Low crude protein formulation with supplemental amino acids for its impacts on intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs

Background Low crude protein(CP)formulations with supplemental amino acids(AA)are used to enhance intestinal health,reduce costs,minimize environmental impact,and maintain growth performance of pigs.However,extensive reduction of dietary CP can compromise growth performance due to limited synthesis of non-essential AA and limited availability of bioactive compounds from protein supplements even when AA requirements are met.Moreover,implementing a low CP formulation can increase the net energy(NE)content in feeds causing excessive fat deposition.Additional supplementation of functional AA,coupled with low CP formulation could further enhance intestinal health and glucose metabolism,improving nitrogen utilization,and growth performance.Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of low CP formulations with supplemental AA on the intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs.Methods In Exp.1,90 pigs(19.7±1.1 kg,45 barrows and 45 gilts)were assigned to 3 treatments:CON(18.0%CP,supplementing Lys,Met,and Thr),LCP(16.0%CP,supplementing Lys,Met,Thr,Trp,and Val),and LCPT(16.1%CP,LCP+0.05%SID Trp).In Exp.2,72 pigs(34.2±4.2 kg BW)were assigned to 3 treatments:CON(17.7%CP,meeting the requirements of Lys,Met,Thr,and Trp);LCP(15.0%CP,meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,and Phe);and VLCP(12.8%CP,meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,Phe,His,and Leu).In Exp.3,72 pigs(54.1±5.9 kg BW)were assigned to 3 treatments and fed experimental diets for 3 phases(grower 2,finishing 1,and finishing 2).Treatments were CON(18.0%,13.8%,12.7%CP for 3 phases;meeting Lys,Met,Thr,and Trp);LCP(13.5%,11.4%,10.4%CP for 3 phases;meeting Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Val,Ile,and Phe);and LCPG(14.1%,12.8%,11.1%CP for 3 phases;LCP+Glu to match SID Glu with CON).All diets had 2.6 Mcal/kg NE.Results In Exp.1,overall,the growth performance did not differ among treatments.The LCPT increased(P<0.05)Claudin-1 expression in the duodenum and jejunum.The LCP and LCPT increased(P<0.05)CAT-1,4F2hc,and B0AT expressions in the jejunum.In Exp.2,overall,the VLCP reduced(P<0.05)G:F and BUN.The LCP and VLCP increased(P<0.05)the backfat thickness(BFT).In Exp.3,overall,growth performance and BFT did not differ among treatments.The LCPG reduced(P<0.05)BUN,whereas increased the insulin in plasma.The LCP and LCPG reduced(P<0.05)the abundance of Streptococcaceae,whereas the LCP reduced(P<0.05)Erysipelotrichaceae,and the alpha diversity.Conclusions When implementing low CP formulation,CP can be reduced by supplementation of Lys,Thr,Met,Trp,Val,and Ile without affecting the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs when NE is adjusted to avoid increased fat deposition.Supplementation of Trp above the requirement or supplementation of Glu in low CP formulation seems to benefit intestinal health as well as improved nitrogen utilization and glucose metabolism.

Reduced protein diet with near ideal amino acid profile improves energy efficiency and mitigate heat production associated with lactation in sows

Background:The study objective was to test the hypothesis that 1)lowering dietary crude protein(CP)increases dietary energetic efficiency and reduces metabolic heat associated with lactation,and 2)excessive dietary leucine(Leu)supplementation in a low CP diet decreases dietary energetic efficiency and increases metabolic heat associated with lactation.Methods:Fifty-four lactating multiparous Yorkshire sows were allotted to 1 of 3 isocaloric diets(10.80 MJ/kg net energy):1)control(CON;18.75%CP),2)reduced CP with a near ideal or optimal AA profile(OPT;13.75%CP)and 3)diet OPT with excessive Leu(OPTLEU;14.25%CP).Sow body weight and backfat were recorded on day 1 and 21 of lactation and piglets were weighed on day 1,4,8,14,18,and 21 of lactation.Energy balance was measured on sows during early(day 4 to 8)and peak(day 14 to18)lactation,and milk was sampled on day 8 and 18.Results:Over 21-day lactation,sows fed OPT lost body weight and body lipid(P<0.05).In peak lactation,sows fed OPT had higher milk energy output(P<0.05)than CON.Sows fed OPTLEU tended(P=0.07)to have less milk energy output than OPT and did not differ from CON.Maternal energy retention was lower(P<0.05)in OPT and OPTLEU compared to CON sows,and did not differ between OPTLEU and OPT sows.Sows fed OPT had higher(P<0.05)apparent energy efficiency for milk production compared to CON.Heat production associated with lactation was lower(P<0.05)or tended to be lower(P=0.082),respectively,in OPT and OPTLEU compared to CON sows.Conclusion:The OPT diet,in peak lactation,improved dietary energy utilization for lactation due to less urinary energy and metabolic heat loss,and triggered dietary energy deposition into milk at the expense of maternal lipid mobilization.Leucine supplementation above requirement may reduce dietary energy utilization for lactation by decreasing the energy partitioning towards milk,partially explaining the effectiveness of OPT diet over CON diets.

