Performance study of aluminum shielded room for ultra-low-field magnetic resonance imaging based on SQUID： Simulations and experiments

The aluminum shielded room has been an important part of ultra-low-field magnetic resonance imaging （ULF MRI） based on the superconducting quantum interference device （SQUID）. The shielded room is effective to attenuate the external radio-frequency field and keep the extremely sensitive detector, SQUID, working properly. A high-performance shielded room can increase the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and improve image quality. In this study, a circular coil with a diameter of 50 cm and a square coil with a side length of 2.0 m was used to simulate the magnetic fields from the nearby electric apparatuses and the distant environmental noise sources. The shielding effectivenesses （SE） of the shielded room with different thicknesses of aluminum sheets were calculated and simulated. A room using 6-mm-thick aluminum plates with a dimension of 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 2.0 m was then constructed. The SE was experimentally measured by using three-axis SQUID magnetometers, with tranisent magnetic field induced in the aluminum plates by the strong pre-polarization pulses. The results of the measured SE agreed with that from the simulation. In addition, the introduction of a 0.5-mm gap caused the obvious reduction of SE indicating the importance of door design. The nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） signals of water at 5.9 kHz were measured in free space and in a shielded room, and the SNR was improved from 3 to 15. The simulation and experimental results will help us design an aluminum shielded room which satisfies the requirements for future ULF human brain imaging. Finally, the cancellation technique of the transient eddy current was tried, the simulation of the cancellation technique will lead us to finding an appropriate way to suppress the eddy current fields.

Application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology to carbon capture,utilization and storage:A review

Carbon capture,utilization and storage (CCUS) is considered as a very important technology for mitigating global climate change.Carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into an underground reservoir will induce changes in its physical properties and the migration of CO2 will be affected by many factors.Accurately understanding these changes and migration characteristics of CO2 is crucial for selecting a CCUS project site,estimating storage capacity and ensuring storage security.In this paper,the basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies are briefly introduced in the context of laboratory experiments related to CCUS.The types of NMR apparatus,experimental samples and testing approaches applied worldwide are discussed and analyzed.Then two typical NMR core analysis systems used in CCUS field and a self-developed high-pressure,low-field NMR rock core flooding experimental system are compared.Finally,a summary of the current deficiencies related to NMR applied to CCUS field is given and future research plans are proposed.

Heteronuclear intermolecular single-quantum coherences in liquid nuclear magnetic resonance

This paper analyses the heteronuclear Cosy Revamped by Asymmetric Z-gradient Echo Detection pulse sequence. General theoretical expressions of the pulse sequence with arbitrary flip angles were derived by using dipolar field treatment and signals originating from heteronuclear intermolecular single-quantum coherences （iSQCs） in highly-polarized two spin-1/2 systems were mainly discussed in order to find the optimal flip angles. The results show that signals from heteronuclear iSQCs decay slower than those from intermolecular double-quantum coherences or intermolecular zero-quantum coherences. Magical angle experiments validate that the signals are from heteronuclear iSQCs and insensitive to the imperfection of radio-frequency flip angles. All experimental observations are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The quantum-mechanical treatment leads to similar predictions to the dipolar field treatment.

Nuclear magnetic resonance measurement station in SECUF using hybrid superconducting magnets

Nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） is one of the most powerful tools to explore new quantum states of condensed matter induced by high magnetic fields at a microscopic level. High magnetic field enhances the intensity of the NMR signal, and more importantly, can induce novel phenomena. In this article, examples are given on the field-induced charge density wave （CDW） in high-To superconductors and on the studies of quantum spin liquids. We provide a brief introduction to the high magnetic field NMR platform, the station 4 of the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility （SECUF）, being built at Huairou, Beijing.

7.0T nuclear magnetic resonance evaluation of the amyloid beta(1–40) animal model of Alzheimer's disease: comparison of cytology verification

3.0T magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging brain function in Alzheimer＇s disease. However, is a commonly used method in the research ot the role of 7.0T high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in brain function of Alzheimer＇s disease remains unclear. In this study, 7.0T magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that in the hippocampus of Alzheimer＇s disease rats, the N-acetylaspartate wave crest was reduced, and the creatine and choline wave crest was elevated. This finding was further supported by hematoxylin-eosin staining, which showed a loss of hippocampal neurons and more glial cells. Moreover, electron microscopy showed neuronal shrinkage and mitochondrial rupture, and scanning electron microscopy revealed small size hippocampal synaptic vesicles, incomplete synaptic structure, and reduced number. Overall, the results revealed that 7.0T high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy detected the lesions and functional changes in hippocampal neurons of Alzheimer＇s disease rats in vivo, allowing the possibility for assessing the success rate and grading of the amyloid beta （1-40） animal model of Alzheimer＇s disease.

