Technique of coal mining and gas extraction without coal pillar in multi-seam with low permeability

Aimed at the low mining efficiency in deep multi-seams because of high crustalstress,high gas content,low permeability,the compound 'three soft' roof and the trouble-somesafety situation encountered in deep level coal exploitation,proposed a new idea ofgob-side retaining without a coal-pillar and Y-style ventilation in the first-mined key pressure-relieved coal seam and a new method of coal mining and gas extraction.The followingwere discovered:the dynamic evolution law of the crannies in the roof is influenced bymining,the formative rule of 'the vertical cranny-abundant area' along the gob-side,thedistribution of air pressure field in the gob,and the flowing rule of pressure-relieved gas ina Y-style ventilation system.The study also established a theoretic basis for a new miningmethod of coal mining and gas extraction which is used to extract the pressure-relievedgas by roadway retaining boreholes instead of roadway boreholes.Studied and resolvedmany difficult key problems,such as,fast roadway retaining at the gob-side without a coalpillar,Y-style ventilation and extraction of pressure-relieved gas by roadway retainingboreholes,and so on.The study innovated and integrated a whole set of technical systemsfor coal and pressure relief gas extraction.The method of the pressure-relieved gasextraction by roadway retaining had been successfully applied in 6 typical working faces inthe Huainan and Huaibei mining areas.The research can provide a scientific and reliabletechnical support and a demonstration for coal mining and gas extraction in gaseous deepmulti-seams with low permeability.

Research into comprehensive gas extraction technology of single coal seams with low permeability in the Jiaozuo coal mining area

For a low permeability single coal seam prone to gas outbursts,pre-drainage of gas is difficult and inefficient,seriously restricting the safety and efficiency of production.Radical measures of increasing gas extraction efficiency are pressure relief and infrared antirefiection.We have analyzed the effect of mining conditions and the regularity of mine pressure distribution in front of the working face of a major coal mine of the Jiaozuo Industrial(Group) Co.as our test area,studied the width of the depressurization zone in slice mining and analyzed gas efficiency and fast drainage in the advanced stress relaxation zone.On that basis,we further investigated and practiced the exploitation technology of shallow drilling,fan drilling and grid shape drilling at the working face.Practice and our results show that the stress relaxation zone is the ideal region for quick and efflcient extraction of gas.By means of an integrated extraction technology,the amount of gas emitted into the zone was greatly reduced,while the risk of dangerous outbursts of coal and gas was lowered markedly.This exploration provides a new way to control for gas in working faces of coal mines with low permeability and risk of gas outbursts of single coal seams in the Jiaozuo mining area.

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

Numerical simulation and experiment analysis of improving permeability by deep-hole presplitting explosion in high gassy and low permeability coal seam

Created a new damage model for explosive for LS-DYNA3D,taking advantageof the Taylor method aimed at the high gassy and low permeability coal seam,and numericallysimulated and analyzed the deep-hole presplitting explosion.The entire processof explosion was represented,including cracks caused by dynamic pressure,transmissionand vibration superposition of stress waves,as well as cracks growth driven by gas generatedby explosion.The influence of the cracks generated in the process of explosion andthe performance of improving permeability caused by the difference of interval between.explosive holes were analyzed.A reasonable interval between explosive holes of deepholepresplitting explosions in high gassy and low permeability coal seams was proposed,and the resolution of gas drainage in high gassy and low permeability coal seam was putforward.

Hydraulic drill hole reaming technology with large flow and draining of coal mine gas

This paper takes Zhaozhuang mine in Shanxi province as an example to study the technology of hydraulic reaming drill hole for improving the gas extraction.The influence of the physical properties of coal seam on the hydraulic reaming drill holes and the draining of coal mine gas were analyzed and discussed for different coal structure areas,and the following conclusions were made.Hydraulic drill hole reaming has had a positive impact in Zhaozhuang Mine,and can improve the efficiency of gas extraction to different degrees.The water jet pressure used in hydraulic drill hole reaming mainly depends on the structure of the coal.When the coal seam basically becomes integrated,the critical water jet pressure increases,the discharge becomes relatively easy to achieve,the blocking effect on the gas extraction decreases,and the gas extraction significantly increases after the reaming process.When the coal seam is broken,the critical water jet pressure decreases,the discharge becomes difficult to achieve,the blocking effect on the gas extraction becomes obvious,and the gas extraction changes slightly after reaming.

