With the swift advances in earth observation,satellite remote sensing and application of atmospheric radiation theory have been developed in the past decades,atmospheric sensing inversion with its algorithms is gettin...With the swift advances in earth observation,satellite remote sensing and application of atmospheric radiation theory have been developed in the past decades,atmospheric sensing inversion with its algorithms is getting more and more importance.It is known that since a remote sensing equation falls into an integral equation of the first kind,thus leading to the fact that it is ill-posed and particularly the solution is unsteady,tremendous difficulties arise from the retrieval.This paper will present a simple review on the inversion techniques with some necessary remarks,before introducing the successful efforts with respect to such equations and the encouraging solutions achieved in recent decades by researchers of the world.展开更多
The automatic diagnostic analysis on atmospheric horizontal inversion area is realized through changing the single atmospheric inversion into horizontal one based on the sounding data in Micaps system;the basic concep...The automatic diagnostic analysis on atmospheric horizontal inversion area is realized through changing the single atmospheric inversion into horizontal one based on the sounding data in Micaps system;the basic conceptual model INCLUDING atmospheric horizontal inversion area,ground 0 ℃ line,high altitude wet area,extreme point 0 ℃ line in inversion layer is buillt after the research on relationship between atmospheric horizontal inversion area and freezing rain falling area;automatic diagnostic analysis on freezing rain falling area is developed based on the conceptual model,the method is in accord well with the actual situation (freezing rain disaster weather occurred in most part of the south in beginning of 2008) and fitting rate reaches 94.4%,quantitative correlation coefficient between the area of freezing rain falling area and stations reporting freezing rain is 0.839.展开更多
This article proposes the hybrid method to inverse the equivalent electric charge of thunder cloud based on the data of multi-station atmospheric electric field. Firstly,the method combines the genetic algorithm( GA) ...This article proposes the hybrid method to inverse the equivalent electric charge of thunder cloud based on the data of multi-station atmospheric electric field. Firstly,the method combines the genetic algorithm( GA) and New ton method through the mosaic hybrid structure. In addition,the thunder cloud equivalent charge is inversed based on the forw ard modeling results by giving the parameters of the thunder cloud charge structure. Then an ideal model is built to examine the performance compared to the nonlinear least squares method. Finally,a typical thunderstorms process in Nanjing is analyzed by Genetic-New ton algorithm with the help of weather radar. The results show the proposed method has the strong global searching capability so that the problem of initial value selection can be solved effectively,as well as gets the better inversion results. Furthermore,the mosaic hybrid structure can absorb the advantages of tw o algorithms better,and the inversion position is consistent with the strongest radar echo.The inversion results find the upper negative charge is small and can be ignored,w hich means the triple-polarity charge structure is relatively scientific,w hich could give some references to the research like lightning forecasting,location tracking.展开更多
Atmospheric inversion phenomenon directly affects the vertical movement of air, which causes the cooling heat of the cooling tower in the power plant to be blocked. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the atmospheri...Atmospheric inversion phenomenon directly affects the vertical movement of air, which causes the cooling heat of the cooling tower in the power plant to be blocked. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the atmospheric inversion characteristics of the research project during the design of the air cooling system. Using the low-altitude observing system of the tethered balloon, the on-site observation of the temperature below 300 m in summer is carried out for a coal-fired power integration project in Yulin, Shaanxi, China. Observations were made at 10 fixed times per day, with a cumulative observation of 46 days and 247 effective detections. The data were quality-controlled, and then linearly interpolated. According to the requirements of the project designer, the temperature data of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 m was used for low-temperature inversion analysis. The research shows that the grounding inversion and low-altitude inversion can be observed at the same time. In the time and space changes, the grounding inversion temperature and intensity are significantly higher than the low-altitude inversion. The maximum inversion of grounding inversion and low-altitude inversion is 2.3?C/hm, 1.0?C/hm. Grounding inversion temperature occurs every time, the frequency is the highest at 20 o’clock, the average intensity is maximum at 17 o’clock, and the average height, maximum intensity and maximum height are maximum at 7 o’clock. When the low-altitude inversion temperature is 18 o’clock, other times can occur, and the frequency is the highest at 15 o’clock, but the inversion layer is shallow, the bottom is high and the intensity is small. Grounding inversion and low-altitude inversion can occur in all levels, and as the height increases, the grounding inversion decreases and the low-temperature inversion increases. The design of the project air cooling tower needs to fully consider the impact caused by the inverse temperature below 300 m.展开更多