Observation of intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal dips in nuclear magnetic resonance

The correlated spectroscopy revamped by asymmetric Z-gradient echo detection （CRAZED） sequence is modified to investigate intermolecular double-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance signal dips in highly polarized spin systems. It is found that the occurrence of intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal dips is related to sample geometry, field inhomogeneity and dipolar correlation distance. If the field inhomogeneity is refocused, the signal dip occurs at a fixed position whenever the dipolar correlation distance approaches the sample dimension. However, the position is shifted when the field inhomogeneity exists. Experiments and simulations are performed to validate our theoretic analysis. These signal features may offer a unique way to investigate porous structures and may find applications in biomedicine and material science.

Advances in high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance methods in inhomogeneous magnetic fields using intermolecular multiple quantum coherences

Strong and extremely homogeneous static magnetic field is usually required for high-resolution nu-clear magnetic resonance (NMR). However, in the cases of in vivo and so on, the magnetic field inho-mogeneity owing to magnetic susceptibility variation in samples is unavoidable and hard to eliminate by conventional methods such as shimming. Recently, intermolecular multiple quantum coherences (iMQCs) have been employed to eliminate inhomogeneous broadening and obtain high-resolution NMR spectra, especially for in vivo samples. Compared to other high-resolution NMR methods, iMQC method exhibits its unique feature and advantage. It simultaneously holds information of chemical shifts, multiplet structures, coupling constants, and relative peak areas. All the information is often used to analyze and characterize molecular structures in conventional one-dimensional NMR spec-troscopy. In this work, recent technical developments including our results in this field are summarized; the high-resolution mechanism is analyzed and comparison with other methods based on interactions between spins is made; comments on the current situation and outlook on the research directions are also made.

A Novel Model of Predicting Archie's Cementation Factor from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) Logs in Low Permeability Reservoirs

The resistivity experimental measurements of core samples drilled from low permeability reservoirs of Ordos Basin, Northwest China, illustrate that the cementation factors are not agminate, but vary from 1.335 to 1.749. This leads to a challenge for the estimation of water and hydrocarbon sa- turation. Based on the analysis of Purcell equation and assumption that rock resistivity is determined by the parallel connection of numerous capillary resistances, a theoretical expression of cementation factor in terms of porosity and permeability is established. Then, cementation factor can be calculated if the parameters of porosity and permeability are determined. In the field application, porosity can be easily obtained by conventional logs. However, it is a tough challenge to estimate permeability due to the strong heterogeneity of low permeability reservoirs. Thus, the Schlumberger Doll Research （SDR） model derived from NMR logs has been proposed to estimate permeability. Based on the analysis of the theoretical expressions of cementation factor and SDR model, a novel cementation factor prediction model, which is relevant to porosity and logarithmic mean of NMR T2 spectrum （T21m）, is derived. The advantage of this model is that all the input information can be acquired from NMR logs accurately. In order to confirm the credibility of the novel model, the resistivity and corresponding laboratory NMR measurements of 27 core samples are conducted. The credibility of the model is confirmed by compar- ing the predicted cementation factors with the core analyzed results. The absolute errors for all core samples are lower than 0.071. Once this model is extended to field application, the accuracy of water and hydrocarbon saturation estimation will be significantly improved.

Design of Braunbeck Coil for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Gyro Magnetic Field Excitation

For generating a uniform and steady magnetic field, Helmholtz coil is extensively used in nuclear magnetic resonance gyro(NMRG). Unfortunately, the volume of Helmholtz coil makes it inconvenient to miniaturize NMRG. This study introduces Braunbeck coil that can be used in magnetic field excitation system. Braunbeck coil can produce homogeneous magnetic field within a limit space, and occupy a small volume. In addition, this study presents mathematical expressions that can be used to calculate the area of uniform magnetic field. Experimental test verifies the effectiveness of the proposed design, and the results accord closely with the actual simulation.

