Interfacial built-in electric field and crosslinking pathways enabling WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction with robust sodium storage at low temperature

Developing efficient energy storage for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)by creating high-performance heterojunctions and understanding their interfacial interaction at the atomic/molecular level holds promise but is also challenging.Besides,sluggish reaction kinetics at low temperatures restrict the operation of SIBs in cold climates.Herein,cross-linking nanoarchitectonics of WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction,featuring built-in electric field(BIEF),have been developed,employing as a model to reveal the positive effect of heterojunction design and BIEF for modifying the reaction kinetics and electrochemical activity.Particularly,the theoretical analysis manifests the discrepancy in work functions leads to the electronic flow from the electron-rich Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) to layered WS_(2),spontaneously forming the BIEF and“ion reservoir”at the heterogeneous interface.Besides,the generation of cross-linking pathways further promotes the transportation of electrons/ions,which guarantees rapid diffusion kinetics and excellent structure coupling.Consequently,superior sodium storage performance is obtained for the WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction,with only 0.2%decay per cycle at 5.0 A g^(-1)(25℃)up to 1000 cycles and a high capacity of 293.5 mA h g^(-1)(0.1A g^(-1)after 100 cycles)even at-20℃.Importantly,the spontaneously formed BIEF,accompanied by“ion reservoir”,in heterojunction provides deep understandings of the correlation between structure fabricated and performance obtained.

Performance of Sn-Cu Alloy Anode at Low Temperature

Sn-Cu alloy anode was prepared by pulsed electrodeposition for lithium ion batteries, and its electrochemical performance was tested at low temperature. When temperature decreased from 25℃ to -20℃, the Sn-Cu alloy anode provided the capacity retentions of 76% in the electrolyte of 1 mol/L LiBF4/EC＋EMC＋γBL and 51% in the electrolyte of 1 mol/L LiPF6/EC＋DMC＋DEC. Under the same conditions, the graphite anode presented the capacity retentions of only 41% and 18%, respectively. The Sn-Cu alloy anode showed better performance in the electrolyte of 1 mol/L LiBF4/EC＋EMC＋γBL than in the electrolyte of 1 mol/L LiPF6/EC＋DMC＋DEC, and kept much higher capacity retention than that of graphite at -20℃. The Sn-Cu alloy anode in the electrolyte of 1mol/L LiBF4/EC＋EMC＋γBL （1：1：1, volume ratio） is promising for low temperature application of lithium batteries.

Effect of aggregate gradation on low temperature performance of asphalt paving mixtures

Low temperature cracking has become one of the important factors that diminish asphalt pavement's ride quality and service life.Especially in cold region,cracking caused by low temperature is the main distress form.This paper discussed the effect of aggregate gradation on the low temperature performance in asphalt paving mixtures.A total of 11 asphalt mixtures with 11 different aggregate gradations and one asphalt binder content were studied.Volumetric properties of the coarse aggregate and asphalt mixtures showed aggregate grading has a significant impact on the degree of aggregate interlock in asphalt mixtures.A trend is existed in the low temperature performance with the change of gradation.With the aid of mathematic statistics,it indicates gradation affects the low temperature performance significantly.The findings also indicate the relationship between the degree of aggregate interlock in asphalt mixtures and the low temperature performance:With the stone-to-stone contact developed,the mixture has a high energy to resist contract and deformation at low temperature.The properties of fine aggregate and asphalt play an important part in resisting low temperature cracking in floating structure.But it provides lower energy to resist low temperature cracking compared to the skeleton structure.

Gas sensing performance of polyaniline/ZnO organic-inorganic hybrids for detecting VOCs at low temperature

Polyaniline （PANI） was prepared by the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline, and ZnO, with the mean particle size of 28 nm, was synthesized by a non-aqueous solvent method. The organic-inorganic PANI/ZnO hybrids with different mass fractions of PANI were obtained by mechanically mixing the prepared PANI and ZnO. The gas sensing properties of PANI/ZnO hybrids to different volatile organic compounds （VOCs） including methanol, ethanol and acetone were investigated at a low operating temperature of 90°C. Compared with the pure PANI and ZnO, the PANI/ZnO hybrids presented much higher response to VOCs. Meanwhile, the PANI/ZnO hybrid exhibited a good reversibility and a short response-recovery time, implying its potential application for gas sensors. The sensing mechanism was suggested to be related to the existence of p-n heterojunctions in the PANI/ZnO hybrids.