High-quality and continuous radiosonde, aerosol and surface meteorology datasets are used to investigate the statistical characteristics of meteorological parameters and their effects on aerosols. The data were collec...High-quality and continuous radiosonde, aerosol and surface meteorology datasets are used to investigate the statistical characteristics of meteorological parameters and their effects on aerosols. The data were collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains climate research facility during 2000–15. The parameters and vertical distribution of temperature inversion layers were found to have strong diurnal and seasonal changes. For surface-based temperature inversion (SBI), the mean frequency and depth of temperature inversion layers were 39.4% and 198 m, respectively. The temperature difference between the top and bottom of SBI was 4.8℃, and so the temperature gradient was 2.4℃(100 m)^-1. The detailed vertical distributions of temperature inversion had been determined, and only the temperature inversion layers below 1000 m showed diurnal and seasonal variations. Mean surface aerosol number concentrations increased by 43.0%, 21.9% and 49.2% when SBIs were present at 0530, 1730 and 2330 LST, respectively. The effect of SBI on surface aerosol concentration was weakest in summer (18.1%) and strongest in winter (58.4%). During elevated temperature inversion events, there was no noticeable difference in surface aerosol number concentrations. Temperature differences and temperature gradients across SBIs correlated fairly well with aerosol number concentrations, especially for temperature gradients. The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties with and without temperature inversions was different. Surface aerosol measurements were representative of the air within (below), but not above, SBIs and EIs. These results provide a basis for developing a boundary layer aerosol accumulation model and for improving radiative transfer models in the lower atmosphere.展开更多
In this article,we present detailed seasonal,monthly and daily statistics of temperature difference in the surface layer at the Muztagh-ata site based on the temperature measurements at two heights of 2 m and6 m.We fi...In this article,we present detailed seasonal,monthly and daily statistics of temperature difference in the surface layer at the Muztagh-ata site based on the temperature measurements at two heights of 2 m and6 m.We find that temperature inversion occurs frequently at our site during nighttime,especially during the cold season.Strong temperature inversion always represents stable atmospheric turbulence,which is crucial for an optical observatory.By analyzing the behavior of temperature inversion and its correlation with wind and cloud amount,one conclusion can be made that radiation inversion is the main reason for the existence of temperature inversion in the surface-layer at the Muztagh-ata site.展开更多
In this paper, the observed data of low-level wind and temperature collected from western outskirts of Haikou city, Hainan Island, are analysed. Mean boundary layer structure, generation and development of ground-lev...In this paper, the observed data of low-level wind and temperature collected from western outskirts of Haikou city, Hainan Island, are analysed. Mean boundary layer structure, generation and development of ground-level inversion and inner boundary layer on the coastal area of interest, which is in China,s northern tropical area, are analysed. It is found that an inner thermal boundary layer can be produced under intense insolation in both dry and rainy seasons, and the mixing layer on the coast is remarkably deeper than that of inland.展开更多
Using the data of “A field experiment on landatmosphere interaction over arid region in Northwest China” carried out in Dunhuang of Gansu Province from May to June 2000;Characteristics of the atmospheric humidity ov...Using the data of “A field experiment on landatmosphere interaction over arid region in Northwest China” carried out in Dunhuang of Gansu Province from May to June 2000;Characteristics of the atmospheric humidity over desert and Gobi near oasis in the Northwest China Arid Region are analyzed. According to the difference of the characteristics in different wind directions, the impacts of oasis on atmospheric hydrological cycle over desert and Gobi near it are revealed. The relation of atmosphere inverse humidity and negative water vapor flux to wind direction and atmospheric stability is studied. It shows that distribution of the atmosphere inverse humidity is inconsistent with that of the negative water vapor flux;sometimes 1-hour-average value demonstrates the characteristic of counter-gradient transfer. And the diurnal variation of distribution of the counter-gradient transfer and the effect of atmospheric stability on the counter-gradient transfer are also given.展开更多
