The significant decrease in battery performance at low temperatures is one of the critical challenges that electric vehicles(EVs)face,thereby affecting the penetration rate in cold regions.Alternating current(AC)heati...The significant decrease in battery performance at low temperatures is one of the critical challenges that electric vehicles(EVs)face,thereby affecting the penetration rate in cold regions.Alternating current(AC)heating has attracted widespread attention due to its low energy consumption and uniform heating advantages.This paper introduces the recent advances in AC heating from the perspective of practical EV applications.First,the performance degradation of EVs in low-temperature environments is introduced briefly.The concept of AC heating and its research methods are provided.Then,the effects of various AC heating methods on battery heating performance are reviewed.Based on existing studies,the main factors that affect AC heating performance are analyzed.Moreover,various heating circuits based on EVs are categorized,and their cost,size,complexity,efficiency,reliability,and heating rate are elaborated and compared.The evolution of AC heaters is presented,and the heaters used in brand vehicles are sorted out.Finally,the perspectives and challenges of AC heating are discussed.This paper can guide the selection of heater implementation methods and the optimization of heating effects for future EV applications.展开更多
Resolvers are normally employed for rotor positioning in motors for electric vehicles, but resolvers are expensive and vulnerable to vibrations. Hall sensors have the advantages of low cost and high reliability, but t...Resolvers are normally employed for rotor positioning in motors for electric vehicles, but resolvers are expensive and vulnerable to vibrations. Hall sensors have the advantages of low cost and high reliability, but the positioning accuracy is low. Motors with Hall sensors are typically controlled by six-step commutation algorithm, which brings high torque ripple. This paper studies the high-performance driving and braking control of the in-wheel permanent magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM) based on low-resolution Hall sensors. Field oriented control (FOC) based on Hall-effect sensors is developed to reduce the torque ripple. The positioning accuracy of the Hall sensors is improved by interpolation between two consecutive Hall signals using the estimated motor speed. The position error from the misalignment of the Hall sensors is compensated by the precise calibration of Hall transition timing. The braking control algorithms based on six-step commutation and FOC are studied. Two variants of the six-step commutation braking control, namely, half-bridge commutation and full-bridge commutation, are discussed and compared, which shows that the full-bridge commutation could better explore the potential of the back electro-motive forces (EMF), thus can deliver higher efficiency and smaller current ripple. The FOC braking is analyzed with the phasor diagrams. At a given motor speed, the motor turns from the regenerative braking mode into the plug braking mode if the braking torque exceeds a certain limit, which is proportional to the motor speed. Tests in the dynamometer show that a smooth control could be realized by FOC driving control and the highest efficiency and the smallest current ripple could be achieved by FOC braking control, compared to six-step commutation braking control. Therefore, FOC braking is selected as the braking control algorithm for electric vehicles. The proposed research ensures a good motor control performance while maintaining low cost and high reliability.展开更多
By using high-power and high-efficiency propulsion systems,current hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs) in market can achieve excellent fuel economy and kinetic performance.However,it is the cost of current HEVs that hind...By using high-power and high-efficiency propulsion systems,current hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs) in market can achieve excellent fuel economy and kinetic performance.However,it is the cost of current HEVs that hinders HEVs coming into widespread use.A novel hybrid electric propulsion system is designed to balance HEV cost and performance for developing markets.A battery/supercapacitor-based hybrid energy storage system(HESS) is used to improve energy conversion efficiency and reduce battery size and cost.An all-in-one-controller(AIOC) which integrates engine electronic control unit(ECU),motor ECU,and HESS management system is developed to save materials and energy,and reduce the influence of distribution parameters on circuit.As for the powertrain configuration,four schemes are presented:belt-driven starter generator(BSG) scheme,four-wheel