Improving the fatigue performance of longitudinal welded joints by low transformation temperature electrodes

For a longitudinal welded joint, the tensile residual stresses are as high as the yield stress of the metal, so that the weld toes are sensitive to fatigue load. In this case a low transformation temperature electrode (LTTE) is one of the most useful methods used to improve the fatigue strength of the longitudinal welded joint, because the tensile residual stress is reduced or changed into compressive stress. Three kinds of longitudinal welded joints were selected to conduct fatigue tests. The tests results show that the fatigue strengths at 2×10 6 cycles of the joints welded with LTTE were improved by 41%, 47% and 59% respectively compared with those of the joints welded with E5015, and the fatigue lives at 162 MPa were improved by 9.9 times, 9.6 times and 46.8 times respectively. Furthermore, the LTTE method is not necessary to add process after welding and so that it can be valuable method to improve the fatigue performance of longitudinal welded joints.

Low-temperature performance and high-rate discharge capability of AB_5-type non-stoichiometric hydrogen storage alloy

Low-temperature performance and high-rate discharge capability of AB5-type non-stoichiometric hydrogen storage are studied. X-ray diffraction(XRD),pressure-composition-temperature(PCT) curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) are applied to characterize the electrochemical properties of ABx(x=4.8,4.9,5.0,5.1,5.2) alloys. The results show that the non-stoichiometric alloys exhibit better electrochemical properties compared with that of the AB5 alloy.

Comparison of Genetic Diversity and Growth Performance between the Selected Population and Hybridized Population of Litopenaeus vannamei at Low Temperature

[Objective] This study was conducted to compare the genetic diversity and growth performance of two Litopenaeus vannamei populations at low temperature. [Method] One population（selected population, SP） was produced through inbreeding and 3 years of selection from seven popula- tions of L. vannamei introduced from the United States and Singapore. The other population （hybridized population, HP） was the F1 generation of the crosses between Population SP and some excellent populations introduced from South Korea and Singapore. The growth performance of the two populations at low temperature was compared, and the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation between the two populations were assessed using 13 microsatellite loci. [Result] The shrimps of population HP had better growth performance than those of population SP. The average body weight （BW） for population HP, which was （13.18±3.65） g/ind., was significantly higher than that of population SP, which was （12.20±3.14） g/ind. The coefficient of variation in body weight for population SP was 25.74%, and that for population HP was 27.69%. The other growth indices of popula- tion HP were all higher than those of population SP. One-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） indicated that there were highly significant differences in both BW and width of third abdominal segment （WTAS） between HP and SP（P〈0.001）. The specific growth rate （SGR） and absolute growth rate （AGR） for population HP were （5.09±0.61） %/d and （0.26±0.60） g/d, respectively, while the SGR and AGR for population SP were （4.94±0.57） %/d and （0.24±0.63） g/d., both significantly lower than those of population HP （P〈0.001）. Genetic diversity analysis revealed that the number of alleles （Na） of population HP （Na=7.9） was slightly higher than that of population SP （Na=7.6）. The average polymorphic information content （PIC） of HP and SP populations was similar 0.63 and 0.62, both indicating high level of genetic diversity. The average observed heterozygosity （HQ） of HP and SP was 0.492 and 0.483, and the expected heterozygosity（He） was 0.675 and 0.663, respectively. Both Ho and He of population HP were higher than those of population SP, suggesting that HP had higher genetic diversity than population SP. Moreover, the mean of FsT values at the 13 microsatellite loci between HP and SP was 0.155 6, suggesting there was a significant genetic differentiation between the two populations. [Conclusion] Our results provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of new L. vannamei strains that are resistant to low temperature.

Low Temperature Performance Prediction Model of Cold-Filled SMA-13 Asphalt Mixture

Sets of cold-filled SMA-13 asphalt mixture were designed by means of orthogonal design method. The bending and low temperature creep tests of the cold-filled SMA-13 asphalt mixture were carried out. The related models of the fractal dimension and the road performance evaluation index including low temperature bending failure strain εB and bending strength RB are established by using fractal theory. The model can be used to predict the low temperature performance of cold-filled SMA-13 asphalt mixture according to the design gradation, which can reduce the test workload and improve the working efficiency, so as to provide the reference for engineering design.

