Physico-Chemical, and Sensory Properties of Mayonnaise Substitute Prepared from Chia Mucilage (Salvia hispanica L.) and Gum Arabic from Acacia senegal var. kerensis

Gum Arabic (GA) from Acacia senegal var. kerensis has been approved as an emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, and encapsulator in food processing industry. Chia mucilage, on the other hand, has been approved to be used as a fat and egg yolk mimic. However, both chia mucilage and gum Arabic are underutilized locally in Kenya;thus, marginal reports have been published despite their potential to alter functional properties in food products. In this study, the potential use of chia mucilage and gum Arabic was evaluated in the development of an eggless fat-reduced mayonnaise (FRM). The mayonnaise substitute was prepared by replacing eggs and partially substituting sunflower oil with chia mucilage at 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% levels and gum Arabic at 3% while reducing the oil levels to 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%. The effect of different concentrations of oil and chia mucilage on the physicochemical properties, for example, pH, emulsion stability, moisture content, protein, carbohydrate, fats, calories, ash, and titratable acidity using AOAC methods and sensory properties for both consumer acceptability and quantitative descriptive analysis of mayonnaise were evaluated and compared to the control with eggs and 75% sunflower oil. The results indicated that all fat-reduced mayonnaises had significantly lower energy to 493 kcal/100g and 20% fat content but higher water content of 0.74 than the control with 784 Kcal/100g calories, 77% fat and 0.39 moisture. These differences increased with increasing substitution levels of chia mucilage, as impacted on pH, carbohydrate, and protein. There was no significant difference between ash content for both fat-reduced mayonnaise and control. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that mayonnaises substituted with chia seeds mucilage and gum Arabic were accepted. All the parameters are positively correlated to overall acceptability, with flavor having the strongest correlation of r = 0.78. Loadings from principal component analysis (PCA) of 16 sensory attributes of mayonnaise showed that approximately over 66% of the variations in sensory attributes were explained by the first six principal components. This study shows good potential for chia mucilage and gum Arabic to be used as fat and egg mimetics and stabilizers, respectively, in mayonnaise with functional properties.

Processed beetroot(Beta vulgaris L.)as a natural antioxidant in mayonnaise:Effects on physical stability,texture and sensory attributes

The oxidative and physical stability of the reformulated mayonnaise with processed beetroot was investigated and compared with a control(mayonnaise without beetroot)and a commercially available product.Processing of beetroot had an impact on the structural integrity of the antioxidants present.Microwaving(960 W for 7 min)was advantageous for preserving the betalain and polyphenol content of beetroot compared to roasting(180◦C for 90 min)and boiling(100◦C for 30 min).The oxidative stability of mayonnaise samples was determined by Rancimat and the thiobarbituric(TBA)assay.The addition of microwaved beetroot significantly enhanced the oxidative stability of mayonnaise at the end of a storage period of 4 weeks(4◦C).Although no significant differences(P>0.05)were detected between the mayonnaise samples containing beetroot and the commercial control,the latter was less susceptible to oxidation during storage.The turbiscan stability index(TSI)revealed that the commercial mayonnaise was less prone to destabilization phenomena.All the textural parameters increased with the incorporation of beetroot.The sensory evaluation revealed that,with the exception of graininess and uniformity,most of the sensory attributes are preserved if not improved with the addition of beetroot.

Nutritional, Chemical and Organoleptical Characteristics of Low-Calorie Fruit Nectars Incorporating Stevioside as a Natural Sweetener

The study is aiming at preparation of low-calorie fruit nectars for diabetes and weight maintaining approaches as well as consumer satisfaction. Therefore, twenty low-calorie fruit-based formulated nectars were prepared mainly from orange, pomegranate, guava and mango pulps which sweetened with sucrose or sucrose— replaced at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% using stevioside. Primitively, the yield of fresh fruits had been calculated. Consequently, nutritional, chemical and organoleptical characteristics of prepared fruit nectars have been determined. Results indicated that total solids content was in range of 5.57% - 13.20%, 9.90% - 14.37%, 8.25% - 13.27% and 8.25% - 16.50% for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. Dependently, caloric value resulted 21.57 to 51.08, 38.31 to 55.62, 31.93 to 51.37 and 31.93 to 63.86 kcal 100 g-1 fw for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. Total phenols content [TPC, mg GAE 100 g-1 dw] ranged from 665.12 to 747.41, 1180.42 to 1319.47, 742.54 to 848.27 and 418.01 to 472.42 for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. The antioxidant capacity by DPPH method [μmol TE g-1 dw] ranged from (20.79 to 26.51), (47.13 to 56.56), (60.68 to 69.25) and (8.39 to 13.32) for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. Total carotenoids [mg 100 g-1 dw] were the highest in mango nectars ranged from (102.99 to 110.52) in mango nectar with 100% sugar and mango nectar with 100% stevioside, respectively. Anthocyanins content recorded 6.14 mg 100 g-1 dw in pomegranate nectar with 100% sugar, while increased to be 9.01 mg 00 g-1 dw in pomegranate nectar with 100% stevioside. Ascorbic acid [mg 100 g fw] ranged from 23.41 to 27.53, 15.73 to 18.32, 25.72 to 30.87 and 18.07 to 20.98 for orange, pomegranate, guava and mango nectars, respectively. The results of organoleptical attributes showed no effect of sugar substituting by stevioside on color, odor and mouth feel. The most dramatic effect of sugar substituting had been observed on taste, bitter after taste and the overall acceptability of prepared nectars with high substitution levels. Practically, using stevioside to produce low-calorie nectars was shown to be satisfactory up to 50% - 75% substituting level, resulting low-calorie nectars and could be applied commercially.