Progress of amino acid nutrition for diet protein reduction in poultry

There is growing interest among nutritionists in feeding reduced protein diets to broiler chickens.Although nearly a century of research has been conducted providing biochemical insights on the impact of reduced protein diets for broilers,practical limitation still exists.The present review was written to provide insights on further reducing dietary protein in broilers.To construct this review,eighty-nine peer reviewed manuscripts in the area of amino acid nutrition in poultry were critiqued.Hence,nutritional research areas of low protein diets,threonine,glycine,valine,isoleucine,leucine,phenylalanine,histidine,and glutamine have been assessed and combined in this text,thus providing concepts into reduced protein diets for broilers.In addition,linkages between the cited work and least cost formation ingredient and nutrient matrix considerations are provided.In conclusion,practical applications in feeding reduced protein diets to broilers are advancing,but more work is warranted.

Effects of Low Protein Diets Supplemented with Ami-no Acids on Production Performance,Carcass Qual-ity and Input-output Ratio of Pigs

[ Objectives ] To study the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids on the production performance, carcass quality and input-output ratio of fattening pigs and growing-finishing pigs. [ Methods] Two studies were conducted on fattening pigs and growing pigs respectively. Pigs in two experimental groupswere fed with low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids and normal diets respectively, and the initial weight, final weight, feed consumption and car- cass index of the tested pigs were measured. [ Results] The average final weight of fattening pigs in test group was 2.4 kg lower than that in control group, while the difference was not significant （P 〉 0.05 ）. The average daily gain of fattening pigs in test group was 60 g lower than that in control group, indicating that low protein diets had a tendency to decrease the growth rate （P 〉 0.05 ）, and reduction of daily weight gain in low protein diet pigs reached 7.6%. The development of pigs in low protein diet group was poor, however, the difference was not significant. Carcass backfat thickness in low-protein diet group was slightly higher than that in control group, the difference was significant （ P 〈 0.05 ）. There was no significant difference in input-output ratio between low-protein diet group and control group. Finalweight of growing-finishing pigs in low-protein diet group was 3.22 % lower than that in control group, the average daily weight gainwas 6.91% lower than that in control group, feed intake in test group was 5.48% lower than that in control group, and difference between the two treatments was significant （P 〈 0.05 ）. Feed meat ratio in low-protein diet group improved, however, the difference was not significant（P 〉0.05）. [ Conclusions] Production performance of the pigs would be decreasedand the input-output ratio could not be improvedwhen the adding contents of crude protein in diets was reduced 3% -4%. Therefore, it is recommended that the crude protein level should be enough when pigs were fed with low-protein diets.

Dietary branched-chain amino acids modulate the dynamics of calcium absorption and reabsorption in proteinrestricted pigs

Background:Very low-protein(VLP)diets negatively impact calcium(Ca)metabolism and absorption.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental branched-chain amino acids(BCAA)and limiting amino acids(LAA)on Ca digestibility,absorption and reabsorption in pigs fed with VLP diets.Forty-eight piglets were assigned to six treatments:positive control(PC),negative control(NC),and NC containing LAA 25%,LAA 50%,LAA+BCAA 25%(LB25)and LAA+BCAA 50%(LB50)more than recommendations.Results:Relative to PC or NC,LB25 and LB50 had higher digestibility of Ca and plasma Ca and phosphorus(P),but lower plasma vitamin D3.LB50 tended to increase vitamin D receptor transcript and protein in the gut,but decreased mRNA or protein abundance of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor(PTH1R),calbindin 1(CALB1),cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 and occludin in small intestine.LB50 increased the transcript of cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 and PTH1R but decreased the transcript of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5,CALB1 and solute carrier family 17 member 4 in kidney.Conclusion:Overall,BCAA increased Ca digestibility through regulating the transcellular and paracellular Ca absorption in the gut and reabsorption in kidney during protein restriction.