Experimental study on low temperature performance of polymer drilling mud agents

Drilling fluid additives has a major impact on rheology behavior and other performances of the drilling fluid.The key to low temperature drilling fluids is choosing antifreeze and polymer agent which have a strong ability in resisting low temperature.On the basis of determining glycol as antifreeze agent,the low-temperature-performance and capacities of anti-collapse of regular validity mud agents have been studied,the mechanism of anti-caving of the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(PHPA),polypropylene potassium(KPA) and PAC-141 polymer additives have been also analyzed.A pilot study of compatibility between ethylene glycol and the polymers has educed that the polymers,ethylene glycol and inorganic salt are compatible,and they can significantly reduce the freezing point of drilling fluid.Anti-collapse ability of the drilling mud is the results of synergistic action among the agents.

Pilot study on treatment of low turbidity and low temperature water by coagulation-immersed membrane process

The objective of this paper was to investigate the practicability of coagulation-immersed membrane process during low-temperature period through the study of steady operation,chemical cleaning methods,water quality and agent consumption.Experimental results showed that:membrane performance decreases with the reduction of temperature,but low temperature has little effect on stable operation of immersed membrane when coagulation as pretreatment.EFM with 1200 mg/L sodium hypochlorite after every 48 filtration cycles was made for reducing membrane fouling efficiently,and the method,with 1.5% sodium hydroxide and 3500 mg/L sodium hypochlorite for 10 h and then 2% hydrochloric acid for 4 h,is an appropriate cleaning method under low temperature.Compared with convention treatment process,immersed membrane process not only has same agent consumption,but also permeated water quality is more superior such as fine removal effect on turbidity with average 0.10 NTU.Therefore,coagulation-immersed membrane process is more appropriate for increasing water quality demand and the treatment of low turbidity and low temperature water.

Low-Temperature Hydrogen Storage Alloy and Its Application in Ni-MH Battery

Rare earth compositions, La, Ce and Pr in Mm(NiCoMnAl)(5) hydrogen storage alloy, were arranged by uniform design method. The discharge performances and kinetics parameters including capacity, exchange current density, symmetry factor and hydrogen diffusion coefficient of the alloy at -40degreesC, were tested in standard tri-electrode cell. And linear regression method was used to analyze the effect of rare earth compositions on the performances of hydrogen storage alloys. The results show that the capacities of the alloys are positively correlative to the square of Ce content at -40degreesC and under both 0.4 and 0.2C rate. The kinetics parameters and hydrogen diffusion coefficient indicate that the low-temperature performances of the alloys are mainly controlled by hydrogen diffusion process, and the surface electrochemical reaction affects the low-temperature performances to a certain extent. The low-temperature discharge capacities of the battery were also tested. The results show excellent low-temperature performances. The battery delivers 69.6% of its room-temperature capacity at -40degreesC and 0.2C rate, 77.7% at -40degreesC and 0.4C rate, 59.1% at -45degreesC and 0.2C rate.

Double Side Interfacial Optimization for Low-Temperature Stable CsPbI_(2)Br Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency Beyond 16%

CsPbI_(2)Br perovskite solar cells have achieved rapid development owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and relatively outstanding stability.However,open-circuit voltage(Voc)loss caused by band mismatch and charge recombination between perovskite and charge transporting layer is one of the crucial obstacles to further improve the device performance.Here,we proposed a bilayer electron transport layer ZnO(bottom)/SnO_(2)(top)to reduce the Voc loss(Eloss)and promote device Voc by ZnO insert layer thickness modulation,which could improve the efficiency of charge carrier extraction/transfer and suppress the charge carrier recombination.In addition,guanidinium iodide top surface treatment is used to further reduce the trap density,stabilize the perovskite film and align the energy levels,which promotes the fill factor,short-circuit current density(Jsc),and stability of the device.As a result,the champion cell of double-side optimized CsPbI_(2)Br perovskite solar cells exhibits an extraordinary efficiency of 16.25%with the best Voc as high as 1.27 V and excellent thermal and storage stability.