Effect of damage zone around borehole on carbon dioxide injection promoted gas extraction in soft and low-permeability coal seam

Injecting external CO_(2) into soft and low-permeability coal seams can improve CH4 extacctinn efficiency, and also benefit in CO_(2) sequestration. However, the distribution law of damage zone around borehole in soft coal seam and its effect on the efficiency of CO_(2) injection promoted CH4 extraction are not clear. In this paper, a multi-physics coupling mathematical model considering damage effect is established for simulating the process of CO_(2) injection promoted CH4 extraction in soft and low-permeability coal seam. The distribution of damage zone and permeability around boreholes under different diameters and coal strengths are analyzed. The gas pressure and gas content in coal seam during CO_(2) injection promoted CH4 extraction when the model considered damage effect are compared with that of ignored. The results show that small borehole diameter corresponds to narrow damage zone around the borehole in coal seam. The damage zone expands with the increase of the borehole diameter. The damage zone increases exponentially with the borehole diameter, while decreases exponentially with the compressive strength of coal seam. The highest permeability in the damage zone has increased by nearly 300 times under the condition of simulated case. CH4 pressure around the extraction borehole reduces, and the reduction area expands with the increase of time. Compared with the result of considering the damage effect, the reduction area of ignoring it is smaller, and the reducing speed is slower. The integrated effect of CO_(2) injection and CH4 extraction leads to rapid decrease of CH4 content in coal seam near the boreholes. The CO_(2) pressure and content increase around the injection borehole, and the increasing area gradually extends to the whole coal seam. In soft coal seams, failure to consider the damage effect will underestimate the efficiency of CH4 extraction and CO_(2) sequestration, resulting conservative layout of boreholes.

Theories and techniques of coal bed methane control in China

Coal bed methane control with low permeability is a hot issue at present. The current status of coal bed methane control in China is introduced. The government-support policies on coal bed methane control are presented. This paper proposes the theories of methane control in depressurized mining, including methane extraction in depressurized mining, simultaneous mining technique of coal and methane without coal pillar, and circular overlying zone for high-efficiency methane extraction in coal seams with low permeability. The techniques of methane control and related instruments and equipments in China are introduced. On this basis, the problems related to coal bed methane control are addressed and further studies are pointed out.

重复注气压降法煤层渗透率模型与原位测试研究

煤层渗透率作为衡量瓦斯渗流与抽采难易程度的重要指标,对其进行准确测定具有重要意义。针对现有方法计算渗透率测试周期长、结果不稳定、模型不完善等问题,研究煤层渗透率的快速准确测定方法及相应的计算模型。基于煤层中气体径向不稳定流控制方程,结合不同压差下气体在煤层中的体积流量方程,建立可利用全区间压降数据测定煤层渗透率的注气压降计算模型。应用COMSOL数值模拟软件的达西渗流模块对模型进行求解,针对现场工程设计中可对压降曲线产生影响的测压气室长度进行单变量处理,根据模拟结果分析钻孔的测压气室长度可设计为2.0 m。根据数值模拟结果进行现场布置,搭建井下重复注气压降试验系统,结合煤层瓦斯赋存条件和巷道条件施工两组穿层钻孔,对2个测点分别注入两次高于煤层瓦斯压力的补偿气体进行渗透率原位测试,测试周期分别约为6 d和17 d,第2轮测试的注气压力高于第1轮。结合理论推导验证了注气压降过程中煤层瓦斯的雷诺数均处于线性达西渗流段,瓦斯在煤层中的渗流符合达西定律,满足计算模型的假设。与传统煤层渗透率计算方法进行了比较,结果表明:本方法和径向流量法的计算结果基本一致,可以满足实际工程需要。重复注气压降法的测试结果稳定可靠,具备快速测定的优点。