Influence of Varying Crude Protein Levels and Balanced Amino Acids on the Performance and Haematological Characteristics of Laying Hens at the Second Phase of Production

Varying levels of dietary crude proteins and balanced amino acids were fed to layers for a period of eight weeks starting from the twenty-sixth week of age of birds and six weeks into egg production. Effects on performance and haematological characteristics were investigated at this second phase of production. Sixty Black Nera hens were randomly allotted into four (4) dietary treatments, containing the following levels of crude protein 14%, 15%, 16%, 17% and the metabolizable energy was iso-caloric for each treatment. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) observed for lymphocyte, Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC) and White Blood Cell (WBC), these haematological parameters were within the range for healthy birds. Thus crude protein level of 14% can be used in diets of layers at the second phase of production provided that adequate amino acids are given, without adverse effect on egg laying, feed intake and measured blood parameters.

Improving the Dietary Protein Quality by Amino Acid Fortification with a High Inclusion Level of Micro Algae (<i>Spirulina platensis</i>) or Insect Meal (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) in Meat Type Chicken Diets

The objective of this study was to measure protein quality parameters (PPV, NPU and NPUstd) of chicken diets with complete substitution of soybean meal (SBM) by Spirulina meal (SM) or partly defatted Hermetia meal (HM). N balance experiments were based on the quantitative excreta collection method, divided into starter period (10 - 20 d) and grower period (25 - 35 d). The study utilized 70 all male meat type chicken (Ross 308). Data assessment applied the exponential N utilization model of the “Goettingen approach”. The control diet was based on wheat, corn and SBM. In four experimental diets SBM was completely substituted by SM or HM, but fortified with feed amino acids (AA) both on a basic level of supplementation (Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) and on an extended level (Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Val, Ile, His added). At a basic level of AA supplementation, complete replacement of SBM by SM or HM in chicken diets depressed dietary protein quality significantly (p 0.05). However, the extended level of AA supplementation improved protein quality parameters of the diets with both of the alternative proteins significantly (p < 0.05), but still generally not on par with the control diet. The observed responses were accentuated when the well-known effect of N intake on protein utilization was eliminated through the standardization of N intake by application of the “Goettingen approach”.

Advances in low-protein diets for swine

Recent years have witnessed the great advantages of reducing dietary crude protein(CP) with free amino acids(AA)supplementation for sustainable swine industry, including saving protein ingredients, reducing nitrogen excretion, feed costs and the risk of gut disorders without impairing growth performance compared to traditional diets. However, a tendency toward increased fatness is a matter of concern when pigs are fed low-protein(LP) diets. In response, the use of the net energy system and balanced AA for formulation of LP diets has been proposed as a solution. Moreover, the extent to which dietary CP can be reduced is complicated. Meanwhile, the requirements for the first five limiting AA(lysine, threonine, sulfur-containing AA, tryptophan, and valine) that growing-finishing pigs fed LP diets were higher than pigs fed traditional diets, because the need for nitrogen for endogenous synthesis of non-essential AA to support protein synthesis may be increased when dietary CP is lowered. Overall, to address these concerns and give a better understanding of this nutritional strategy, this paper reviews recent advances in the study of LP diets for swine and provides some insights into future research directions.

Evaluation of the Protein Requirement in Chinese Young Adults Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique

Objective To accurately calculate the protein requirements in Chinese young adults using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Methods Nine women and ten men received a restricted daily level of protein intake （0.75, 0.82, 0.89, 0.97, and 1.05 g/kg）, along with L-[1-13C]-Ieucine. Subjects＇ protein requirement was determined by a biphasic linear regression crossover analysis of F13C02 data. In doing so, a breakpoint at the minimal rate of appearance of 13C02 expiration specific to each level of dietary protein was identified. This trial was registered with the Chinese clinical trial registry as ChiCTR-ONC-11001407. Results The Estimated Average Requirement （EAR） and the Recommended Nutrient Intake （RNI） of protein for healthy Chinese young adults were determined to be 0.87 and 0.98 g/（kg.d）, respectively, based on the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Conclusion The EAR and RNI of mixed protein are 5% and 16% that are lower than the current proposed EAR and RNI {0.92 and 1.16 g/（kg.d）, respectively）, as determined by the nitrogen balance method. The respective EAR and RNI recommendations of 0.87 and 0.98 g/（kg.d） of mixed protein are estimated to be reasonable and suitable for Chinese young adults.