By utilizing the data observed at Dunhuang during August and September 2000 in the 'Field Experiment on Interaction between Land and Atmosphere in the Arid Region of Northwest China (FEILARNC)', the characteri...By utilizing the data observed at Dunhuang during August and September 2000 in the 'Field Experiment on Interaction between Land and Atmosphere in the Arid Region of Northwest China (FEILARNC)', the characteristics of the soil moisture, temperature, and atmospheric humidity are analyzed. It is found that the thickness of the soil temperature active layer is about 5 cm and much thinner than is typical, that not only the atmospheric humidity gradient is often inverted but also the soil moisture gradient in the shallow layer in the Gobi near oasis, that the diurnal variation of soil moisture can be divided into the four stages that are called the wet stage, the losing-water stage, the dry stage, and the attaining-water stage. It is shown that in soil moisture profiles, the depth of the soil moisture active layer is about 10 cm and soil moisture inversion is the main feature in the shallow layer during the wet stage. Such a feature as soil moisture inversion indicates that soil in the shallow layer can inhale moisture from the air through condensation in the nighttime and exhale moisture to the air through evaporation in the daytime. The condensation and evaporation constitute together the full respiration process of moisture on the ground. The formation of soil moisture inversion is related with the state of soil temperature and moisture, the intensity of atmospheric humidity inversion, and the atmospheric thermodynamic stability.展开更多
During a series of substorm events on November 12 2004, the Neutral Atom Detector Unit(NUADU) flying onboard the TC-2 spacecraft observed, close to perigee, bright low-altitude Energetic Neutral Atom(ENA) emissions fr...During a series of substorm events on November 12 2004, the Neutral Atom Detector Unit(NUADU) flying onboard the TC-2 spacecraft observed, close to perigee, bright low-altitude Energetic Neutral Atom(ENA) emissions from both north and south poles. Through utilizing high temporal and spatial resolution data inversion techniques we present here a global view the associated processes of energetic ion deposition and injection at the uniquely high temporal resolution of a few minutes. It is demonstrated that the ENA emissions observed came mainly from the, low-altitude, high magnetic latitude polar region. Since precipitating ions follow magnetic field lines and have more chance to produce ENA emissions through charge exchange there.Therefore, the employment of a low-orbit satellite to record at high temporal and spatial resolution ENA image data is inferred to be the best way to monitor those dynamic ring current variations that occur during geomagnetic activity.展开更多
Satellite carbon dioxide(CO_(2))retrievals provide important constraints on surface carbon fluxes in regions that are undersampled by global in situ networks.In this study,we developed an atmospheric inversion system ...Satellite carbon dioxide(CO_(2))retrievals provide important constraints on surface carbon fluxes in regions that are undersampled by global in situ networks.In this study,we developed an atmospheric inversion system to infer CO_(2)sources and sinks from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2(OCO-2)column CO_(2)retrievals during 2015–2019,and compared our estimates to five other state-of-the-art inversions.By assimilating satellite CO_(2)retrievals in the inversion,the global net terrestrial carbon sink(net biome productivity,NBP)was found to be 1.03±0.39 petagrams of carbon per year(Pg C yr^(-1));this estimate is lower than the sink estimate of 1.46–2.52 Pg C yr^(-1),obtained using surface-based inversions.We estimated a weak northern uptake of 1.30 Pg C yr-1and weak tropical release of-0.26 Pg C yr^(-1),consistent with previous reports.By contrast,the other inversions showed a strong northern uptake(1.44–2.78 Pg C yr-1),but diverging tropical carbon fluxes,from a sink of 0.77 Pg C yr^(-1) to a source of-1.26 Pg C yr^(-1).During the 2015–2016 El Ni?o event,the tropical land biosphere was mainly responsible for a higher global CO_(2)growth rate.Anomalously high carbon uptake in the northern extratropics,consistent with concurrent extreme Northern Hemisphere greening,partially offset the tropical carbon losses.This anomalously high carbon uptake was not always found in surface-based inversions,resulting in a larger global carbon release in the other inversions.Thus,our satellite constraint refines the current understanding of flux partitioning between northern and tropical terrestrial regions,and suggests that the northern extratropics acted as anomalous high CO_(2)sinks in response to the 2015–2016 El Nino event.展开更多
基金This work is supported partly by the Meteorological Office of Air Command
文摘With the swift advances in earth observation,satellite remote sensing and application of atmospheric radiation theory have been developed in the past decades,atmospheric sensing inversion with its algorithms is getting more and more importance.It is known that since a remote sensing equation falls into an integral equation of the first kind,thus leading to the fact that it is ill-posed and particularly the solution is unsteady,tremendous difficulties arise from the retrieval.This paper will present a simple review on the inversion techniques with some necessary remarks,before introducing the successful efforts with respect to such equations and the encouraging solutions achieved in recent decades by researchers of the world.
