Numerical Calculation of Seafloor Synthetic Seismograms Caused by Low Frequency Point Sound Source

Elastic wave on seafloor caused by low frequency noise radiated from ship is called ship seismic wave which can be used to identify ship target. In order to analyze the wave components and the propagating properties of ship seismic wave, the numerical calculation of synthetic seismograms on seafloor aroused by a low frequency point sound source is carried out using a wave number integration technique combined with inverse Fourier transform. According to the numerical example of hard seafloor, the time series of seismic wave on seafloor are mostly composed of interface waves and normal mode waves. Each normal mode wave has a well defined low cut-off frequency, while the interface wave doesn't have. The frequency dispersion of normal mode wave is obvious when frequency is lower than 100Hz, while the interface wave is dispersive only in the infra-sound frequency range. The time series of seismic wave is dominated by the interface wave when the source frequency is less than the minimal cut-off frequency of normal mode wave.

A STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECT OF THE LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE OVER THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

There has been a lot of discussion about the atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and the low-frequency oscillation of atmospheric circulation.However,the research on low-frequency oscillation of heat source over TP and its impact on atmospheric circulation are not fully carried out.By using the vertically integrated apparent heat source which is calculated by the derivation method,main oscillation periods and propagation features of the summer apparent heat source over the eastern TP(Q1ETP)are diagnosed and analyzed from 1981 to 2000.The results are as follows:(1)Summer Q1ETP has two significant oscillation periods:one is 10-20d(BWO,Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation)and the other is 30-60d(LFO,Low-frequency Oscillation).(2)A significant correlation is found between Q1ETP and rainfall over the eastern TP in 1985 and 1992,showing that the low-frequency oscillation of heat source is likely to be stimulated by oscillation of latent heat.(3)The oscillation of heat source on the plateau mainly generates locally but sometimes originates from elsewhere.The BWO of Q1ETP mainly exhibits stationary wave,sometimes moves out(mainly eastward),and has a close relationship with the BWO from the Bay of Bengal.Showing the same characteristics as BWO,the LFO mainly shows local oscillation,occasionally propagates(mainly westward),and connects with the LFO from East China.In summary,more attention should be paid to the study on BWO of Q1ETP.

A Disturbance Source Location Method on the Low Frequency Oscillation With Time-varying Steady-state Points

The low frequency oscillation is a serious threat to security and stability of a power grid.How to locate the disturbance source accurately is an important issue to low frequency oscillation disposal.Existing methods have poor adaptability to the low frequency oscillation with time-varying steady-state points because of the limitations in the location criterion derivation.A disturbance source location method on a low frequency oscillation with good generality is presented in the paper.Firstly,the reasons why the steady-state points are time-varying on a low frequency oscillation are analyzed.Then,based on the energy function construction form,the branch transmission energy is decomposed into state energy,reciprocating energy and dissipation energy by mathematical derivation.The flow direction of the dissipation energy shows the source and destination of the disturbance energy,and the specific location of a disturbance source can be identified according to its flow direction.Meanwhile,to meet the needs of energy calculation,a recognition method on the electrical quantities steady-state points is also presented by using the cubic spline interpolation.Simulation results show the correctness of the derivation and analysis on energy structure in the paper,and the disturbance source can be located accurately according to the dissipation energy.

INFLUENCES OF LOW-FREQUENCY MOISTURE TRANSPORTATION ON LOW FREQUENCY PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON OF SOUTH CHINA IN 2010

85-station daily precipitation data from 1961-2010 provided by the National Meteorological Information Center and the NCEP/NCAR 2010 daily reanalysis data are used to investigate the low-frequency variability on the precipitation of the first rain season and its relationships with moisture transport in South China,and channels of low-frequency water vapor transport and sources of low-frequency precipitation are revealed.The annually first raining season precipitation in 2010 is mainly controlled by 10-20 d and 30-60 d oscillation.The rainfall is more(interrupted) when the two low-frequency components are in the same peak(valley) phase,and the rainfall is less when they are superposed in the inverse phase.The 10-20 d low-frequency component of the moisture transport is more active than the 30-60 d.The10-20 d water vapor sources lie in the South India Ocean near 30° S,the area between Sumatra and Kalimantan Island(the southwest source),and the equatorial middle Pacific region(the southeast source),and there are corresponding southwest and southeast moisture transport channels.By using the characteristics of 10-20 d water vapor transport anomalous circulation,the corresponding low-frequency precipitation can be predicted 6 d ahead.