drive HEV scheme,full HEV scheme,and ranger-extender electric vehicle(EV) scheme.Component selection and parameter matching for the propulsion system are performed,and an energy management strategy is developed based on powertrain configuration and selected components.Forward-facing simulation models are built,comprehending the control strategy based on the optimal engine torque for the low-cost hybrid electric propulsion system.Co-simulation of AVL CRUISE and Matlab/Simulink is presented and the best scheme is selected.The simulation results indicate that,for the best design,fuel consumption in urban driving condition is 4.11 L/(100 km) and 0-50 km/h accelerating time is 10.95 s.The proposed research can realize low-cost concept for HEV while achieving satisfactory fuel economy and kinetic performance,and help to improve commercialization of HEVs.展开更多
促使风电、光伏等分布式能源和电动汽车保有量快速增长。考虑电动汽车到电网(vehicle to grid,V2G)能量互动对多元化能源发电出力随机性及波动性的平抑作用,以及提升风/光电的消纳水平,采用虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)技术实现...促使风电、光伏等分布式能源和电动汽车保有量快速增长。考虑电动汽车到电网(vehicle to grid,V2G)能量互动对多元化能源发电出力随机性及波动性的平抑作用,以及提升风/光电的消纳水平,采用虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)技术实现对二者的统一协调管理,进而结合电动汽车全生命周期碳排放数量和分布式能源运行时碳排放数量,构建电动汽车参与的虚拟电厂整体多目标优化模型,采用粒子群优化算法对该模型进行求解,从而优化系统运行成本及碳排放成本。在结合真实数据配置的算例模型上进行实验分析,实验结果表明,提出的优化模型可以有效调度虚拟电厂各要素,充分发挥电动汽车V2G入网充放电带来的运行和碳排放收益,可以为低碳目标背景下电网系统的安全稳定运行提供技术参考。展开更多
In the near future, various types of low-carbon technologies(LCTs) are expected to be widely employed throughout the United Kingdom. However, the effect that these technologies will have at a household level on the ex...In the near future, various types of low-carbon technologies(LCTs) are expected to be widely employed throughout the United Kingdom. However, the effect that these technologies will have at a household level on the existing low voltage(LV) network is still an area of extensive research. We propose an agent based model that estimates the growth of LCTs within local neighbourhoods,where social influence is imposed. Real-life data from an LV network is used that comprises of many socially diverse neighbourhoods. Both electric vehicle uptake and the combined scenario of electric vehicle and photovoltaic adoption are investigated with this data. A probabilistic approach is outlined, which determines lower and upper bounds for the model response at every neighbourhood.This technique is used to assess the implications of modifying model assumptions and introducing new model features. Moreover, we discuss how the calculation of these bounds can inform future network planning decisions.展开更多
在“双碳”目标背景下,为实现微电网系统的低碳排放和风电消纳最大化,提出了一种含碳捕集电厂(carbon capture power plant,CCPP)及电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)耦合的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)和电车入网(vehicle to gr...在“双碳”目标背景下,为实现微电网系统的低碳排放和风电消纳最大化,提出了一种含碳捕集电厂(carbon capture power plant,CCPP)及电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)耦合的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)和电车入网(vehicle to grid,V2G)的双层模型优化调度策略。首先,在低碳技术层面上,针对CCPP和P2G设备在时间上运行不同步的问题,在CCPP和P2G设备中间加设储液罐作为CO_(2)的缓冲站,建立含CCPP、P2G设备、燃气轮机的数学模型并建立阶梯碳交易对IES进行低碳排放约束;其次,为了充分发挥电动汽车负荷和储能的双重特性,以IES的弃风时段和高峰时段制定策略引导电动汽车进行充放电,来进行能量时移;最后,在经济效益层面上,以综合运行成本最低为目标函数,采用MATLAB调用GUROBI求解器进行求解。通过设置不同场景进行对比,结果表明,该调度策略能在提高微电网风电消纳水平的同时,实现系统的低碳经济运行。展开更多
随着汽车技术的不断发展,汽车的电气设备种类越来越多,电器消耗的电能占整车能量比重不断上升,对汽车低压电源管理提出更高要求。为满足用户日益增长的汽车电子设备用电需求,达到减少整车能量消耗、提高电池充电效率的目的,在对纯电动...随着汽车技术的不断发展,汽车的电气设备种类越来越多,电器消耗的电能占整车能量比重不断上升,对汽车低压电源管理提出更高要求。为满足用户日益增长的汽车电子设备用电需求,达到减少整车能量消耗、提高电池充电效率的目的,在对纯电动汽车负载进行分类的基础上,利用遗传算法对用于电量安全分级的低压电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)进行优化,并提出一种基于SOC的4级恒流低压锂电池充电管理策略;利用AVL-Cruise和MATLAB-Simulink软件联合仿真搭建车辆模型,采用不同工况进行仿真验证和对比分析。结果表明,低压锂电池电源管理策略能够满足纯电动汽车的电量安全性要求,在一定程度上提高了整车经济性;优化后的锂电池充电效率有一定的提高,充电时间也有所减少。展开更多
随着配电网中电动汽车规模化接入,其无序充电行为引发的充电负荷增长趋势日益显著,导致配电变压器过载、配电台区网损增大以及负载不均衡等诸多问题。文章围绕配电网台区电动汽车接纳能力提升问题开展研究,针对电动汽车的无序充电行为...随着配电网中电动汽车规模化接入,其无序充电行为引发的充电负荷增长趋势日益显著,导致配电变压器过载、配电台区网损增大以及负载不均衡等诸多问题。文章围绕配电网台区电动汽车接纳能力提升问题开展研究,针对电动汽车的无序充电行为导致配电网运行经济性差、安全运行风险高等问题,提出了基于柔性互联的多配电台区电动汽车充电设施协同优化运行方法,考虑用户参与意愿、充电费用、用户满意度、配电网安全性等,结合智能软开关(soft open point,SOP)功率互送的能力,实现了台区间的互联互供。算例分析证明,文章的方法可降低变压器过载风险,大幅增加台区运行的经济性,通过台区间的柔性互联设备实现充电负荷转移与灵活资源共享,从而大幅提升配电台区对电动汽车的接纳能力。展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2021YFB1600200in part by the Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Research Project under grant 2023BSHEDZZ223+3 种基金in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD,under grant 300102383101in part by the Shaanxi Province Qinchuangyuan High-Level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Project under grant QCYRCXM-2023-112the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province under grant 2024GX-YBXM-442in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grand 62373224.
