,LF-NMR含油含水率软件能快速准确检测大豆含油率,T1-T2二维核磁图谱成功解决了自由水和油信号重叠问题。利用U-net++深度学习模型对MRI成像的矢状面、冠状面、横截面以及三面混合数据集进行训练,其中横截面评价指标与其他数据集相比更优,语义分割部分中平均交并比(mean intersection over union,mIoU)约0.9058,全局准确率0.9980,训练后的模型能够将MRI图像识别并分割,快速判别大豆含油率高低。试验证明,LF-NMR及MRI能够快速无损掌握大豆含油率信息,为大豆的高油育种提供了新思路和技术支持。

吉林特低渗油藏长岩心CO_(2)驱替微观动用规律研究

针对松辽盆地莫里青油田特低渗储层动用困难的问题,利用物理模拟实验和核磁共振技术相结合的实验方法,开展长岩心CO_(2)驱替研究。结果表明:岩样CO_(2)驱替驱油效率介于72.30%~80.40%。大孔喉(>33 ms)平均赋存占比为33.65%,小孔喉(<33 ms)平均赋存占比为18.01%;1 PV的CO_(2)驱替后,岩样大孔喉平均相对采出程度为80.67%,小孔喉平均相对采出程度为17.45%;5 PV的CO_(2)驱替后,岩样大孔喉平均相对采出程度为95.68%,小孔喉平均相对采出程度为39.82%,大PV驱替可有效动用小孔喉的油。研究成果可为莫里青油田储层CO_(2)驱替提供理论支撑,同时也为同类油藏开展注气先导试验提供科学指导。

复合助剂对低温喷雾干燥蓝靛果粉理化性质的影响

为保证低温喷雾干燥后蓝靛果粉品质,采用黄金分割法研究复合助剂(麦芽糊精、β-环糊精和乳清蛋白)对喷雾干燥蓝靛果粉理化性质的影响,分析低温进风温度(50~90℃)对蓝靛果粉花青素保留率、集粉率和含水率的影响规律。结果表明,在麦芽糊精、β-环糊精的质量比例为85.4%、14.6%时,集粉率高达37.96%;随进料溶液中麦芽糊精质量比例增加,蓝靛果粉玻璃化转变温度、水溶性指数、堆积密度、亮度L^(*)值、红度a^(*)值和色差值ΔE呈增加趋势,含水率、花青素含量和黄度b^(*)值呈下降趋势;在麦芽糊精、β-环糊精和乳清蛋白质量比例为72.9%、12.5%、14.6%时,集粉率达到最高(40.11%);随料液中乳清蛋白质量比例增加,蓝靛果粉含水率、花青素含量呈上升趋势,其玻璃化转变温度、水溶性指数、亮度L^(*)值、红度a^(*)值、黄度b^(*)值和色差值ΔE等指标呈下降趋势;复合助剂显著提高蓝靛果粉集粉率(P<0.05),对其中的花青素起到较强保护作用,其含水率、水溶性指数、堆积密度等理化指标均接近于最优水平。低温喷雾干燥研究发现,随进风温度上升,集粉率和含水率呈负相关,在进风温度90℃时,集粉率最高的配方中可实现较高花青素保留率(89.94%)。低频核磁共振波谱以及质子密度图像信息分析表明,加入的助剂与蓝靛果果汁中水分通过氢键、静电结合力和疏水作用等分子间作用力,形成稳定性高水合物、增强液滴聚结抵抗力,提高料液玻璃态转换温度,从而实现高集粉率和高花青素保留率的蓝靛果果粉低温喷雾干燥;红外光谱分析表明,复合助剂可在蓝靛果果粉中形成分子间氢键,并对花青素等活性物质进行固定包埋保护。研究结果可为蓝靛果粉喷雾干燥加工生产提供理论支撑和参考依据。

高增塑PEG弹性体网络结构与力学性能关系

为了建立硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂中高增塑的聚乙二醇(PEG)基聚氨酯的微观结构与宏观力学性能的相关性,以缩二脲三异氰酸酯(N⁃100)为多官能度固化剂,与硝酸酯增塑的PEG混胶固化,制备了固化参数1.2~1.7的高增塑PEG弹性体。采用单轴拉伸、X射线衍射、低场核磁共振、平衡溶胀测试方法,对PEG弹性体交联网络微观结构特征进行研究,并基于低场核磁结果,分析了不同网链结构对高增塑PEG弹性体力学性能的影响。结果表明:由于高增塑的特性,PEG弹性体为非晶态,悬尾链与自由链总比例大于85%,交联网络结构完整度低,弹性体呈高伸长率、低抗拉强度和低初始模量的特点。弹性体抗拉强度和初始模量均与交联链网链密度呈正相关;随着物理暂时缠结网链密度的升高,最大伸长率先升高后降低。固化参数为1.6的CU⁃5弹性体交联网络最完整,抗拉强度为0.80 MPa,最大伸长率为1456%,力学性能最优。2种方法测得的网链密度满足低场核磁法交联链密度(νL,A)<溶胀法网链密度(νs)<低场核磁法交联链与悬尾链总网链密度(ν_(L,A+B))的大小关系。

