Rheological property of low-damage,ideal packing,film-forming amphoteric/sulfonation polymer drilling fluids

Low-permeability dense reservoirs,including micro-fractured reservoirs,are commonly characterized by high content of clay substances,high original water saturation,high sensitivity to invasive fluids,high capillary pressure,complicated structure and anisotropic,high flow-resistance and micro pore throats etc,.Generally they also have lots of natural micro fractures,probably leading to stress sensibility.Main damaging factors in such reservoirs are water-sensibility and water-blocking caused by invasive fluids during drilling and production operations.Once damaged,formation permeability can rarely recovered.Numerous studies have shown that damaging extent of water-blocking ranges from 70% to 90%.Main damaging mechanisms and influencing factors of water-blocking were systematically analyzed.Also some feasible precaution or treating approaches of water-blocking were put forward.In a laboratory setting,a new multi-functional drilling fluid composed mainly of amphion polymer,sulfonation polymer,high effectively preventive water-blocking surfactants,ideal packing temporary bridging agents(TBA) and film-forming agents,etc.,were developed.New low-damage drilling fluids has many advantages,such as good rheological properties,excellent effectiveness of water-blocking prevention,good temporary plugging effect,low filtration and ultra-low permeability(API filtration≤5 mL,HTHP filtration≤10 mL,mud cake frictional coefficient≤0.14,permeability recovery>81%),can efficiently prevent or minimize damage,preserve natural formation and enhance comprehensive development-investment effect in TUHA Jurassic dense sandstone reservoir formation with low-permeability,the only one developing integrated condense gas field.Some references can be provided to similar reservoir formations.

Research on deepwater synthetic drilling fluid and its low temperature rheological properties

With the rapid development of deepwater drilling operations,more and more complex technical challenges have to be faced due to the rigorous conditions encountered.One of these challenges is that the drilling fluid used must had good rheological properties at low temperatures and high ability to inhibit hydrate formation.Synthetic drilling fluid has been widely applied to deepwater drilling operations due to its high penetration rate,excellent rheological properties,good ability to prevent hydrate formation,and high biodegradability.A synthetic drilling fluid formulation was developed in our laboratory.The rheological properties of this drilling fluid at low temperatures （0-20 °C） were tested with a 6-speed viscometer and its ability to inhibit hydrate formation was evaluated at 20 MPa CH 4 gas and 0 °C by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）.Several factors influencing the low temperature rheological properties of this synthetic drilling fluid were studied in this paper.These included the viscosity of the base fluid,the amount of CEMU and organic clay,and the water volume fraction.

High temperature and high pressure rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids for deep wells

To maintain tight control over rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids, it is essential to understand the factors influencing the theology of water-based drilling fluids. This paper examines temperature effects on the rheological properties of two types of high-density water-based drilling fluids （fresh water-based and brine-based） under high temperature and high pressure （HTHP） with a Fann 50SL rheometer. On the basis of the water-based drilling fluid systems formulated in laboratory, this paper mainly describes the influences of different types and concentration of clay, the content of a colloid stabilizer named GHJ-1 and fluid density on the rheological parameters such as viscosity and shear stress. In addition, the effects of aging temperature and aging time of the drilling fluid on these parameters were also examined. Clay content and proportions for different densities of brine-based fluids were recommended to effectively regulate the rheological properties. Four theological models, the Bingham, power law, Casson and H-B models, were employed to fit the rheological parameters. It turns out that the H-B model was the best one to describe the rheological properties of the high-density drilling fluid under HTHP conditions and power law model produced the worst fit. In addition, a new mathematical model that describes the apparent viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure was established and has been applied on site.

Rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and high pressure

The rheological properties of two kinds of oil-based drilling fluids with typically composition were studied at pressures up to 138 MPa and temperatures up to 204 ℃ using the RheoChan 7400 Rheometer.The experimental results show that the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point decrease with the increase of temperature,and increase with the increase of pressure.The effect of pressure on the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point is considerable at ambient temperature.However,this effect gradually reduces with the increase of temperature.The major factor influencing the rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids is temperature instead of pressure in the deep sections of oil wells.On the basis of numerous experiments,the model for predict the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and pressure was established using the method of regressive analysis.It is confirmed that the calculated data are in good agreement with the measured data,and the correlation coefficients are more than 0.98.The model is convenient for use and suitable for the application in drilling operations.