文摘The significant decrease in battery performance at low temperatures is one of the critical challenges that electric vehicles(EVs)face,thereby affecting the penetration rate in cold regions.Alternating current(AC)heating has attracted widespread attention due to its low energy consumption and uniform heating advantages.This paper introduces the recent advances in AC heating from the perspective of practical EV applications.First,the performance degradation of EVs in low-temperature environments is introduced briefly.The concept of AC heating and its research methods are provided.Then,the effects of various AC heating methods on battery heating performance are reviewed.Based on existing studies,the main factors that affect AC heating performance are analyzed.Moreover,various heating circuits based on EVs are categorized,and their cost,size,complexity,efficiency,reliability,and heating rate are elaborated and compared.The evolution of AC heaters is presented,and the heaters used in brand vehicles are sorted out.Finally,the perspectives and challenges of AC heating are discussed.This paper can guide the selection of heater implementation methods and the optimization of heating effects for future EV applications.
基金supported by National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program,Grant No.2008AA11A126)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China (Grant No. NCET-10-0498)
文摘Resolvers are normally employed for rotor positioning in motors for electric vehicles, but resolvers are expensive and vulnerable to vibrations. Hall sensors have the advantages of low cost and high reliability, but the positioning accuracy is low. Motors with Hall sensors are typically controlled by six-step commutation algorithm, which brings high torque ripple. This paper studies the high-performance driving and braking control of the in-wheel permanent magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM) based on low-resolution Hall sensors. Field oriented control (FOC) based on Hall-effect sensors is developed to reduce the torque ripple. The positioning accuracy of the Hall sensors is improved by interpolation between two consecutive Hall signals using the estimated motor speed. The position error from the misalignment of the Hall sensors is compensated by the precise calibration of Hall transition timing. The braking control algorithms based on six-step commutation and FOC are studied. Two variants of the six-step commutation braking control, namely, half-bridge commutation and full-bridge commutation, are discussed and compared, which shows that the full-bridge commutation could better explore the potential of the back electro-motive forces (EMF), thus can deliver higher efficiency and smaller current ripple. The FOC braking is analyzed with the phasor diagrams. At a given motor speed, the motor turns from the regenerative braking mode into the plug braking mode if the braking torque exceeds a certain limit, which is proportional to the motor speed. Tests in the dynamometer show that a smooth control could be realized by FOC driving control and the highest efficiency and the smallest current ripple could be achieved by FOC braking control, compared to six-step commutation braking control. Therefore, FOC braking is selected as the braking control algorithm for electric vehicles. The proposed research ensures a good motor control performance while maintaining low cost and high reliability.
基金supported by General Motors (Low-cost Hybrid Electric Propulsion System)
文摘By using high-power and high-efficiency propulsion systems,current hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs) in market can achieve excellent fuel economy and kinetic performance.However,it is the cost of current HEVs that hinders HEVs coming into widespread use.A novel hybrid electric propulsion system is designed to balance HEV cost and performance for developing markets.A battery/supercapacitor-based hybrid energy storage system(HESS) is used to improve energy conversion efficiency and reduce battery size and cost.An all-in-one-controller(AIOC) which integrates engine electronic control unit(ECU),motor ECU,and HESS management system is developed to save materials and energy,and reduce the influence of distribution parameters on circuit.As for the powertrain configuration,four schemes are presented:belt-driven starter generator(BSG) scheme,four-wheel drive HEV scheme,full HEV scheme,and ranger-extender electric vehicle(EV) scheme.Component selection and parameter matching for the propulsion system are performed,and an energy management strategy is developed based on powertrain configuration and selected components.Forward-facing simulation models are built,comprehending the control strategy based on the optimal engine torque for the low-cost hybrid electric propulsion system.Co-simulation of AVL CRUISE and Matlab/Simulink is presented and the best scheme is selected.The simulation results indicate that,for the best design,fuel consumption in urban driving condition is 4.11 L/(100 km) and 0-50 km/h accelerating time is 10.95 s.The proposed research can realize low-cost concept for HEV while achieving satisfactory fuel economy and kinetic performance,and help to improve commercialization of HEVs.