文摘The automatic diagnostic analysis on atmospheric horizontal inversion area is realized through changing the single atmospheric inversion into horizontal one based on the sounding data in Micaps system;the basic conceptual model INCLUDING atmospheric horizontal inversion area,ground 0 ℃ line,high altitude wet area,extreme point 0 ℃ line in inversion layer is buillt after the research on relationship between atmospheric horizontal inversion area and freezing rain falling area;automatic diagnostic analysis on freezing rain falling area is developed based on the conceptual model,the method is in accord well with the actual situation (freezing rain disaster weather occurred in most part of the south in beginning of 2008) and fitting rate reaches 94.4%,quantitative correlation coefficient between the area of freezing rain falling area and stations reporting freezing rain is 0.839.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( Grant No. 61072133 )the Production,Learning and Research Joint Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China ( Grant Nos. BY2013007-02, SBY201120033)+2 种基金the Major Project Plan for Natural science Research in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province, China( Grant No. 15KJA460008)the Open Topic of Atmospheric Sounding Key Open Laboratory of China Meteorological Administration ( Grant No. KLAS201407)the advantage discipline platform " Information and Communication Engineering" of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘This article proposes the hybrid method to inverse the equivalent electric charge of thunder cloud based on the data of multi-station atmospheric electric field. Firstly,the method combines the genetic algorithm( GA) and New ton method through the mosaic hybrid structure. In addition,the thunder cloud equivalent charge is inversed based on the forw ard modeling results by giving the parameters of the thunder cloud charge structure. Then an ideal model is built to examine the performance compared to the nonlinear least squares method. Finally,a typical thunderstorms process in Nanjing is analyzed by Genetic-New ton algorithm with the help of weather radar. The results show the proposed method has the strong global searching capability so that the problem of initial value selection can be solved effectively,as well as gets the better inversion results. Furthermore,the mosaic hybrid structure can absorb the advantages of tw o algorithms better,and the inversion position is consistent with the strongest radar echo.The inversion results find the upper negative charge is small and can be ignored,w hich means the triple-polarity charge structure is relatively scientific,w hich could give some references to the research like lightning forecasting,location tracking.