煤层顶板间接压裂裂缝扩展机制及影响因素

碎软低渗煤层在我国普遍发育,制约煤层气单井产气量提高和产业发展。间接压裂是通过在邻近层产生垂直裂缝沟通煤层进而实现煤层有效改造的一种压裂方式,可以有效应对钻井塌陷、煤粉产出、压裂液滤失和煤层厚度薄等不利因素。通过间接压裂物理模拟试验和扩展有限元数值模拟分析,揭示煤层顶板间接压裂裂缝扩展影响因素,明确裂缝扩展机制,以期为间接压裂技术提供指导。通过直接压裂煤层和不同起裂位置、垂向应力和施工排量影响下间接压裂试验表明,起裂压力高,更易产生长裂缝,且受原生裂缝影响程度减小;但起裂点距离煤层越远,起裂所需能量越大,高破裂压力会对煤层造成粉碎性破坏;大施工排量下,起裂压力对应升高,起裂时间变短,原生裂缝影响程度变小。考虑地应力、起裂位置、岩石力学和施工排量等参数的数值模拟结果显示,在模型参数设置条件下,最大水平主应力和垂向应力差在<4 MPa,煤层与顶板有效应力差>3 MPa、弹性模量差<15 GPa的地层和岩性组合适合间接压裂,起裂位置距离煤层最优距离为<6 m,施工排量需要根据力学性质、断裂能密度等参数确定最优范围。

低透气煤层无泵式钻扩一体化增透技术与钻具研究

针对在低透气煤层常规机械掏穴、水力冲孔等增透施工中存在的施工效率低、掏穴装置稳定性差以及需要配备高压泵等问题,提出了无泵式钻扩一体化增透施工技术,研制了配套的双通道送水器、双通道钻杆和造穴装置,并进行了现场工业性试验。结果表明:钻扩一体化增透施工技术在煤矿井下静压水条件下,可实现一趟下钻完成先导孔和机械掏穴的同时作业,解决了常规掏穴装置刀翼开合不稳定、必须配套高压泵的问题,降低了该技术的使用成本;研发的双通道送水器、双通道钻杆和造穴装置工作灵活稳定且可靠性高,造穴段单孔直接扩大至原常规钻孔孔径的4.4倍,显著提升了瓦斯抽采效果,该技术的成功应用为煤矿井下低透气煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔施工提供了技术支撑。

中国海油低渗及非常规油气藏储层改造技术进展及展望

中国海上低渗及非常规油气开发存在产能低、投资大、操作费用高、收益较低及单井经济任务重等问题。经过技术攻关,中国海油形成了平台压裂、钻井船压裂和拖轮压裂等海上储层改造作业模式,研发出集海上低渗储层改造液体系、海上控水支撑剂技术、低渗储层压裂管柱设计和海上储层改造监测技术为一体的海上低渗储层改造技术,以及适用于陆上深煤层大规模压裂技术。本文综述了中国海上低渗油气储层改造技术及陆上深煤层大规模压裂技术研究进展,展望了未来储层改造重点发展方向,对推动中国海油低渗及非常规油气开发技术进步有重要指导意义。

低渗煤层大直径钻孔瓦斯抽采参数优化研究

针对低渗煤层瓦斯抽采存在预抽难度大的问题,提出大直径钻孔预抽能够降低低渗煤层瓦斯含量的方法。但由于低渗煤层对气固耦合效应影响敏感,抽采中渗透率变化过程不明确,导致大直径钻孔抽采参数设计依据不足。首先分析了低渗煤体渗透率演化的主控因素,建立了煤层瓦斯运移理论模型,模拟研究了大直径钻孔不同工况下对低渗煤体的瓦斯抽采效果,对比分析不同孔径、负压、孔间距下煤层瓦斯渗流规律。结果表明钻孔孔径越大造成的煤体卸压区越大,瓦斯抽采量越高,瓦斯残余含量也越小,但抽采效果增加幅度逐渐降低。负压越大瓦斯抽采量越大,但差别较小,因此负压对提升抽采效率影响较小。受渗透率演化的影响,不同钻孔间距下瓦斯抽采总量差别较大,在间距为3 m时,40~120 d阶段内抽采量最高,后期抽采量缓慢下降。间距5 m时抽采总量最高,抽采范围内的瓦斯残余含量降低较多。现场优化抽采后的瓦斯抽采纯量与模拟结果一致,表明了研究结论可靠。该研究结果可为煤矿井下大直径钻孔瓦斯抽采参数设计提供理论依据与应用参考。