Investigation of regulating rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids by ultrasound

Regulating rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids has always been a hot topic.This paper proposed a new method for regulating rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids by ultrasonic field.The experimental results showed that the ultrasound increased the viscosity and yield point of bentonite suspension by reducing the particle size of clay,destroying the network structure between clay particles,increasing the mud yield and the cation exchange capacity of bentonite,and promoting the hydration dispersion of bentonite.The change of rheological property showed a memory effect at room temperature and high temperature.Besides,the ultrasonic energy affected the network structure between clays and polymer chains,thus regulating the rheological properties of the bentonite-polymer system.For two types of drilling fluids investigated,the rheology of the poly-sulfonate drilling fluid was regulated by damaging the grid structure between additives and clays by low-power ultrasound and reducing the clay particle size by high-power ultrasound,while the rheology of the deep-water drilling fluid was mainly regulated by disentangling the spatial grid structure between additives.Additionally,ultrasound showed no effect on the lubricity,inhibition and stability of drilling fluids,which proved the feasibility of ultrasound to regulate rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids.

A high-temperature resistant and high-density polymeric saturated brine-based drilling fluid

Three high-temperature resistant polymeric additives for water-based drilling fluids are designed and developed:weakly cross-linked zwitterionic polymer fluid loss reducer(WCZ),flexible polymer microsphere nano-plugging agent(FPM)and comb-structure polymeric lubricant(CSP).A high-temperature resistant and high-density polymeric saturated brine-based drilling fluid was developed for deep drilling.The WCZ has a good anti-polyelectrolyte effect and exhibits the API fluid loss less than 8 mL after aging in saturated salt environment at 200°C.The FPM can reduce the fluid loss by improving the quality of the mud cake and has a good plugging effect on nano-scale pores/fractures.The CSP,with a weight average molecular weight of 4804,has multiple polar adsorption sites and exhibits excellent lubricating performance under high temperature and high salt conditions.The developed drilling fluid system with a density of 2.0 g/cm^(3)has good rheological properties.It shows a fluid loss less than 15 mL at 200°C and high pressure,a sedimentation factor(SF)smaller than 0.52 after standing at high temperature for 5 d,and a rolling recovery of hydratable drill cuttings similar to oil-based drilling fluid.Besides,it has good plugging and lubricating performance.

Rheological properties of low consistency TMP from thinning wood of Chinese Fir

The rheological behavior of low consistency thermomechanical pulp of Chinese fir harvested by intermediate thinning was analyzed. The results show that the apparent viscosity of pulp changed along with the beating degree, pulp consistency and shearing velocity. With the increasing of pulp consistency, the apparent viscosity of pulp increased gradually. Beating degree of pulp had an effect on microstructure of pulp. The apparent viscosity of pulp declined as beating degree of pulp increased, and the apparent viscosity of pulp fell along with the shearing velocity increasing. Based on the results, the rheological models are set up. The models showed that the fluid types of the low consistency pulp could be described as pseudoplastics fluids （non-Newtonian fluids）.

Novel KCl/Silicate Drilling Fluids for Alleviating Problems in Troublesome Shale Formations in Sudan

For several decades, wells drilled in Block 6, Sudan, have experienced serious hole-instability problems related to drilling fluids due to the highly reactive and dispersive shales that exist in the Aradeiba and Abu Gabra formations. These problems included washout hole sections combined with tight holes, as well as serious sloughing. Frequent wiper trips were required and logging of the wells was not usually successful. Previously, several conventional inhibitive water-based drilling fluids such as KCl/polymer, KCl/lime/polymer and KCl/PHPA （partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide） have been used in this area, but with only marginal improvements in hole stability and drilling performance. Recently, a newly formulated KCl/sodium silicate system, which is characterized by the good rheological properties and filtration control, was developed and used for providing the necessary inhibitive character. The first trial well was drilled with this kind of drilling fluid in Block 6, Sudan, and the following benefits were observed： （1） Excellent integrity exhibited by drilled cuttings for shale formations; （2） Stable borehole kept with lower mud weight; （3） Reduced wiper trips; and （4） In-gauge borehole shown from caliper logs. Later on, five more wells were drilled with the KCl/sodium silicate system in this area. It was found that the KCl/sodium silicate system can fully meet the demands of drilling operations in this area. Case studies are presented in this paper in terms of wiper trips, inhibitive character of cuttings, hole conditions and mud weight.