Modeling of low-frequency seismic waves in a shallow sea using the staggered grid difference method

Elastic waves in the seabed generated by low-frequency noise radiating from ships are known as ship seismic waves and can be used to detect and identify ships. To obtain the propagation characteristics of ship seismic waves, an algorithm for calculating Seismic waves at the seafloor is presented based on the staggered-grid finite difference method. The accuracy of the algorithm was tested by comparison with analytical solutions. Numerical simulation of seismic waves generated by a low-frequency point sotmd source in a typical shallow sea environment was carried out. Using various source frequencies and locations in the numerical simulation, we show that the seismic waves in the near field are composed mostly of transmitted S-waves and interface waves while transmitted P-waves are weak near the seafloor. However, in the far field, the wave components of the seismic wave are mainly normal modes and interface waves, with the latter being relatively strong in the waveforms, As the source frequency decreases, the normal modes become smaller and the interface waves dominate the time series of the seismic waves.

The Propagation of Disturbances Excited by Low-Frequency Oscillations in the Tropics

The propagation of disturbances excited by low-frequency oscillations in the tropics is investigated by applying the theory of wave packet dynamics. For simplicity, a linearized barotropic model is adopted and the zonal circulation is taken as basic current. Suppose that the disturbances or waves are superimposed on jet-like westerly basic cur-rent and excited by the forcing in the tropics. We have (1) only the eastward propagating (m>0, n>0 and σ>0) low-frequency disturbances and the stationary (σ = 0) waves can propagate into the middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere; the others, such as the westward propagating low-frequency wave (m>0, n<0, σ<0) and the high-frequency waves, are restricted only in the vicinity of source region; (2) a stationary wave (σ = 0) reaches a given latitude even more quickly than some low-frequency ones (σ>0) due to the fact that the group velocity of stationary wave is larger; (3) there is a whole wave train excited by the forcing in the tropics and extended into the middle and high latitudes, if the amplitude of the source is independent on time, especially, the low-frequency wave (σ > 0) is of travelling type propagating along the ray; (4) if the source lasts only for an interval of time, namely, its amplitude also has the character of low-frequency oscillation, the excited wave train is not always a whole one, but is restricted in the vicinity of source region in the beginning, extended from the source region to the middle and high latitudes in its saturated stage, after that it gradually becomes weaker and weaker and is detectable only in some area at high latitude, and eventually disappears. Undoubtedly, case (4) is closer to the reality, even though case (3) gives a more impressive wavy pattern.

The Background Variation of Natural Source ELF and Its EM Abnormal Phenomena in Yunnan Earthquakes

In order to add earthquake monitoring methods and develop new method research,the ELF Network for Earthquake Monitoring selected 30 stations in the Capital Circle and the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Finding electromagnetic field background variation is the basis of distinguishing the seismic electromagnetic anomalies. This paper introduces the data acquisition and selection of the Shexian,Anqiu,Lijiang and Dali stations which have recorded for longer time with better data and are located on the similar latitude. Then we use the natural source electromagnetic field's auto-power spectrum to express the intensity of the electromagnetic field. By using power spectral data of many frequencies in the observation frequency band,after the data pre-processing and sliding average noising,the background variation of extremely low frequency stations and the range ability were acquired.Taking the Baoshan M5. 1 earthquake on October 30,2015 and Dali M5. 0 earthquake on May 18,2016 as examples,the authors analyzed the earthquake electromagnetic anomaly characteristic of ELF stations around the earthquakes.