导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透强化瓦斯抽采技术及应用

针对低透气性高瓦斯煤层预抽瓦斯困难问题,提出导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透技术,通过理论推导计算煤层段扩孔后塑性区分布,分析穿层钻孔煤层段水压裂缝的起裂与扩展,揭示导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透的力学机制,研发导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透装备。在山西中兴煤矿进行现场应用,结果表明:利用水射流方法对穿层钻孔煤层段进行扩孔,使得煤中产生形似圆柱孔洞,穿层钻孔围岩塑性区半径与钻孔半径成正比,钻孔扩孔是增大塑性区范围的一种有效方法,裂隙扩展明显,瓦斯采出率提高。同时研发了一种导向槽定向水力压裂防突成套装备,主要部件有移动高压水力泵站、喷头、喷嘴、螺旋辅助排渣水射流高压钻杆、孔口防喷装置以及高压旋转接头,结合井下水力化作业远程监测和控制,现场监测结果表明,通过增透作业钻孔的方法,平均瓦斯浓度和瓦斯抽采混合量提高到常规孔的2.75倍和1.81倍,说明采取导向槽定向水力压裂措施的增透效果显著。

瓦斯压力对低透性煤吸附-解吸特性及孔隙分布的影响

为了从微观的角度探究瓦斯压力对深部低透性煤层吸附-解吸特性及孔隙分布的影响,采用低磁场核磁共振技术(NMR),开展深部低透性煤不同瓦斯压力下的吸附-解吸试验。试验发现:瓦斯吸附态、游离态和自由态下,T_(2)谱幅值积分与瓦斯压力呈现较好的线性关系,其拟合结果R^(2)均大于0.973 48,微观自由态瓦斯在瓦斯压力等于3.739 MPa处瓦斯的吸附-解吸出现了迟滞效应。不同瓦斯压力下,孔径类型分布差距较大,煤样内部孔隙分布主要是小孔占据大部分,而中孔和大孔所占比列较小。研究结果对深部低透性煤矿资源开采具有一定的指导意义。

瓦斯抽采钻孔布置方案参数优化:以保德煤矿为例

针对高瓦斯中低渗透率厚煤层工作面常规预抽钻孔预抽浓度低、钻孔衰减系数大、瓦斯预抽时间长等难题,以保德煤矿8号煤层为研究对象。通过8号煤层渗透率各项异性实验分析和现场测试,对8号煤层钻孔布孔方位以及封孔工艺最优参数进行研究。结果表明:预抽钻孔与煤壁裂隙呈90°,钻孔倾角为-6°时钻孔抽采效果最好;采用新材料+囊袋作为封孔材料,封孔距离8~16 m时,增大压力和“两堵两注”的注浆方式,能有效地提供封孔的气密性。通过3种不同的测试方法,确定4个月时的钻孔抽采有效半径约为4 m,6个月有效抽采半径为4.5 m。以此为依据,得出工作面瓦斯抽采钻孔最佳布置参数。研究成果为高瓦斯低渗透率厚煤层工作面预抽钻孔设计提供了参考依据。