Study on Low-Temperature Traction Behavior of a Space Lubricating Oil No.4116

The traction behavior of space lubricating oil No. 4116 was measured and analyzed at various oil inlet temperatures below 0 ℃ and various rolling speeds under normal loads by a test rig simulating the operating conditions of space bearings. A traction coefficient calculation model was presented. The rheological property and rheological parameters of the lubricant at a low oil inlet temperature were analyzed based on the Tevaarwerk-Johnson model. The results showed that the lubricating oil No. 4116 was sensitive to the rolling speed and had lower sensitivity to the normal load. This lubricating oil is more suitable for applications under high speed when it is used below 0 ℃. It behaves as an elastic-plastic fluid operating below 0 ℃. Both the average limiting shear stress and the average elastic shear modulus have a negative correlation with the rolling speed and oil inlet temperature and have a positive correlation with the normal load.

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Deep Water Synthetic Based Drilling Fluid System

With the enhancement of environmental protection awareness, the requirements on drilling fluid are increasingly strict, and the use of ordinary oil-based drilling fluid has been strictly restricted. In order to solve the environmental protection and oil-gas reservoir protection problems of offshore oil drilling, a new synthetic basic drilling fluid system is developed. The basic formula is as follows: a basic fluid (80% Linear a-olefin + 20% Simulated seawater) + 2.5% nano organobentonite + 3.5% emulsifier RHJ-5# + 2.5% fluid loss agent SDJ-1 + 1.5% CaO + the right amount of oil wetting barite to adjust the density, and a multifunctional oil and gas formation protective agent YRZ has been developed. The performance was evaluated using a high-low-high-temperature rheometer, a high-temperature and high-pressure demulsification voltage tester, and a high-temperature and high-pressure dynamic fluid loss meter. The results show that the developed synthetic based drilling fluid has good rheological property, demulsification voltage ≥ 500 V, temperature resistance up to 160°C, high temperature and high pressure filtration loss < 3.5 mL. After adding 2% - 5% YRZ into the basic formula of synthetic based drilling fluid, the permeability recovery value exceeds 90% and the reservoir protection effect is excellent. The new synthetic deepwater drilling fluid is expected to have a good application prospect in offshore deepwater drilling.

Study and Application of New Polyamine Polymer Drilling Fluid

Adding the polyamine inhibitor into drilling fluid can effectively strengthen the rejection capability and improve the rheological behavior of drilling fluid system. According to the analysis of the comparison of the physiochemical properties of the polyamine inhibitor, a polyamine polymer drilling fluid system was established by means of adding UAE polyamine into traditional polymer drilling fluid. Conventional properties and environmental influence of this system have been evaluated in this paper. The result indicates that the polymer drilling fluid system optimized by polyamine shows a high-performance, such as excellent rejection performance, better rheological and filtration properties, better environmental protection functions. Thus it can be used in high water-sensitive, high temperature, high pressure or vulnerable formation drilling operations.