Boosted electrochemical performance of Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3) at low temperature through synergistical F substitution and construction of interconnected nitrogen-doped carbonaceous network

Benefitting from its unique NASICON-type framework,the Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)cathodes have aroused extensive interest and have been deemed as the promising cathode candidate for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).Unfortunately,the poor electronic conductivity,combined with the undesirable volume variations,seriously hinders the practical application of NVP cathode,especially at low temperatures.Herein,a dual-strategy,F substitution accompanied by V vacancies and the construction of three-dimensional(3D)nitrogen-doped carbonaceous frameworks(NC),were employed for the NVP cathode(F-NVP/C@3DNC).The former can remarkably decrease the particle size and enhance Na^(+)migration capability,increasing the ionic conductivity.Meanwhile,the electronic connection and effective buffering can be obtained from the latter,strengthening the electrode integrity.Consequently,up to 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^(-1),a reversible capacity of 113.8 mAh g^(-1),approaching the theoretical value(117 mAh g^(-1)),is demonstrated,accompa-nied by impressive capacity retentions at 1.0(93.75%after 4800 cycles)and 20.0 A g^(-1)(92.7%after 1000 cycles).More importantly,even at-20℃,a superior specific capacity(102.6 mAh g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^(-1))and high capacity retention(86.6%at 20.0 A g^(-1) up to 1000 cycles)can still be obtained simul-taneously.Significantly,the design of F-NVP/C@3DNC provides insights for the fabrication of polyanion cathodes for applications at low temperatures with modified structure stability and reaction kinetics.

Investigation on process mechanism of a novel energy-saving synthesis for high performance Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12) anode material

Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)(LTO) anode material demonstrates superior cycling performance due to its stable spinel structure and high lithiation/de-lithiation potential.Herein,a novel energy-saving solid-phase synthesis route for LTO has been successfully designed,employing the cheap industrial intermediate product of metatitanic acid (HTO) as titanium source.Through the in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)and ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD),it is revealed for the first time that the amorphous crystal structure of HTO is more conducive for the Li+insertion,making it possible to prepare LTO at a relatively lower sintering temperature.Utilizing the dehydration carbonization reaction between glucose and sulfuric acid,an ingenious strategy of glucose pre-coating is adopted to avoid the generation of Li_(2)SO_(4) impurity caused by the residual sulfuric acid on the surface of HTO,which meanwhile enhances the conductivity and inhibits the particle growth of LTO.The obtained ALTO@C anode material consequently exhibits excellent electrochemical performance that 132.0 m Ah g^(-1)is remained even at 20 C,and ultra low decay rate of 0.015% per cycle is achieved during 1000 cycles at 2 C.Remarkably,LiCoO_(2)//ALTO@C full cell delivers conspicuous low-temperature property (130.7 m Ah g^(-1)at 0.5 C and almost no attenuation after 300 cycles under-20℃).

EGR技术对生物柴油混合燃料发动机性能的影响研究

为缓解柴油掺烧生物柴油导致的NO_(x)排放过高问题,将4190ZLC船用中速柴油机作为试验台架,通过AVL_FIRE软件建立燃烧室模型,并验证该模型准确性。设置生物柴油掺混比0~40%等4组变量,EGR率0~12.5%等4组变量,进行柴油机燃烧、性能和排放分析。结果表明,掺烧适量生物柴油能够降低柴油机缸内温度,降低Soot排放,但同时会导致NO_(x)排放明显升高;EGR的引入能够实现低温燃烧,显著降低NO_(x)排放,但EGR率过高会增加Soot排放。生物柴油掺混比B40、EGR率12.5%组合NO排放比原机降低47.7%,Soot排放质量分数比原机降低98.13%。本文结果将为柴油掺混生物柴油燃烧并结合EGR技术提供一定的研究方向。

上面层改性沥青混合料低温性能综合对比评价

【目的】分析足尺路面试验环道所用7种上面层细粒式改性沥青混合料的低温性能。【方法】通过小梁低温弯曲、中梁线收缩系数和法国M2F梯形梁动态模量3种室内试验开展研究及相关性分析,并应用多指标试验结果的无量纲归一化赋权求和法进行综合对比评价。【结果】最大弯拉应变、应变能密度、线收缩系数、复模量和相位角均可作为改性沥青混合料低温性能的合理评价指标;对比改性沥青类型,采用低温延性强的SBS改性沥青制备的混合料低温性能最优,橡胶沥青混合料的次之,掺抗车辙剂能增强SBS改性AC类混合料的低温性能;对比矿料合成级配,SMA类的低温性能最优,SBS改性AC类中粗集料含量越低,其低温性能越好;多孔排水式高黏SBS改性PAC类具有优良的黏弹性和低温收缩性能。【结论】评价结果可为环道沥青路面低温性能长期监测对比提供参考。