文摘Atmospheric inversion phenomenon directly affects the vertical movement of air, which causes the cooling heat of the cooling tower in the power plant to be blocked. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the atmospheric inversion characteristics of the research project during the design of the air cooling system. Using the low-altitude observing system of the tethered balloon, the on-site observation of the temperature below 300 m in summer is carried out for a coal-fired power integration project in Yulin, Shaanxi, China. Observations were made at 10 fixed times per day, with a cumulative observation of 46 days and 247 effective detections. The data were quality-controlled, and then linearly interpolated. According to the requirements of the project designer, the temperature data of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 m was used for low-temperature inversion analysis. The research shows that the grounding inversion and low-altitude inversion can be observed at the same time. In the time and space changes, the grounding inversion temperature and intensity are significantly higher than the low-altitude inversion. The maximum inversion of grounding inversion and low-altitude inversion is 2.3?C/hm, 1.0?C/hm. Grounding inversion temperature occurs every time, the frequency is the highest at 20 o’clock, the average intensity is maximum at 17 o’clock, and the average height, maximum intensity and maximum height are maximum at 7 o’clock. When the low-altitude inversion temperature is 18 o’clock, other times can occur, and the frequency is the highest at 15 o’clock, but the inversion layer is shallow, the bottom is high and the intensity is small. Grounding inversion and low-altitude inversion can occur in all levels, and as the height increases, the grounding inversion decreases and the low-temperature inversion increases. The design of the project air cooling tower needs to fully consider the impact caused by the inverse temperature below 300 m.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA17010101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41305011, 41775033, 41575033 and 41675034)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2014M550797)the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0603504)
文摘High-quality and continuous radiosonde, aerosol and surface meteorology datasets are used to investigate the statistical characteristics of meteorological parameters and their effects on aerosols. The data were collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains climate research facility during 2000–15. The parameters and vertical distribution of temperature inversion layers were found to have strong diurnal and seasonal changes. For surface-based temperature inversion (SBI), the mean frequency and depth of temperature inversion layers were 39.4% and 198 m, respectively. The temperature difference between the top and bottom of SBI was 4.8℃, and so the temperature gradient was 2.4℃(100 m)^-1. The detailed vertical distributions of temperature inversion had been determined, and only the temperature inversion layers below 1000 m showed diurnal and seasonal variations. Mean surface aerosol number concentrations increased by 43.0%, 21.9% and 49.2% when SBIs were present at 0530, 1730 and 2330 LST, respectively. The effect of SBI on surface aerosol concentration was weakest in summer (18.1%) and strongest in winter (58.4%). During elevated temperature inversion events, there was no noticeable difference in surface aerosol number concentrations. Temperature differences and temperature gradients across SBIs correlated fairly well with aerosol number concentrations, especially for temperature gradients. The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties with and without temperature inversions was different. Surface aerosol measurements were representative of the air within (below), but not above, SBIs and EIs. These results provide a basis for developing a boundary layer aerosol accumulation model and for improving radiative transfer models in the lower atmosphere.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11873081 and 11803076)the Operation,Maintenance and Upgrading Fund for Astronomical Telescopes and Facility Instruments,budgeted from the Ministry of Finance of China(MOF)and administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)。
文摘In this article,we present detailed seasonal,monthly and daily statistics of temperature difference in the surface layer at the Muztagh-ata site based on the temperature measurements at two heights of 2 m and6 m.We find that temperature inversion occurs frequently at our site during nighttime,especially during the cold season.Strong temperature inversion always represents stable atmospheric turbulence,which is crucial for an optical observatory.By analyzing the behavior of temperature inversion and its correlation with wind and cloud amount,one conclusion can be made that radiation inversion is the main reason for the existence of temperature inversion in the surface-layer at the Muztagh-ata site.
文摘In this paper, the observed data of low-level wind and temperature collected from western outskirts of Haikou city, Hainan Island, are analysed. Mean boundary layer structure, generation and development of ground-level inversion and inner boundary layer on the coastal area of interest, which is in China,s northern tropical area, are analysed. It is found that an inner thermal boundary layer can be produced under intense insolation in both dry and rainy seasons, and the mixing layer on the coast is remarkably deeper than that of inland.
文摘Using the data of “A field experiment on landatmosphere interaction over arid region in Northwest China” carried out in Dunhuang of Gansu Province from May to June 2000;Characteristics of the atmospheric humidity over desert and Gobi near oasis in the Northwest China Arid Region are analyzed. According to the difference of the characteristics in different wind directions, the impacts of oasis on atmospheric hydrological cycle over desert and Gobi near it are revealed. The relation of atmosphere inverse humidity and negative water vapor flux to wind direction and atmospheric stability is studied. It shows that distribution of the atmosphere inverse humidity is inconsistent with that of the negative water vapor flux;sometimes 1-hour-average value demonstrates the characteristic of counter-gradient transfer. And the diurnal variation of distribution of the counter-gradient transfer and the effect of atmospheric stability on the counter-gradient transfer are also given.