马蹄脆片微波真空干燥工艺优化及其水分变化

以马蹄为原料,采用微波真空干燥技术干燥马蹄脆片,考察微波功率、干燥温度、真空度、切片厚度对马蹄脆片色差值、总糖含量、脆度的影响,以响应面试验优化干燥工艺,采用低场核磁共振技术研究马蹄脆片干燥过程水分变化情况。结果表明,微波真空干燥马蹄脆片的最佳工艺为微波功率2.0 kW、干燥温度71℃、真空度-95 kPa、切片厚度3.1 mm,所得产品色差值、总糖含量、脆度分别为3.42、50.51 mg/100 g、464.96 g,产品色泽白亮,酥脆可口,马蹄风味浓厚。低场核磁共振检测结果表明:马蹄片内部主要存在3种状态水,分别是自由水、不易流动水及结合水,其中自由水占比较高、结合水和不易流动水的比例相对较低,在最佳工艺下到达干燥终点时自由水完全除去,只剩少量的不易流动水以及结合水。

高灰煤气化细渣的油类捕收剂浮选与难浮机理

高效分离煤气化细渣中的残碳和矿物是其高值化利用的前提,但气化细渣较差的可浮性成为其浮选分离面临的难题之一。以多喷嘴对置(OMB)水煤浆气化炉的煤气化细渣为对象,研究了油类捕收剂十二烷的浮选效果和气化细渣的难浮机理。通过傅里叶红外光谱测试,发现气化细渣中芳香结构和侧链的含量相比煤炭样品的含量较少,且气化细渣表面存在较多含氧基团;X射线光电子能谱结果表明气化细渣矿物中包含多种亲水的氧化矿物。通过低温氮气吸附和压汞试验测量了气化细渣的孔隙特性,结果表明其孔隙在纳米到微米尺寸内均有大量分布;计算得到原矿样品的BET比表面积为62.03 m^(2)/g。通过粉末润湿试验和改进的Lucas-Washburn方程表征了水和十二烷对气化细渣粉末的润湿过程,试验发现气化细渣残碳相比水更易被十二烷润湿,而气化细渣尾矿更易被水润湿,但残碳和尾矿对水的润湿性差异较小;通过低场-H^(1)核磁共振的T_(2)反演图谱证明了油类捕收剂在孔隙中的吸附行为;油类捕收剂用量的增加和油滴粒径的减小导致孔隙药剂吸附量增加。油类捕收剂在气化细渣的浮选过程中大量进入孔隙而难以有效在残碳表面吸附,导致油类捕收剂的浮选作用效果差。

一种核磁共振陀螺横向磁场线圈耦合标定方法

磁场线圈是核磁共振陀螺磁场系统的核心部件,是惰性气体磁共振激励维持、主动磁补偿的核心部件。横向磁场线圈的耦合对磁补偿精度与磁共振激励都有较大影响。因此,横向磁场线圈的耦合标定尤为重要。为解决上述问题,提出了一种基于核磁共振陀螺内置磁力仪的横向磁场线圈耦合标定方法,通过理论仿真和实验设计,验证了其正确性与可行性。实验结果表明,采用所提出的耦合标定方法对X轴对Y轴耦合和Y轴对X轴耦合进行标定,分别为1.86%和3.11%。通过旋转线圈改变装配角度,表明此方法在较小旋转角度时,测量结果不受装配误差的影响。通过标定同一批次的5只线圈,根据结果从中选取耦合较小的线圈进行装配,为核磁共振陀螺线圈的筛选奠定了基础。