复合助剂对低温喷雾干燥蓝靛果粉理化性质的影响

为保证低温喷雾干燥后蓝靛果粉品质,采用黄金分割法研究复合助剂(麦芽糊精、β-环糊精和乳清蛋白)对喷雾干燥蓝靛果粉理化性质的影响,分析低温进风温度(50~90℃)对蓝靛果粉花青素保留率、集粉率和含水率的影响规律。结果表明,在麦芽糊精、β-环糊精的质量比例为85.4%、14.6%时,集粉率高达37.96%;随进料溶液中麦芽糊精质量比例增加,蓝靛果粉玻璃化转变温度、水溶性指数、堆积密度、亮度L^(*)值、红度a^(*)值和色差值ΔE呈增加趋势,含水率、花青素含量和黄度b^(*)值呈下降趋势;在麦芽糊精、β-环糊精和乳清蛋白质量比例为72.9%、12.5%、14.6%时,集粉率达到最高(40.11%);随料液中乳清蛋白质量比例增加,蓝靛果粉含水率、花青素含量呈上升趋势,其玻璃化转变温度、水溶性指数、亮度L^(*)值、红度a^(*)值、黄度b^(*)值和色差值ΔE等指标呈下降趋势;复合助剂显著提高蓝靛果粉集粉率(P<0.05),对其中的花青素起到较强保护作用,其含水率、水溶性指数、堆积密度等理化指标均接近于最优水平。低温喷雾干燥研究发现,随进风温度上升,集粉率和含水率呈负相关,在进风温度90℃时,集粉率最高的配方中可实现较高花青素保留率(89.94%)。低频核磁共振波谱以及质子密度图像信息分析表明,加入的助剂与蓝靛果果汁中水分通过氢键、静电结合力和疏水作用等分子间作用力,形成稳定性高水合物、增强液滴聚结抵抗力,提高料液玻璃态转换温度,从而实现高集粉率和高花青素保留率的蓝靛果果粉低温喷雾干燥;红外光谱分析表明,复合助剂可在蓝靛果果粉中形成分子间氢键,并对花青素等活性物质进行固定包埋保护。研究结果可为蓝靛果粉喷雾干燥加工生产提供理论支撑和参考依据。

基于低场核磁共振技术进行黄酒发酵进程监测及品牌的分析

该文对不同发酵阶段的黄酒样品进行低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)检测,比较了陈酿时间、酒精度和品牌对黄酒低场核磁弛豫特性的影响,最后对9个品牌黄酒的LF-NMR弛豫信息进行了主成分分析。结果表明,发酵后样品的单组分弛豫时间(T_(2W))显著缩短,而陈酿后黄酒的T_(2W)又相对延长。多组分弛豫图谱(T_(2))表明,对照组和浸米样品均只有1个峰。发酵后样品的T_(2)图谱均出现2个峰。从第一次发酵到煎酒期间,T_(21)和T_(22)不断缩短,而陈酿期间T_(21)和T_(22)相对延长。同一品牌及陈酿时间的黄酒,酒精度越大,体系的T_(2W),T_(21)和T_(22)越短;同一品牌及酒精度下,陈酿时间仅对T_(21)有一定影响。不同品牌黄酒因酿造工艺的区别而使弛豫分布有一定特点。主成分分析表明,不同酒精度、陈酿时间、品牌及种类的黄酒的弛豫特性的PCA分布及间距不同。说明应用LF-NMR技术可实现对不同工艺生产的黄酒的快速辨别。

基于不同维度低场核磁共振技术的大豆含油率检测与判别

大豆含油率的高低直接影响榨油与育种结果。为探究大豆含油率的最佳检测方法与构建含油率高低判别模型,该研究基于不同维度低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术,以国标法为对照,利用LF-NMR波谱和LF-NMR含油含水率软件检测大豆含油率;核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)结合深度学习,建立大豆含油率高低判别模型。引入低场二维核磁共振(low field two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-2D-NMR)技术,定性分析一维波谱中信号重叠无法区分组分的问题。试验结果表明,LF-NMR含油含水率软件能快速准确检测大豆含油率,T1-T2二维核磁图谱成功解决了自由水和油信号重叠问题。利用U-net++深度学习模型对MRI成像的矢状面、冠状面、横截面以及三面混合数据集进行训练,其中横截面评价指标与其他数据集相比更优,语义分割部分中平均交并比(mean intersection over union,mIoU)约0.9058,全局准确率0.9980,训练后的模型能够将MRI图像识别并分割,快速判别大豆含油率高低。试验证明,LF-NMR及MRI能够快速无损掌握大豆含油率信息,为大豆的高油育种提供了新思路和技术支持。