水力压冲一体化增透抽采瓦斯技术

现有的水力压裂、水力冲孔、水力掏槽、水力割缝等煤矿井下水力增透技术工艺复杂、适应条件单一、劳动强度大,而钻冲一体化、钻扩一体化、水力冲/压一体化等技术对硬煤增透效果不理想,且存在工序繁琐、不能连续作业等问题。针对上述问题,提出了一种水力压冲一体化增透抽采瓦斯技术,在钻进过程中利用高压水射流定点(定向、分段)对煤层实施水力增透作业,可实现集打钻、对软煤水力冲孔及对硬煤水力喷射压裂的一体化作业。揭示了水力压冲一体化增透原理,即通过水力冲孔将软煤层的部分煤体冲出,实现软煤层出煤卸压增透,对硬煤层进行定点水力喷射压裂,实现硬煤层造缝增透;研制了水力压冲一体化钻具,满足高泵压、大排量的要求,具备较强的破岩和排屑能力,其工序简单、可操控性强;给出了高压水射流冲孔和水力喷射压裂时的钻具操控方法,探讨了钻进时冲压工艺和退钻时冲压工艺。在某矿16101底抽巷使用水力压冲一体化钻具进行了现场工程试验,结果表明:在软煤段进行水力冲孔作业,比传统水力冲孔缩短时间60%~80%,而单孔出煤量增加了约2倍,单孔平均百米瓦斯抽采纯量提高了1倍;在硬煤段进行水力喷射压裂作业,单孔平均百米瓦斯抽采纯量比传统水力冲孔提高了2倍。

碎软低渗煤层水平井水力喷砂射孔工艺优化

针对碎软低渗煤层水平井煤粉产出危害,提出采用水力喷砂射孔压裂来实现“射孔-增透-控粉”为一体的压裂改造理念,具体工艺包含水力喷砂射孔、高压射流、环空压裂以及水力补射孔清洗。通过成本及工艺对比,选择油管拖动水力喷砂射孔方式进行压裂,并对工艺和关键工具进行优化。首先,优化防反冲蚀破坏一体化硬质合金圆锥收敛型喷嘴,能实现排量2.0~2.5 m3/min时,射流压力为16.5~25.8 MPa。其次,优化喷射器本体,能有效射穿套管、水泥塞,并射入岩石一定深度。配套一体化管柱顺利完成了煤层气U型水平井压裂和补射孔施工各8段,每段射孔时间15 min以上,并充分顶替返排煤粉,投产3年后产气量仍达到3500 m3/d以上,表明优化工艺达到了碎软低渗煤层改造效果。与连续油管分段压裂技术相比,油管拖动水力喷射压裂单段压裂作业成本降低了28.5%。

低渗煤层瓦斯抽采顺层钻孔水力造穴卸压增透效果研究

为了揭示水力造穴参数对钻孔瓦斯抽采效果的影响规律,指导煤层水力造穴增透技术施工参数的合理选择。建立了煤层损伤-应力-渗流耦合模型,分析了不同造穴参数下煤层卸压增透效果,展开了顺层钻孔水力造穴现场工程试验,考察了不同造穴参数下钻孔瓦斯抽采效果,结果表明:采用水力造穴技术形成的孔穴能够有效降低其周围煤体应力,提高煤层渗透率,增加瓦斯钻孔抽采效果;造穴半径越大煤层的卸压程度越大,进而煤层渗透率增幅就越大,但在实际工程中过大的造穴半径会使得孔穴稳定性差,钻孔塌孔堵塞瓦斯涌出通道会使得钻孔瓦斯抽采量有所降低,试验矿井最优造穴半径为0.6 m;造穴间距对它们之间的应力降低区范围有着较大的影响,在一定距离条件下孔穴卸压有着明显的叠加效应,造穴间距越近叠加效应越明显,煤层应力越小,卸压增透效果越好。试验钻孔穴间距由8 m减小到6 m时,单孔平均瓦斯抽采纯量增加389.16%。

松软低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采技术的应用研究

为有效解决新源煤矿松软低透气性煤层瓦斯地面抽采难题,进行了超高压水力割缝增透技术的应用研究。采用COMSOL-Multiphysics仿真软件确定了有效抽采半径,找到了地面抽采难的原因,确定采用超高压水力割缝增透技术,并对超高压水力割缝装置和超高压水力割缝工艺进行了阐述。实践应用结果表明,对比普通钻孔瓦斯抽采技术,采用超高压水力割缝增透技术进行瓦斯抽采,其抽采体积分数和纯量均有大幅度的提高,抽采体积分数是普通钻孔抽采的2.24倍,抽采纯量是普通钻孔抽采的2.61倍。超高压水力割缝增透技术的应用有效解决了新源煤矿307工作面松软低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采难度大的问题。