Analysis of Low Frequency Oscillation and Source Location in Power Systems

The major problem in current online diagnosis and analysis for power system oscillation is mainly concerned with finding the oscillation source in a fast and correct way using the data collected by the Wide Area Measurement System(WAMS).This paper for the first time proposes a scheme of cut set energy based on WAMS.Independent of accurate parameters,the scheme can make full use of WAMS data based on cut set energy construction and fast calculation to locate the source during oscillation.Afterwards,a scheme of torque decomposition is proposed,based on which the controller’s torque can be divided into damping torque and synchronous torque by calculation through WAMS data,and this paper puts forward the abnormal response and simulation models calibration of influential controllers.Analysis of an oscillation case shows how the cut set energy scheme and the torque decomposition scheme are applied in a real-world power system,and the schemes are proven to be reliable and practical in identifying and locating oscillation sources.

地中电偶极源极低频电磁场的分布与传播特征

利用层状大地中偶极源响应的正演算法,计算地中电偶极源激发的极低频地震电磁场并分析其在地球环境下的传播特征.设计了多个水平层状地球模型,分别模拟和展示了深埋地中的电偶极源的响应和空间分布特征.重点分析了含地壳波导+LAI波导模型的高阻大地中,倾斜电偶极源激励响应随观测点的偏移距和垂直位置、激励源深度、地壳波导结构和参数变化时各场量响应的幅频特征.研究表明,用倾斜电偶极源模拟和分析高阻大地中孕震电磁辐射的响应及在大地电磁系统中的传播特性是可行的;模拟的高阻大地中的电磁辐射在地壳波导和LAI波导中均表现有慢衰减或幅值增强特性,但两个波导效应具有不同的频率选择性;高阻大地中的电磁辐射在波导的高阻介质中具有幅值强、衰减慢的特点.建议在高阻地层出露的地表、井中或海底的高阻岩层中以及大气层中布设测站.

基于UBSS算法的电力系统低频振荡辨识方法

低频振荡监测和分析对电力系统故障诊断和电网恢复至关重要。该文提出一种基于欠定盲源分离原理的低频振荡模式辨识方法,包括欠定盲源分离(underdetermined blind source separation,UBSS)和希尔伯特变换(Hilbert transform,HT)。首次系统地提出并论证含欠定盲源分离、模式定阶和振荡参数的辨识方法。提出的UBSS-HT方法利用能量比函数确定故障时刻,利用贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)实现模式定阶,阐述维度空间理论,论证构建虚拟多通道的可行性,通过盲源分离来实现源信号分离,最后通过HT在希尔伯特空间来辨识振荡参数。通过大量的系统建模仿真和现场录波数据试验评估所提方法的性能,验证该方法的有效性、准确性和抗干扰能力。

LOW FREQUENCY EXTENDED RADIO SOURCES——MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH AND CLASSIFICATION ATTEMPT

Using very recently published X-ray and low frequency radio data we have calculated thelower limit of the magnetic field and several other related quantities for 25 clusters of galaxies（which are classified into 'normal', distant and steep spectrum clusters） and 12 radiogalaxies. Our main results are as follows: （1）The magnetic field in the extended lobes of radio galaxies is larger than 10-6 G.Thus radio galaxies, whether they belong to clusters or not, emit few X-rays through theinverse Compton effect. （2）The low frequency radio emission from clusters can be divided into two components:one or several radio galaxies, and an extended halo where the magnetic field is about 10-8G, and where inverse Compton X-rays are most probably emitted. （3）Our sample of distant clusters is biased towards high radio luminosity and givesresults comparable to those obtained for radio galaxies. This can naturally be explained bythe fact that the radio galaxy component daminates the radio emission. （4）In steep spectrum clusters, the equipartition magnetic field is the same as that in'normal' clusters, but the lower limit of the magnetic field has a rather high value andseems to increase with the spectral indcx. We explain this as follows: a high frequencyturnover can occur hi the weak intraculuster magnetic field; the extrapolation of the power lawelectron spectrum is then incorrect, and the magnetic field; the extrapolation of the power lawvalue.