Effect of dietary near ideal amino acid profile on heat production of lactating sows exposed to thermal neutral and heat stress conditions

Background:Reduced protein diet manifested potential to mitigate heat production based on the concept of ideal amino acid profile.The hypothesis of this study was that lactating sows fed a low crude protein(LCP)diet with supplemental amino acid produce less heat compared to those fed a high crude protein(HCP)diet under both thermal neutral(TN)and heat stress(HS)conditions.Methods:Thirty-two lactating sows were allotted to HCP(193 g CP/kg)and LCP(140 g CP/kg)diets under thermal neutral(TN,21±1.5°C)or cycling heat stress(HS,32±1.5°C daytime and 24±1.5°C nighttime)conditions.Diets contained 0.90%SID lysine and 10.8 MJ/kg net energy.Positive pressure indirect calorimeters were used to measure gas exchange in individual sows with litters,and individual piglets on days 4,8,14 and 18.Sow and litter weights were recorded on days 1,10 and 21.Results:Sow total heat production(THP)was calculated by subtracting litter THP from sow+litter THP based on BW0.75.Sow BW and body protein(BP)loss was greater for LCP diet compared to HCP diet in peak lactation(P<0.05 and P<0.01,respectively)and throughout the entire lactation period(P<0.05 and P=0.056,respectively)under HS conditions.Heat-stressed sows fed HCP diet had higher(P<0.05)rectal temperature at 13:00(P<0.05)and 19:00(P<0.01),and higher respiration rate at 07:00(P<0.05),13:00(P<0.05)and 19:00(P<0.05)compared to TN sows fed HCP diet.In sows fed LCP diet,those under HS tended to have higher(P=0.098)rectal temperature at 13:00 and had higher(P<0.05)respiration rate at 07:00,13:00 and 19:00 compared to TN sows.The relationship between daily THP and days in lactation of sows fed LCP diet was quadratic(P<0.05),with an ascending trend until day 14 and a descending trend from days 14 to 18.Sows fed LCP diet had lower daily THP at day 18(P<0.001)compared to those fed the HCP diet under HS conditions.Conclusion:Reduction in THP in sows fed LCP diet was largely associated with THP on day 18 of lactation under HS conditions.Feeding LCP diets alleviated the increased body temperature in sows under HS conditions throughout lactation,which was accompanied by a reduction in respiration rate.Total heat production is associated with days in lactation,in particular under HS conditions with THP appearing to peak between days 14 and 18.

Estimate of Amino Acid Balance in Nutrition

A new chemical index-imbalance degree (IBD), was proposed on the basis of cluster analysis in multivariate statistical analysis to estimate the extent of amino acid balance in protein. The range of IBD is between 0 and 1, successively corresponding to complete balance and entire imbalance for the amino acid profile of a sample. The amino acid increment model of IBD belongs to an asymmetrical maximum-type, and there is a high correlation between IBD and coefficient of variation (CV). The nutritional value of individual feed can be ranked and clustered according to its IBD; and by calculating the IBD of amixed sample with two or more feedstuffs, it is Possible theoretically to predict whether a synergetic. pheno men on exists and when an optimal mutual complement can happen. If the conceptive frame of IBD extended, it can be used to study the balance of nutrients besides amino acids, and is helpful to realize the automatic distinction and selection in diet formulating.