基于低场核磁共振的预包装即食牛肉保质期预测模型研究

目的:开展预包装即食牛肉保质期快速、准确和无损的预测方法研究,对于保障产品货架期安全具有重要意义。方法:以预包装即食牛肉为分析对象,采集样品低场核磁H质子的T2弛豫时间,建立即食牛肉水分含量定量分析模型,结合样品感官接受性等建立预包装即食牛肉保质期预测模型。结果:预包装即食牛肉低场核磁谱图横向弛豫时间可较好地反映出随着贮存时间的延长航天即食牛肉的品质变化。建立了即食牛肉含水量预测模型,模型的预测误差小于4%;建模集相关系数(r)为0.9405,校正标准差(RMSECV)为34.5,相对分析误差(RPD)为3.1,对10个分别贮存一定时间但未参与建模的样本分别进行距离货架期终点的预测,预测结果与实测值的的相关性达0.99,预测结果的误差范围为0.7%~9.9%,RMSEP为13.6,预测模型的精确度满足货架期预测的精度要求。结论:低场核磁共振技术在预包装即食牛肉产品保质期预测方面具有应用潜力。

吉林特低渗油藏长岩心CO_(2)驱替微观动用规律研究

针对松辽盆地莫里青油田特低渗储层动用困难的问题,利用物理模拟实验和核磁共振技术相结合的实验方法,开展长岩心CO_(2)驱替研究。结果表明:岩样CO_(2)驱替驱油效率介于72.30%~80.40%。大孔喉(>33 ms)平均赋存占比为33.65%,小孔喉(<33 ms)平均赋存占比为18.01%;1 PV的CO_(2)驱替后,岩样大孔喉平均相对采出程度为80.67%,小孔喉平均相对采出程度为17.45%;5 PV的CO_(2)驱替后,岩样大孔喉平均相对采出程度为95.68%,小孔喉平均相对采出程度为39.82%,大PV驱替可有效动用小孔喉的油。研究成果可为莫里青油田储层CO_(2)驱替提供理论支撑,同时也为同类油藏开展注气先导试验提供科学指导。

大庆油田X7地区低孔渗储层核磁共振测井可变T_(2)截止值确定方法

T_(2)截止值是计算核磁共振测井束缚水孔隙度、可动流体孔隙度和渗透率的关键参数。在岩心压汞资料与核磁共振测井资料的基础上,提出连续计算低孔隙度低渗透率(低孔渗)储层核磁共振测井T_(2)截止值的方法。用岩心对应深度的核磁共振测井T_(2)谱代替核磁共振实验T_(2)谱,用岩心压汞资料中的渗透率贡献确定束缚水所对应的进汞饱和度,此时剩余汞饱和度即为束缚水饱和度,结合T_(2)谱,通过插值算法得出岩心的T_(2)截止值;分析多块岩心T_(2)截止值在T_(2)谱上的分布规律,从而建立根据T_(2)谱形态连续计算可变T_(2)截止值的方法。在X7地区应用此方法实现核磁共振测井连续T_(2)截止值的计算,用计算出的T_(2)截止值进行孔隙度和渗透率等储层参数计算,明显提升了储层参数计算的精度。

响应面法优化冷冻鸡血豆腐的制备工艺

为使肉鸡副产物之一鸡血高效利用。以新鲜鸡血为主要原料,采用低场核磁不易流动水峰面积为评价标准,通过添加不同品种与浓度的抗冻改良剂对冷冻鸡血豆腐中不易流动水峰面积影响的单因素实验,再结合响应面设计优化冷冻鸡血豆腐的制备工艺。进一步以失水率、质构、色泽指标对优化的冷冻鸡血豆腐的品质进行分析,为开发冷冻鸡血豆腐产品提供科学依据。结果表明,冷冻鸡血豆腐优化制备工艺为:添加脂酰乳酸钠0.1%,海藻酸钾0.1%,木薯变性淀粉2%。在此工艺条件下,冷冻鸡血豆腐的低场核磁不易流动水峰面积为2143,与空白组和其他优化组相比不易流动水峰面积最大,故保水效果最好。优化制备的冷冻鸡血豆腐的硬度、咀嚼性、凝胶性以及亮度都显著(P<0.05)高于空白组(其中硬度是空白组的17倍,亮度的是空白组的1.13倍)。因此,冷冻鸡血豆腐的制备工艺可显著提高解冻后鸡血豆腐的品质,可促进肉鸡副产物高值化产品的开发。

超低场磁共振膝关节正交接收线圈设计

射频接收线圈是磁共振成像(MRI)系统中的关键部件,用于检测变化的磁场,其性能直接影响图像的质量。超低场MRI射频接收线圈工作在较低频率,其阻抗特性不同于传统临床MRI射频接收线圈。理论上正交接收线圈比单通道线圈的信噪比(SNR)可以提高41%。而与阵列线圈相比,正交接收线圈可以用更低的成本与设计复杂度达到很好的成像效果。因此该文研究了一种用于超低场MRI(50.4 mT)系统的膝关节正交接收线圈,它由鞍形线圈和亥姆霍兹线圈组成。首先,确定了线圈的支撑结构及尺寸,并通过计算单匝接收线圈的效率及磁场的不均匀性来确定鞍形以及亥姆霍兹线圈的最优尺寸。然后,实测了线圈交流电阻,来评估线圈不同匝数的SNR,发现匝数增多会使得交流电阻显著增加,从而使SNR随着线圈匝数增加先增加后减少。最后,得到了两线圈的最佳匝数,并制作了正交接收线圈,从CuSO_(4)·5H_(2)O体膜以及体内膝关节成像来评估正交接收线圈的性能。在体膜和体内膝关节成像中,正交接收线圈与单通道线圈相比,图像SNR分别最大程度地提升了约33.5%和30.9%。