Effect on the Performance of Drilling Fluids at Downhole Rock Surfaces at Low Temperatures

To maintain gas hydrate stability, low-temperature drilling fluids and high drilling speeds should be used while drilling in gas hydrate-bearing sediments. The effect of the drilling fluid on downhole rock surfaces at low temperatures is very important to increase the drilling rate. This paper analyzed the action mechanism of the drilling fluid on downhole rock surfaces and established a corresponding evaluation method. The softening effect of six simulated drilling fluids with 0.1 wt.% of four common surfactants and two common organic salts on the downhole rock surface strength was evaluated experimentally using the established method at low temperature. The experimental results showed that the surfactants and organic salts used in the drilling fluids aided in the reduction of the strength of the downhole rock surface, and the established evaluation method was able to quantitatively reveal the difference in the softening effect of the different drilling fluids through comparison with water. In particular, the most common surfactant that is used in drilling fluids, sodium dodecyl sulfate（SDS）, had a very good softening effect while drilling under low-temperature conditions, which can be widely applied during drilling in low-temperature formations, such as natural gas hydrate-bearing sediments, the deep seafloor and permafrost.

Effect of Agents on Hydrate Formation and Low-Temperature Rheology of Polyalcohol Drilling Fluid

In order to ensure safe drilling in deep water and marine gas hydrate bearing sediments, the needed characteristics of drilling fluid system were analyzed. Moreover, the effect of different agents on hydrate formation and the low-temperature rheology of designed polyalcohol drilling fluid were tested, respectively. The results show that clay can promote gas hydrate growth, while modified starch and polyalcohol can inhibit hydrate formation to some extent, and PVP K90 has a good performance on hydrate inhibition. The influence of clay on low-temperature rheology of polyglycols drilling fluid is notable. Therefore, the clay-free polyalcohol drilling fluid is suitable for deep water and marine gas hydrate drilling under optimal conditions.

A High-Mathematical Model Optimizing Cuttings Transport in Oil Drilling Engineering

With special drilling operation equipment and specific conditions of geology, how does drilling fluid carry cuttings effectively? So far, it is still an urgent problem for drilling researchers to study. This work just aims at the actual engineering background to develop studying model. In this paper, according to non Newtonian fluid mechanics, the law of the solid liquid, two phase fluid flow and actual drilling engineering, the major factors affecting cuttings transport are drilling fluid velocity, hole inclination and fluid rheological properties. Getting a clear understanding of the law of drilling fluid and its cutting taking mechanism, this paper puts forward a model for analysis of field data and quantitative forecast of cutting taking capability of drilling fluid. The full scale annular test section was 6.1 m with 76 and 114 mm drillpipe in a 203 mm ID (wellbore diameter). Hole angle varied from 0° to 90°.

LCST型温度敏感聚合物的研究及其在钻井液领域的应用进展

低临界溶解温度(LCST)型温度敏感聚合物是指聚合物链在相转变温度前呈伸展溶解态、相转变温度后为收缩聚集态的温度敏感型聚合物,其在环境温度变化刺激下能智能且可逆响应,已在有机化工、材料科学、生物医学和石油天然气工业等领域得到了广泛研究。该文对不同空间构象的LCST型温度敏感聚合物进行了分类,重点介绍了线形结构、温敏水凝胶、嵌段结构、接枝复合结构和特殊结构的LCST型温度敏感聚合物的研究进展;总结了不同空间构象的LCST型温度敏感聚合物在低温流变调控、温敏智能封堵、增黏提切和防漏堵漏钻井液领域的应用现状,提出了LCST型温度敏感聚合物存在的关键问题及其在钻井液领域的应用前景。