典型饲用氨基酸的太赫兹光谱检测与密度泛函理论指认分析

为探索用于畜禽饲喂低蛋白日粮的典型氨基酸太赫兹波段指纹特性及其与分子结构相关性,本文基于太赫兹时域光谱技术和密度泛函理论(DFT)对蛋氨酸等6种饲用氨基酸开展了实验测量和理论振动计算分析。首先,制备了氨基酸实验样本,测量了它们在0.5~2.0 THz的太赫兹吸收光谱,发现:蛋氨酸在1.48和1.54 THz、赖氨酸在0.95和1.67 THz、色氨酸在1.2和1.4 THz、苏氨酸在1.42 THz、组氨酸在1.4 THz、异亮氨酸在1.41和1.51 THz处呈现明显吸收特性;然后,利用GaussView软件构建了6种氨基酸单分子结构,应用DFT理论的B3LYP杂化泛函方法,结合6-311G(d,p)基组优化结构,计算获得其太赫兹波段的频谱特征,发现:蛋氨酸在1.51 THz、赖氨酸在0.89和1.68 THz、色氨酸在0.67和1.39 THz、苏氨酸在1.4 THz、组氨酸在1.4 THz、异亮氨酸在1.56和1.75 THz处有一定吸收,与实际实验测量吸收峰位基本吻合;最后,利用Gaussian软件分析了6种氨基酸在0.5~2.0 THz波段各吸收峰处的振动模式,发现:蛋氨酸1.51 THz处吸收峰源自其甲基团的面内摇摆振动;赖氨酸0.89和1.68 THz处吸收峰源自其羧基官能团的旋转和氨基官能团的面内摇摆振动;色氨酸1.39 THz处吸收峰源自其羧基官能团的面外弯曲振动;苏氨酸1.4 THz处吸收峰源自其羧基官能团的面外弯曲和氨基官能团的面内摇摆振动;组氨酸1.4 THz处吸收峰源自其氨基官能团的面内摇摆和整体摇摆振动;异亮氨酸1.56 THz处吸收峰源自其甲基团和氨基官能团的整体摇摆和羧基官能团的面外摇摆振动、1.75 THz处吸收峰源自其甲基团的整体摇摆和羧基官能团的面外摇摆振动。该研究为利用太赫兹光谱技术开展典型饲用氨基的快速定性定量研究提供理论参考。

6种平衡型复方氨基酸注射液合成人体蛋白质营养价值的研究

目的:通过对临床常用的6个品种平衡型复方氨基酸注射液(BCAA)18AA(250 mL:12.5 g)、18AA-I(250 mL:17.5 g)、18AA-II(250 mL:21.25 g)、18AA-IV(250 mL:8.7 g)、18AA-V(250 mL:8.06 g)、18AA-V-SF(250 mL:8.06 g)营养价值的研究,为医院药品遴选和临床合理选药提供参考。方法:依据全鸡蛋蛋白模式,对6个品种BCAA必需氨基酸(EAA)第一限制氨基酸化学评分(CS)值、总EAA综合质量(包括必需氨基酸指数、与标准蛋白的贴近度)2个方面评价其营养价值。结果:第一限制氨基酸CS值由高到低为:18AA-II>18AA>18AA-V=18AAV-SF>18AA-I=18AA-IV。总EAA综合质量:必需氨基酸指数由高到低为:18AA-II>18AA>18AA-I>18AA-IV>18AA-V=18AA-V-SF。与全鸡蛋蛋白的贴近度由高到低为:18AA-II=18AA=18AA-I>18AA-IV>18AA-V=18AA-VSF;最终,6个品种BCAA的营养价值由高到低:18AA-II>18AA>18AA-I>18AA-IV>18AA-V=18AA-V-SF。结论:6个品种BCAA中,18AA-II营养价值最高、相同液体量氨基酸含量最高,是肝肾功能正常病人的首选药物。

低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮是养猪节粮增效的关键技术

通过补充适宜种类和数量的工业合成晶体氨基酸,低蛋白质饲粮可以精准满足猪快速生长所需的氨基酸营养需求,避免蛋白质饲料浪费及减少粪、尿氮排放。低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮是以低蛋白质饲粮生产技术为基础,依据各种能量饲料和蛋白质饲料的可利用养分等,配制的原料种类多、养分互补性强、营养平衡度高的低豆粕饲粮。低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮可有效增强猪对饲粮中营养物质的消化、吸收和沉积,降低饲粮中豆粕、玉米等原料的用量,对节粮增效及提高养猪效率具有重要意义。本文从研究与应用进展、对生猪养殖效率的影响、合成氨基酸与天然氨基酸效率对比、氨基酸数量需求情况及产能等方面分析,综述了猪低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮技术、应用效果及前景,以期为相关研究及应用工作提供一定的参考和帮助。