基于熵权法、灰色关联度法和低场核磁共振检测的苹果品质评价

研究不同品种苹果的品质特性,建立苹果品质综合评价模型。以5个品种的苹果(天水花牛、阿克苏糖心、黄元帅、奶油富士、洛川红富士)作为研究对象,对其硬度、黏着性、咀嚼性、内聚性等4项质构特性和含水量、可滴定酸(Titratable acid,TA)、可溶性糖含量(Soluble sugar,SS)、可溶性固体含量(Soluble solid content,SSC)等4项理化指标进行检测,结合低场核磁共振检测技术,探究苹果水分分布与理化及质构特性间的关联性,通过主成分分析法确立可评价苹果品质的主要指标。基于熵权法对各核心指标赋予权重,并建立灰色关联度评价模型。结果表明,不同品种苹果的各指标存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其水分分布与质构特性和理化指标存在高度的相关性,确立了自旋-自旋弛豫时间T_(22)(不易流动水)、T_(21)(结合水)及TA、SS、SSC为核心指标。熵权法计算权重结果得出T_(22)、T_(21)之和为35.31%,占比最大,表明水分分布对苹果品质影响最大,由灰色关联度分析得出天水花牛和阿克苏糖心的品质较好。本研究所采用的方法,能够快速准确地建立苹果的品质评价模型,为包括苹果在内的果蔬品质评价提供新方法。

基于压汞-低温液氮联孔与核磁共振分析的煤中孔径分布对比研究

煤中孔隙结构测量常用压汞法、低温液氮法和核磁共振法,因不同方法的原理和测试范围不同,导致结果无法统一使用,且压汞法中基质压缩效应会造成较大误差;为解决该问题,以沁水盆地晋城和长治矿区的3个高阶煤样为例,利用压汞、低温液氮吸附及核磁共振驰豫法分别测试煤样的孔隙结构,通过对压汞数据进行压缩性校正,与低温液氮数据在衔接孔径处拼接,对煤的孔隙结构进行了联合表征,并结合核磁共振对比分析了煤的孔径分布特征。结果表明:压汞数据校正后孔体积与低温液氮的结果更接近,偏差值在22.40%~38.51%;不同煤样采用联孔法进行孔隙结构分析的联孔位置在75~89 nm之间;联孔法煤样孔容积为0.00136~0.00458 cm^(3)/g,不同孔径孔容比例表现为过渡孔>大孔>中孔>微孔;与单一测试方法相比,联孔法与核磁共振法孔径分布更为接近,但同时也存在差异,联孔法表征的微孔、过渡孔、中孔和大孔平均分布比例分别为8.68%、45.58%、20.54%和25.20%,核磁法微孔、过渡孔、中孔和大孔平均分布比例分别为10.64%、64.21%、14.23%和10.92%,结果差异原因可能主要与压汞法、低温液氮法加压改变了煤的孔隙结构有关;通过核磁共振结果对比,联合校正后的压汞与低温液氮数据可提高煤中孔径分布测试结果的准确性。

超低场磁共振膝关节正交接收线圈设计

射频接收线圈是磁共振成像(MRI)系统中的关键部件,用于检测变化的磁场,其性能直接影响图像的质量。超低场MRI射频接收线圈工作在较低频率,其阻抗特性不同于传统临床MRI射频接收线圈。理论上正交接收线圈比单通道线圈的信噪比(SNR)可以提高41%。而与阵列线圈相比,正交接收线圈可以用更低的成本与设计复杂度达到很好的成像效果。因此该文研究了一种用于超低场MRI(50.4 mT)系统的膝关节正交接收线圈,它由鞍形线圈和亥姆霍兹线圈组成。首先,确定了线圈的支撑结构及尺寸,并通过计算单匝接收线圈的效率及磁场的不均匀性来确定鞍形以及亥姆霍兹线圈的最优尺寸。然后,实测了线圈交流电阻,来评估线圈不同匝数的SNR,发现匝数增多会使得交流电阻显著增加,从而使SNR随着线圈匝数增加先增加后减少。最后,得到了两线圈的最佳匝数,并制作了正交接收线圈,从CuSO_(4)·5H_(2)O体膜以及体内膝关节成像来评估正交接收线圈的性能。在体膜和体内膝关节成像中,正交接收线圈与单通道线圈相比,图像SNR分别最大程度地提升了约33.5%和30.9%。

快速响应的NV色心微波传感器实现及测量

高精度微波快速测量技术是电磁频谱分析监测的核心,微波测量技术为微波传感器的高精度测量提供了可能。通过建立NV色心空间磁场能级响应频率精密调谐模型,结合NV色心光学宽场成像技术,实现了高精度、响应快可调的微波测量。首先,通过连续光探测磁共振(ODMR)技术,结合宽场成像技术,通过像素级磁场强度-微波频率转化关系,实现宽场成像的微波测量;进而将连续扫频技术转变为施加定频进行检测,通过同步监测频点不同的响应特性,验证了测试结果的有效性。以上结果为高精度固态量子频谱分析仪、高瞬时带宽频谱微波传感器提供了重要技术基础。