多途混响环境中声扩频信号线性与相关性分析

为分析浅海多途信道中声扩频信号的相关性和线性,建立了计入频率衰减与海底损耗的浅海Pekeris波导虚源法计算模型;对浅海中的脉冲信号与扩频信号进行了仿真计算,通过混响室试验初步研究了多途混响环境中扩频信号的线性。仿真结果显示:虚源法和简正波法的频域解一致,得到了与简正波理论相同的低频模式频散现象,验证了虚源法适用于浅海理想波导、Pekeris波导中的低频问题;当发生模式频散,低频扩频信号的相关性能强于同扩频参数的高频信号。试验结果表明:低频脉冲的时域波形发生畸变、展宽时,同频率的扩频信号能准确测出反射信号的几何时延,证明了低频多途效果仍可看作每个“路径”信号的线性叠加。

南黄海强屏蔽层下富低频强能量气枪震源设计及应用

南黄海盆地新近系和中—古生界地层之间存在一个强屏蔽层,阻碍地震波能量向下传播,导致深部地层地震反射波能量低、波组特征差,严重制约了中—古生界油气勘探的突破。为了进一步改善南黄海强屏蔽下中—古生界地层的成像质量,从震源激发端进行大量的模拟分析研究,提出了富低频、强能量震源设计方法,优化设计了6 050 in~3富低频、强能量震源。在崂山隆起西部极浅水区开展了拖缆地震采集,新采集的资料在强屏蔽层下深层的信噪比更高,同相轴更连续,构造特征更清晰,强屏蔽层下的地震资料品质改善明显。

海洋拖缆与海底节点资料联合全波形反演

全波形反演(FWI)能够建立地下介质的高精度速度模型。受检波器制约,海洋拖缆资料通常缺少可靠的低频成分,因此基于拖缆资料的FWI容易发生周期跳跃,导致目标函数收敛于局部极值。海底节点(OBN)资料含有比拖缆资料更丰富的低频成分,联合使用OBN资料与拖缆资料进行波形反演,能够弥补低频缺失问题。然而,拖缆资料与OBN资料的震源子波不同,而波形反演结果受震源子波的严重约束。为此,提出一种不依赖震源子波的拖缆与OBN资料联合波形反演方法。在构建目标函数时将模拟数据和观测数据分别与对方的平均道进行褶积,以消除联合波形反演中的震源子波误差,达到不依赖震源子波的反演效果。使用Marmousi模型合成的拖缆资料与OBN资料进行了模型测试,验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。

高原冻土地表地震勘探技术及应用

青藏高原是国家的能源战略后备区之一,油气资源储藏丰富,但表层冻土发育,地震波场复杂,油气地震勘探面临诸多挑战。针对青藏高原冻土地表特点,一是采用“低频可控震源激发、高密度宽线观测、长排列+小组合接收”技术,克服冻土对中深层的反射能量屏蔽和噪音干扰,降低地震工程作业对环境的影响;二是通过低信噪比初至处理技术、高精度约束层析反演技术、空变多域初至波剩余静校正技术提高冻土地表初至拾取精度和层析反演模型精度,解决冻土表层速度剧烈变化带来的静校正问题;三是采用基于冻土层有效反射频带的去噪技术、基于AMT反演约束的冻土层速度拾取技术、基于分偏移距叠加成像的精细切除技术,有效去除冻土地表噪音影响,指导速度拾取和精细切除。上述技术可以获得高品质的地震资料,为油气及矿产资源等地震勘探奠定坚实的基础。

基于低频采集数据的城市道路车辆轨迹重构

在进行城市道路交通流量调查及部分重要路网节点、交叉口交通数据采集时,采用低频数据收集方式会使车辆轨迹匹配精度低、交通流量数据误差大。通过研究隐式马尔可夫理论及最小费用最大流模型,提出一种车辆轨迹重构方法。该方法利用多源数据融合技术以及地理信息定位匹配技术,对无检测器路段缺失的各项交通基础数据进行合理的演进推算,为车辆轨迹重构研究提供重要的数据支撑。利用成都市某区域出租车的高频轨迹点位数据集进行验证。结果表明,利用车辆低频轨迹点位进行轨迹重构的完全覆盖率达到了89.4%,验证了所提出的车辆轨迹重构方法的有效性及可行性。