肉鸡低蛋白日粮配制技术研究进展

低蛋白日粮关系到我国的畜禽生产、国际贸易,对于维持我国畜禽的可持续发展来说尤为重要。文章围绕肉鸡低蛋白日粮配制技术中涉及到的粗蛋白降低的程度、理想蛋白质氨基酸平衡模式、合成氨基酸补充种类、饲料原料标准回肠可消化氨基酸参数的研究进展进行综述,在限制性氨基酸得到满足的情况下,肉鸡日粮中粗蛋白最大可以降低2.5个百分点,添加蛋白酶或植酸酶粗蛋白可以降低0.5或1个百分点,低蛋白日粮配制还要注意电解质平衡。

低蛋白日粮添加晶体氨基酸对21~60日龄青脚麻母鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和屠宰性能的影响

文章旨在研究低蛋白质日粮添加6种晶体氨基酸(赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸)对青脚麻母鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和屠宰性能的影响。试验将720只21日龄的青脚麻母鸡分成对照组和试验组,每组6个重复,每个重复60只,21~40 d对照组和试验组粗蛋白质水平分别为19.5%、16.5%,D-lys为1%,按照理想氨基酸模型比例补充6种氨基酸(赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸)达到一致水平。41~60 d对照组和试验组粗蛋白质水平分别为18%、15%,D-lys为0.85%,按照理想氨基酸模型比例补充6种氨基酸(赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸)达到一致水平。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组青脚麻母鸡的生长性能、血清生化指标和屠宰性能均无显著变化(P>0.05)。综上所述,在理想氨基酸模型下日粮中粗蛋白水平降低3%,21~60日龄青脚麻母鸡的生长性能、血清生化指标和屠宰性能均不受影响。

低蛋白饲料补充必需氨基酸对异育银鲫生长、氨基酸转运和mTOR信号通路相关基因的影响

实验以初重为(12.71±0.11)g的异育银鲫“中科5号”(Carassius gibelio var.CAS V)为研究对象,基于异育银鲫必需氨基酸需求量,探究在低蛋白饲料中补充必需氨基酸对异育银鲫生长、消化、氨基酸转运和mTOR信号通路相关基因表达的影响。实验设计3组等能饲料:CON组(35%粗蛋白)、LP组(28%粗蛋白)和LP+EAA组(28%粗蛋白+晶体氨基酸),养殖周期为50d。实验结果显示:低蛋白饲料中补充必需氨基酸显著提高异育银鲫生长性能(P<0.05),并与CON组无显著差异(P>0.05);LP+EAA组的肝脏谷草转氨酶活性显著高于LP组(P<0.05),而谷丙转氨酶活性各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);补充必需氨基酸对肠道中胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05),而对糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶无显著影响(P>0.05)。肠道中cat2、asct2和b0at1三种氨基酸转运蛋白显著上调(P<0.05),LP组的b0,+at的相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05),而pept1的表达各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);肝脏中LP组tor相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05),LP+EAA组的s6k1表达水平显著上调(P<0.05),而4ebp2和eif4e的相对表达量在各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);背肌中LP+EAA组的tor表达水平显著上调(P<0.05),LP组的eif4e表达水平显著下调(P<0.05),而s6k1和4ebp2的相对表达量在各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,向异育银鲫“中科5号”幼鱼饲料中补充必需氨基酸至需求量可以将饲料蛋白水平由35%降至28%,而不会对生长、氨基酸转运和mTOR信号通路相关基因表达等产生负面影响。