基金the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.40175004)and theNational Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences ofChina(No.G1998040904-2).
文摘By utilizing the data observed at Dunhuang during August and September 2000 in the 'Field Experiment on Interaction between Land and Atmosphere in the Arid Region of Northwest China (FEILARNC)', the characteristics of the soil moisture, temperature, and atmospheric humidity are analyzed. It is found that the thickness of the soil temperature active layer is about 5 cm and much thinner than is typical, that not only the atmospheric humidity gradient is often inverted but also the soil moisture gradient in the shallow layer in the Gobi near oasis, that the diurnal variation of soil moisture can be divided into the four stages that are called the wet stage, the losing-water stage, the dry stage, and the attaining-water stage. It is shown that in soil moisture profiles, the depth of the soil moisture active layer is about 10 cm and soil moisture inversion is the main feature in the shallow layer during the wet stage. Such a feature as soil moisture inversion indicates that soil in the shallow layer can inhale moisture from the air through condensation in the nighttime and exhale moisture to the air through evaporation in the daytime. The condensation and evaporation constitute together the full respiration process of moisture on the ground. The formation of soil moisture inversion is related with the state of soil temperature and moisture, the intensity of atmospheric humidity inversion, and the atmospheric thermodynamic stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41574152)Project (Grant No. VEGA2/0077/16)
文摘During a series of substorm events on November 12 2004, the Neutral Atom Detector Unit(NUADU) flying onboard the TC-2 spacecraft observed, close to perigee, bright low-altitude Energetic Neutral Atom(ENA) emissions from both north and south poles. Through utilizing high temporal and spatial resolution data inversion techniques we present here a global view the associated processes of energetic ion deposition and injection at the uniquely high temporal resolution of a few minutes. It is demonstrated that the ENA emissions observed came mainly from the, low-altitude, high magnetic latitude polar region. Since precipitating ions follow magnetic field lines and have more chance to produce ENA emissions through charge exchange there.Therefore, the employment of a low-orbit satellite to record at high temporal and spatial resolution ENA image data is inferred to be the best way to monitor those dynamic ring current variations that occur during geomagnetic activity.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2022QZKK0101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41975140&42105150)。
文摘Satellite carbon dioxide(CO_(2))retrievals provide important constraints on surface carbon fluxes in regions that are undersampled by global in situ networks.In this study,we developed an atmospheric inversion system to infer CO_(2)sources and sinks from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2(OCO-2)column CO_(2)retrievals during 2015–2019,and compared our estimates to five other state-of-the-art inversions.By assimilating satellite CO_(2)retrievals in the inversion,the global net terrestrial carbon sink(net biome productivity,NBP)was found to be 1.03±0.39 petagrams of carbon per year(Pg C yr^(-1));this estimate is lower than the sink estimate of 1.46–2.52 Pg C yr^(-1),obtained using surface-based inversions.We estimated a weak northern uptake of 1.30 Pg C yr-1and weak tropical release of-0.26 Pg C yr^(-1),consistent with previous reports.By contrast,the other inversions showed a strong northern uptake(1.44–2.78 Pg C yr-1),but diverging tropical carbon fluxes,from a sink of 0.77 Pg C yr^(-1) to a source of-1.26 Pg C yr^(-1).During the 2015–2016 El Ni?o event,the tropical land biosphere was mainly responsible for a higher global CO_(2)growth rate.Anomalously high carbon uptake in the northern extratropics,consistent with concurrent extreme Northern Hemisphere greening,partially offset the tropical carbon losses.This anomalously high carbon uptake was not always found in surface-based inversions,resulting in a larger global carbon release in the other inversions.Thus,our satellite constraint refines the current understanding of flux partitioning between northern and tropical terrestrial regions,and suggests that the northern extratropics acted as anomalous high CO_(2)sinks in response to the 2015–2016 El Nino event.