400 km/h高速列车受电弓多极子声源气动噪声特性研究

随着高速列车的运行速度不断增加,其产生的气动噪声呈现明显多声源特征,高速运动效应显著,四极子声源比例增加,对列车远场噪声的影响不容忽视。根据混合CAA方法,基于涡声理论和Lighthill声比拟方法,分析400 km/h受电弓结构周围流场与气动噪声、远场声传播特性,研究四极子声源对其声辐射的影响。结果表明:受电弓结构高速运动在近壁面产生的复杂涡运动是主要气动噪声源,涡结构主要集中在头部、底架和绝缘子处。受电弓高速运动产生的高湍流区域主要发生在主杆附近,导致体四极子声源加强,该区域部件表面流动分离,产生较强的湍流。四极子声源最大强度约为偶极子声源的0.4倍,其声场能量转化效率比偶极子声源低。受电弓近场最大总声压级为136 dB,远场声辐射沿不同方向的主频位于同一频带,频谱整体呈现多峰特征。400 km/h高速列车受电弓产生的气动噪声中,四极子声源能量占比达到38.3%。

含高比例新能源的电力系统低频振荡分析与抑制综述

随着碳达峰、碳中和目标的持续推进,由火力发电主导的传统电力系统逐步转变为以新能源为主体的新型电力系统.然而,高比例新能源的接入不仅会改造传统机组的低频振荡特征,亦会引入"类机电振荡".为深入综述该问题,从电力系统潮流、惯量和动态交互的角度,分析了新能源并网对低频振荡的本质影响因素.针对不同的低频振荡类型,系统梳理了对应的产生机理及分析方法.进一步地,在新型电力系统"源-网-荷-储"架构下,对比分析了各类低频振荡抑制方法及其作用效果.最后,针对低频振荡影响因素、振荡机理及其分析与抑制方法的最新研究成果进行总结与展望.

电压源型双馈风电并网系统小扰动低频稳定性分析

随着我国新能源装机规模日益扩大,电网对并网风电机组的性能要求逐渐从被动跟随电网转变为主动支撑电网,由此使得基于虚拟同步控制的电压源型风电机组具有广阔的应用前景。但是,目前对于此类新型风电机组的宽频动态特性的研究尚有不足,鉴于此,该文通过建立电压源型双馈机组的类Phillips-Heffron模型,从电气阻尼的角度研究其由虚拟同步控制环节主导的低频模态的振荡特性及失稳机理,并探究不同控制参数及电网条件对电压源型双馈机组电气阻尼特性的影响。研究结果表明,当系统其他动态部分引入的电气负阻尼大于虚拟同步控制环节固有的正阻尼时,电压源型双馈机组将面临低频振荡失稳的风险。最后讨论了可提高电压源型双馈机组低频段电气阻尼的应对措施,设计了类电力系统静态稳定器(PSS),可有效抑制机组低频振荡问题。该研究结果可指导实际工程中电压源型风电机组的控制器设计方案及参数整定优化。

计及脉冲分配的不对称型电流源逆变器直流侧纹波电流抑制

单相电流源逆变器输出功率含有二倍频分量,使得直流侧功率存在二倍频波动,如果采用较小的储能电感,会产生较大的电感电流低频纹波,增大电感损耗,同时也不利于逆变器输出滤波电路的优化设计。针对这种情况,该文通过分析所设计的不对称型单相七电平电流源逆变器各电感电流在输出侧的功率分配情况,提出一种计及脉冲分配的功率前馈控制策略。仿真和实验结果表明,在满足储能电感轻量化的前提下,所提控制策略能够有效抑制电感电流低频纹波,减小输出电流低次谐波含量,验证所提逆变器和控制策略的正确性。