高灰煤气化细渣的油类捕收剂浮选与难浮机理

高效分离煤气化细渣中的残碳和矿物是其高值化利用的前提,但气化细渣较差的可浮性成为其浮选分离面临的难题之一。以多喷嘴对置(OMB)水煤浆气化炉的煤气化细渣为对象,研究了油类捕收剂十二烷的浮选效果和气化细渣的难浮机理。通过傅里叶红外光谱测试,发现气化细渣中芳香结构和侧链的含量相比煤炭样品的含量较少,且气化细渣表面存在较多含氧基团;X射线光电子能谱结果表明气化细渣矿物中包含多种亲水的氧化矿物。通过低温氮气吸附和压汞试验测量了气化细渣的孔隙特性,结果表明其孔隙在纳米到微米尺寸内均有大量分布;计算得到原矿样品的BET比表面积为62.03 m^(2)/g。通过粉末润湿试验和改进的Lucas-Washburn方程表征了水和十二烷对气化细渣粉末的润湿过程,试验发现气化细渣残碳相比水更易被十二烷润湿,而气化细渣尾矿更易被水润湿,但残碳和尾矿对水的润湿性差异较小;通过低场-H^(1)核磁共振的T_(2)反演图谱证明了油类捕收剂在孔隙中的吸附行为;油类捕收剂用量的增加和油滴粒径的减小导致孔隙药剂吸附量增加。油类捕收剂在气化细渣的浮选过程中大量进入孔隙而难以有效在残碳表面吸附,导致油类捕收剂的浮选作用效果差。

射频联合热风加热对玉米籽粒中黄曲霉毒素B1降解及玉米品质的影响

为研究射频-热风联合处理玉米中的黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)降解效果,分析不同初始水分质量分数(19.05%、22.25%、25.55%)、射频加热温度(55、65、75、85℃)和加热持续时间(10、15、20、25 min)对玉米籽粒中AFB1降解效果及玉米品质的影响。结果表明:射频-热风联合处理可有效降解AFB1,在高水分含量下,加热温度和时间一定,初始水分含量越高,AFB1残留量越高;初始水分含量一定,随温度增加和时间延长,AFB1残留量随之减少,且加热持续时间对降解效果的影响大于加热温度;射频-热风联合处理玉米籽粒过程中,对其品质有一定影响,随温度升高和时间延长,与对照组相比,蛋白质、脂肪含量无显著差异(P>0.05),黏度系数显著降低(P<0.05);低场核磁共振分析表明,射频加热过程中水分迁移效果明显,且水分迁移特性与玉米的糊化特性、蛋白质、脂肪含量显著相关(P<0.05)。

鲜湿甘薯渣水分相态分布测定及其束水机制分析

为探究鲜湿甘薯渣的束水机理,以10种不同品种鲜湿甘薯渣为研究对象,采用低场核磁共振仪测定鲜湿甘薯渣中水分的相态分布,分析甘薯渣各相态水分与主要有机非水组分之间的相关性,再结合酶解实验进行因果关系验证。结果表明:10种鲜湿甘薯渣中存在3~4种相态的水分,分别命名为组成水(T_(21),0.658~2.310 ms)、固定化水(T_(22),7.055~21.550 ms)、滞化水(T_(23),377.410~705.480 ms)和自由流动水(T_(24),705.480~3764.936 ms);鲜湿甘薯渣中滞化水含量最高,平均占比93.59%,固定化水含量次之,平均占比5.15%,组成水和自由流动水含量较少,分别占比0.85%、0.41%;鲜湿甘薯渣中主要相态水分滞化水与果胶、膳食纤维和不溶性膳食纤维含量呈显著正相关;鲜湿薯渣经果胶酶水解后可排出水量显著增加,而经纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和木质素过氧化物酶酶解后的薯渣可排出水量无明显变化;扫描电子显微镜观察到大部分淀粉颗粒被包裹或束缚于细胞壁碎片中。此研究可为甘薯渣高效脱水技术的开发提供理论依据。