文摘促使风电、光伏等分布式能源和电动汽车保有量快速增长。考虑电动汽车到电网(vehicle to grid,V2G)能量互动对多元化能源发电出力随机性及波动性的平抑作用,以及提升风/光电的消纳水平,采用虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)技术实现对二者的统一协调管理,进而结合电动汽车全生命周期碳排放数量和分布式能源运行时碳排放数量,构建电动汽车参与的虚拟电厂整体多目标优化模型,采用粒子群优化算法对该模型进行求解,从而优化系统运行成本及碳排放成本。在结合真实数据配置的算例模型上进行实验分析,实验结果表明,提出的优化模型可以有效调度虚拟电厂各要素,充分发挥电动汽车V2G入网充放电带来的运行和碳排放收益,可以为低碳目标背景下电网系统的安全稳定运行提供技术参考。
基金supported by Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks through the New Thames Valley Vision Project (SSET203 New Thames Valley Vision)funded by the Low Carbon Network Fund established by Ofgem
文摘In the near future, various types of low-carbon technologies(LCTs) are expected to be widely employed throughout the United Kingdom. However, the effect that these technologies will have at a household level on the existing low voltage(LV) network is still an area of extensive research. We propose an agent based model that estimates the growth of LCTs within local neighbourhoods,where social influence is imposed. Real-life data from an LV network is used that comprises of many socially diverse neighbourhoods. Both electric vehicle uptake and the combined scenario of electric vehicle and photovoltaic adoption are investigated with this data. A probabilistic approach is outlined, which determines lower and upper bounds for the model response at every neighbourhood.This technique is used to assess the implications of modifying model assumptions and introducing new model features. Moreover, we discuss how the calculation of these bounds can inform future network planning decisions.
文摘在“双碳”目标背景下,为实现微电网系统的低碳排放和风电消纳最大化,提出了一种含碳捕集电厂(carbon capture power plant,CCPP)及电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)耦合的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)和电车入网(vehicle to grid,V2G)的双层模型优化调度策略。首先,在低碳技术层面上,针对CCPP和P2G设备在时间上运行不同步的问题,在CCPP和P2G设备中间加设储液罐作为CO_(2)的缓冲站,建立含CCPP、P2G设备、燃气轮机的数学模型并建立阶梯碳交易对IES进行低碳排放约束;其次,为了充分发挥电动汽车负荷和储能的双重特性,以IES的弃风时段和高峰时段制定策略引导电动汽车进行充放电,来进行能量时移;最后,在经济效益层面上,以综合运行成本最低为目标函数,采用MATLAB调用GUROBI求解器进行求解。通过设置不同场景进行对比,结果表明,该调度策略能在提高微电网风电消纳水平的同时,实现系统的低碳经济运行。
文摘随着汽车技术的不断发展,汽车的电气设备种类越来越多,电器消耗的电能占整车能量比重不断上升,对汽车低压电源管理提出更高要求。为满足用户日益增长的汽车电子设备用电需求,达到减少整车能量消耗、提高电池充电效率的目的,在对纯电动汽车负载进行分类的基础上,利用遗传算法对用于电量安全分级的低压电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)进行优化,并提出一种基于SOC的4级恒流低压锂电池充电管理策略;利用AVL-Cruise和MATLAB-Simulink软件联合仿真搭建车辆模型,采用不同工况进行仿真验证和对比分析。结果表明,低压锂电池电源管理策略能够满足纯电动汽车的电量安全性要求,在一定程度上提高了整车经济性;优化后的锂电池充电效率有一定的提高,充电时间也有所减少。
文摘随着配电网中电动汽车规模化接入,其无序充电行为引发的充电负荷增长趋势日益显著,导致配电变压器过载、配电台区网损增大以及负载不均衡等诸多问题。文章围绕配电网台区电动汽车接纳能力提升问题开展研究,针对电动汽车的无序充电行为导致配电网运行经济性差、安全运行风险高等问题,提出了基于柔性互联的多配电台区电动汽车充电设施协同优化运行方法,考虑用户参与意愿、充电费用、用户满意度、配电网安全性等,结合智能软开关(soft open point,SOP)功率互送的能力,实现了台区间的互联互供。算例分析证明,文章的方法可降低变压器过载风险,大幅增加台区运行的经济性,通过台区间的柔性互联设备实现充电负荷转移与灵活资源共享,从而大幅提升配电台区对电动汽车的接纳能力。