精密轴系低温动态摩擦力矩波动分析及优化策略

精密轴系作为机械设备旋转支承核心,其动态摩擦力矩及平稳性直接影响整机功耗及运转精度,尤其在低温环境下,由于温度对润滑油黏度、零件尺寸和配合关系的影响,精密轴系更易出现动态摩擦力矩异常波动。针对某精密轴系低温环境下批次性动态摩擦力矩异常波动现象进行了主因素分析,通过ADAMS平台建立仿真模型,分析了引导间隙、兜孔间隙对保持架动态特性的影响。结合拆解数据,指出兜孔间隙不合理引发的兜孔磨损是造成精密轴系动态摩擦力矩异常波动的原因,通过数理统计对保持架参数进行优化,兜孔间隙与引导间隙之比为0.70~0.85时,该精密轴系低温下运转稳定。

低浓度胍胶压裂液有机硼交联剂BOA的合成及其性能评价

针对胍胶压裂液体系胍胶使用浓度偏高、破胶后残渣含量较高的问题,开展低浓度胍胶压裂液体系有机硼交联剂的合成和性能评价研究。以硼酸、正丁醇、乙二醇及二乙烯三胺为原料合成有机硼交联剂并对其反应物加量进行优化,确定出有机硼交联剂BOA合成中反应物的优选质量分数分别为二乙烯三胺34.5%、硼酸14.3%、乙二醇38.7%和正丁醇6.9%。对交联剂进行性能评价,结果表明:有机硼交联剂BOA与0.2%胍胶交联形成的胍胶压裂液的黏度可达84 mPa·s;有机硼交联剂BOA与0.2%胍胶交联形成的胍胶压裂液具有良好的抗温抗剪切性,在100 s^(-1)下逐渐升温至90℃、剪切60 min时及在60℃、100 s^(-1)下剪切90 min时胍胶压裂液的黏度均维持在90 mPa·s,且具有滤失低(滤失系数为2.0×10^(-4)m/min^(1/2))、携砂性能好(悬砂沉降速度为0.045 mm/s)、破胶速度快(在90 min内可完全破胶)、破胶液黏度<5 mPa·s、残渣含量较低(151 mg/L)的优势,可满足压裂液现场施工要求。

Effect on the Performance of Drilling Fluids at Downhole Rock Surfaces at Low Temperatures

To maintain gas hydrate stability, low-temperature drilling fluids and high drilling speeds should be used while drilling in gas hydrate-bearing sediments. The effect of the drilling fluid on downhole rock surfaces at low temperatures is very important to increase the drilling rate. This paper analyzed the action mechanism of the drilling fluid on downhole rock surfaces and established a corresponding evaluation method. The softening effect of six simulated drilling fluids with 0.1 wt.% of four common surfactants and two common organic salts on the downhole rock surface strength was evaluated experimentally using the established method at low temperature. The experimental results showed that the surfactants and organic salts used in the drilling fluids aided in the reduction of the strength of the downhole rock surface, and the established evaluation method was able to quantitatively reveal the difference in the softening effect of the different drilling fluids through comparison with water. In particular, the most common surfactant that is used in drilling fluids, sodium dodecyl sulfate（SDS）, had a very good softening effect while drilling under low-temperature conditions, which can be widely applied during drilling in low-temperature formations, such as natural gas hydrate-bearing sediments, the deep seafloor and permafrost.

High performance Zn-I_(2)battery with acetonitrile electrolyte working at low temperature

Large scale applications of metal-iodine batteries working at sub-zero degree have been challenged by the limited capacity and performance degradation.Herein,we firstly propose a Zn-I_(2)battery working at low temperature with a carbon composite material/iodine(CCM-I_(2))cathode,a Zn anode and an environmentally tolerable Zn(ClO4)2-ACN electrolyte.The CCM framework with hierarchical porous structure endows a powerful iodine-anchoring to overcome undesirable dissolution of iodine in organic electrolyte,and the Zn(ClO4)2-ACN electrolyte with low freezing point and high ionic conductivity enhances the low temperature performance.The synergies enable an efficiently reversible conversion of Zn-I_(2)battery even at-40℃.Therefore,the resultant Zn-I_(2)battery delivers a high specific capacity of 200 mAh·g^(-1),which is fairly approximate to the theoretical capacity of I_(2)(211 mAh·g^(-1))and a superior cycling stability with minimal capacity fading of 0.00043%per cycle over 7,000 times under 2C at-20℃.Furthermore,even at-40℃,this Zn-I_(2)battery still exhibits a good capacity retention of 68.7%compared to the capacity at 25℃ and a rapid capacity-recover ability with elevating temperature change.Our results distinctly indicate this Zn-I_(2)battery can be 1competent for the practical application under low temperature operation.