低蛋白日粮中不同比例氨基酸对藏羊背腰最长肌肉品质、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成以及维生素和矿物质含量的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白日粮中不同比例氨基酸对藏羊背腰最长肌肉品质、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成以及维生素和矿物质含量的影响。选取90只体重相近[(15.60±0.10)kg],健康的高原型藏羊公羔,随机分为3组,每组30只,每组5个重复,每个重复6只羊。日粮精料中蛋白水平为12%,3组分别为LP-L组(赖氨酸与蛋氨酸为1∶1);LP-M组(赖氨酸与蛋氨酸为2∶1);LP-H组(赖氨酸与蛋氨酸为3∶1)。试验期共97 d,其中7 d预饲期,90 d正试期。结果表明:1)解冻损失指标LP-L组显著低于LP-H组(P<0.05),蒸煮损失和剪切力指标LP-L组显著低于LP-M和LPH组(P<0.05);2)添加不同氨基酸比例对各组肌肉中氨基酸的组成没有显著影响(P>0.05);3)在不饱和脂肪酸中,反式亚油酸、二十二碳三烯酸和十五碳烯酸含量LP-L组显著高于LP-M组(P<0.05);十七碳烯酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸LP-L组显著高于LP-M和LP-H组(P<0.05);4)α-维生素E、γ-维生素E和维生素E指标LP-L组显著高于LP-M组(P<0.05),矿物质元素钙LP-L组显著高于LP-M组(P<0.05)。综上所述,当日粮中赖氨酸与蛋氨酸比例为1∶1时能提高不饱和脂肪酸含量以及肉质中维生素和矿物质元素含量;且对氨基酸组成没有不良影响,并能有效改善肉品质。

饲粮蛋白质水平和氨基酸补充模式对1~28日龄仔鹅生长性能和氨基酸含量的影响

试验旨在研究基于玉米-豆粕型饲粮不同蛋白质水平和氨基酸补充模式对1~28日龄仔鹅生长性能、胫长、胫围、腿肌和肝脏氨基酸含量的影响。选取1日龄江南白鹅公雏364只,随机分为4组,每组7个重复,每个重复13只鹅。采用2×2因素完全随机试验设计,设置两个蛋白水平(18.55%和15.55%)和两种氨基酸补充模式(补充主要氨基酸和补充全部氨基酸)。4组分别为PM(CP 18.55%+主要氨基酸,11.20 MJ/kg)、PA(CP 18.55%+全部氨基酸,11.20 MJ/kg)、LPM(CP 15.55%+主要氨基酸,11.20 MJ/kg)、LPA(CP 15.55%+全部氨基酸,11.20 MJ/kg)。主要氨基酸包含6种,全部氨基酸包含12种。试验期为28 d。结果表明:与CP 18.55%相比,CP 15.55%显著降低了仔鹅7、14、21 d的平均体重(P<0.05)。与补充全部氨基酸模式相比,补充主要氨基酸模式显著增加了14 d仔鹅的胫围以及28 d鹅肝脏丙氨酸(Ala)、蛋氨酸(Met)、酪氨酸(Tyr)、组氨酸(His)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量(P<0.05)。与CP 18.55%相比,CP 15.55%显著降低了28 d鹅肝脏Met含量、27~29 d鹅粪中苏氨酸(Thr)含量(P<0.05)。研究表明,不同蛋白水平和氨基酸补充模式对28 d仔鹅的生长性能无不良影响,仔鹅对低蛋白饲粮的适应性强,降低蛋白水平不会对仔鹅生产性能产生负面影响。

添加过瘤胃氨基酸低蛋白质饲粮对呼伦贝尔羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及肉品质的影响

旨在探究低蛋白质日粮中添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)和过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)对呼伦贝尔羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清生化及肉品质的影响。选择2.5月龄断奶健康羔羊16只,编号后随机等分为2组,分别为对照组(Control group,饲喂低蛋白质日粮,粗蛋白质含量为7.84%)和试验组(Treatment group,在低蛋白质日粮基础上补充10 g·d^(-1) RPMet和15 g·d^(-1) RPLys)。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。结果显示:1)试验组的平均日采食量较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),但其平均日增高显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的料重比较对照组有降低的趋势。2)两组间的屠宰性能和养分表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)试验组血清中的总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、肌酐(CREA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),游离脂肪酸(NEFA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)两组间背肌的肉色、常规营养成分、脂肪酸组成和含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验组肌肉中苏氨酸(Thr)含量较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)的含量较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),试验组肌肉中风味氨基酸和必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例(DAA/TAA、EAA/TAA)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NAA)显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上,在本试验条件下,低蛋白质饲粮中添加10 g·d^(-1) RPMet和15 g·d^(-1) RPLys对呼伦贝尔羊的生长发育有积极作用,且不会影响其养分消化率和屠宰性能,并能增加肌肉中的风味氨基酸和必需氨基酸的占比,提升羊肉的风味和营养价值。