低温冲击磨处理对银耳及其多糖性质的影响

【目的】探究低温冲击磨超微粉碎处理对银耳及其多糖性质的影响,以期为银耳的精深加工及活性成分提取提供理论依据。【方法】利用低温冲击磨的不同分级机频率(10、20、30和40 Hz)粉碎干燥银耳,并通过水提醇沉法提取银耳多糖,对不同银耳粉的基本营养成分、物理性质及银耳多糖的基本理化性质、流变特性、结构等进行测定,探究分级机频率对银耳粉及其多糖的影响。【结果】随着分级机频率的增加,银耳粉的水分含量(10.41%~12.18%)逐渐降低,而蛋白质和灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);银耳粉颜色由黄色逐渐变为白色,表现为L^(*)增加、a^(*)和b^(*)均降低;平均粒径D_(50)(47.7~389.0μm)显著降低(P<0.05),持水力(2.90~3.63 g/g)增加,持油力(2.67~3.36 g/g)增加,粉末流动性降低。与未经低温冲击磨处理银耳粉提取多糖的性质相比,低温冲击磨处理后银耳粉提取多糖的得率(5.23%~13.88%)及中性糖(63.71%~74.12%)、糖醛酸(24.17%~28.60%)含量增加,蛋白质含量(0.29~0.65 g/g)降低。此外,分级机频率为30 Hz时,多糖的分子量最低,为15400 kD;不同银耳多糖均以甘露糖为主要单糖,其余由核糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、岩藻糖组成。多糖Zeta电位绝对值随分级机频率增加整体呈增加趋势。流变特性测定结果表明,不同银耳多糖溶液均属于非牛顿流体,且分级机频率为20 Hz时,溶液的黏度最高。红外光谱及X射线衍射结果表明,不同分级机频率银耳粉提取的多糖均不会产生新官能团,为无定型结构。【结论】低温冲击磨粉碎能改善银耳粉色泽,改变银耳粉粒径及流动性,提高多糖得率,也影响银耳多糖的流变性质,但不会改变多糖的单糖组成和基本结构。

小麦低温制粉系统各粉路小麦粉品质特性差异性研究

通过对小麦低温制粉系统各粉路小麦粉品质特性的研究,可为开发不同专用小麦粉提供参考。以低温制粉系统的4个皮磨粉、6个心磨粉、1个渣磨粉和1个尾磨粉共12个粉路样品和通路粉(该批次市场产品)面粉为研究对象,通过测定小麦粉品质和面团流变学特性,比较分析不同粉路小麦粉品质差异。结果表明,心磨粉路1M、2M、3M和渣磨粉路的小麦粉光泽度高;心磨粉路蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数普遍低于皮磨粉路;皮磨和心磨粉路的靠前粉路小麦粉灰分和损伤淀粉低于靠后粉路,峰值粘度高于靠后粉路。皮磨和心磨的靠后路粉的吸水量(500 FU)高于靠前路粉;皮磨粉路小麦粉的P值、W值、L值、G值、能量和最大拉伸阻力普遍高于心磨粉路,但延伸度普遍低于心磨粉路。

PPA对基质沥青及SBS改性沥青流变特性影响研究

为了研究PPA对基质沥青及SBS改性沥青流变性能的影响规律及差异性,借助动态剪切流变仪(DSR)及弯曲梁流变仪对PPA改性沥青及PPA/SBS复合改性沥青在高温和低温下的流变性能进行研究,将PPA改性沥青及PPA/SBS复合改性沥青的试验结果进行对比分析。试验结果表明:PPA使沥青的相位角减小,车辙因子显著提高,可改善沥青的高温性能且对SBS改性沥青的影响更显著;PPA提高了沥青蠕变恢复率,降低了沥青的不可恢复蠕变柔量,但提高了沥青的应力敏感性;PPA提高了沥青的劲度模量、降低了蠕变速率,会对沥青的低温性能产生不利影响且对SBS改性沥青的影响更明显。

封汽窜用栲胶冻胶研制及其流变性能研究

海上稠油油藏地层温度低,蒸汽驱开采期间容易发生汽窜。文中使用6%杨梅栲胶、0.2%乌洛托品、3%黏土制成的栲胶冻胶在55℃的低温下成胶时间可控,300℃热处理后强度高,热处理一个月后脱水率小于5%。流变实验分析表明,在几乎不增加成胶液黏度的情况下,黏土的加入显著增强了栲胶成胶液的触变性、成胶后冻胶的强度。此外,黏土强化形成的栲胶冻胶在较大应变剪切下可以保持冻胶结构的稳定性。使用Cryo-SEM对冻胶分析结果表明,微米级黏土颗粒的加入可以与栲胶分子的多活性羟基形成多基团交联的多重网络结构,使得冻胶锁水能力增强,微观上是冻胶高温下稳定性增加的原因。实验结果表明,由黏土颗粒强化形成的栲胶冻胶强度高、热稳定性好,适用于低温油藏蒸汽驱过程中封堵汽窜的实际需求。