Chemical, Nutritional and Organoleptical Characteristics of Orange-Based Formulated Low-Calorie Jams

Twelve low-calorie orange-based formulated jams were prepared mainly from orange, pumpkin and papaya, and then sweetened using fructose (F), stevioside (St) and sucralose (Su). The nutritional value of formulated jams was estimated after the approximate chemical composition and total soluble solid have been determined. The effect of storage on total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, carotenoids content and vitamin C was investigated. Organoleptical attributes of prepared low-calorie jams were done as well. Results indicated that the nutritive value [kcal 100 g–1 fw] ranged from 88.10 ± 0.60 to 164.34 ± 0.41;total phenol content (TPC, mg GAE 100 g–1 fw] ranged from 188.52 ± 2.45 to 411.79 ± 3.3;the antioxidant capacity (μmol TE g–1 fw) ranged from 14.57 ± 0.86 to 32.39 ± 1.19;total carotenoids [mg 100 g–1 fw] ranged from 115.20 ± 5.66 to 204.33 ± 4.21;vitamin C [mg 100 g fw] ranged from 8.94 ± 1.07 to 28.77 ± 4.46;total soluble solids [Brix] ranged from 22.53 ± 0.05 to 43.37 ± 0.13. Jams storage for a period of 12 months at room temperature led to a decrease in vitamin C content, TPC, antioxidant capacity, while total soluble solids (TSS) and carotenoids increased during storage. The results of organoleptical attributes showed that the formulas O11, O1 had the highest score of color and odor respectively while O7 recorded maximum score for taste, texture and bitterness respectively. Statistical analysis showed that storage intervals and treatments had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on sensory quality of diet jam. The organoleptical characteristics were affected with the extension of shelf-life. Addition of stevioside and sucralose to formulate the low-calorie jam increased total phenol and antioxidant capacity, improved color, taste and produced targeted low-calorie jams. The use of sweeteners such as fructose, sucralose and stevioside in the manufacture of orange diet jam was shown to be satisfactory, resulting in low-calorie jams, improved the quality and could be produced commercially.

Production of Mayonnaise from Date Pit Oil

Chemical compositionof the residual pits from processing of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) variety khalas from AL-Hasa region–Saudi Arabia was investigated. The extracted oil from residual pits was analyzed for its physico-chemical properties, (refractive index, colour, acid value, peroxide value, iodine number, saponification number and unsaponifiable matter), total phenols, tocopherol content, fatty acid composition, hydrocarbons, and sterol compounds by gas liquid chromatography, and oxidative stability by Rancimat method at 100℃ ± 2℃. Mineral content of date pits was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Date pit oil was used to replace conventional oil in producing mayonnaise, and sensory qualities were evaluated in comparison with commercial mayonnaise prepared from corn oil. The data demonstrated that mayonnaise containing date pit oil was superior in sensory characteristics as compared with control manufactured from corn oil. Results showed that the date pit oil could be used as nontraditional oil in some food processing such as mayonnaise products.

Utilization of Yellowfin Tuna and Red Snapper Roe Protein Concentrate as Emulsifier in Mayonnaise

Roes of yellowfin tuna （Thunnus albacares） and red snapper （Lutjanus champecanus） are considered as abundant and underutilized by-product in Indonesia. The production of roe protein concentrate （RPC） is expected to increase the economic value and potency of their usage. Tuna and red snapper RPC was defatted using etano195% with one, two, three and four times of repetition. Both RPC made with four times repetition of defatting had the highest protein content （79.90% and 80.72%）, showed high emulsion activity （97.46% and 99.62%） and emulsion stability （97.10% and 99.48%）, and decreased the interfacial tension of 51% and 55.9%, respectively. Mayonnaise was made with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substitution level of each RPC with four times repetition ofdefatting. The physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of mayonnaise were studied. The best mayonnaise formulation was obtained from 50% substitution level of tuna and red snapper RPC. Mayonnaise with tuna and red snapper RPC had good viscosity （5,920 cPs and 5,845 cPs）, high emulsion stability （90.5% and 91.73%） and small fat globule size （±2.5 lam and ± 2.25 lam）, respectively. These mayonnaises also showed high score of spreadability and low intense of fishy odor. However they still had quite strong of fishy flavor based on scoring test.

沙拉酱对胡萝卜中活性物质体外消化的影响

以胡萝卜为原料,与沙拉酱复配成质量比为6∶1(T1)、4∶1(T2)、2∶1(T3)的胡萝卜沙拉样品,以不加沙拉酱的胡萝卜为对照(CK),采用体外静态INFOGEST消化模型,评估胡萝卜沙拉中主要活性物质(β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C)的生物可及性和消化特性。结果显示:除CK和T3的V-C外,活性物质含量经胃消化后均急剧下降,经肠道消化后又上升;添加沙拉酱明显提高了β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C的稳定性和生物可及性,T3组中3种生物活性物质在模拟消化过程中较稳定,生物可及性较高;各组的平均粒径D[3,2]和粒径分布强度均先增大,在模拟胃消化阶段消化60 min时最大,随后减至最小,T3组的D[3,2]在模拟消化过程中较小(0.13~5.03μm)。可见,沙拉酱可提高胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C的生物可及性,并具有较好的消化特性,其中以T3组效果较佳。

天然皂皮皂苷与大豆分离蛋白协同构建高蛋白减脂植物基蛋黄酱及其特性

本研究利用天然皂皮皂苷(Quillaja saponin,QS)与大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)稳定乳液凝胶的协同效应构建高蛋白、减脂的植物基蛋黄酱(plant-based mayonnaise,PM)。利用静态光散射、激光共聚焦、低形变流变学和质构特性对比分析PM与两种市售蛋黄酱在外观、乳滴粒径大小与分布、硬度、涂抹性、热稳定性和冻融稳定性等方面的特性。结果表明,以10%SPI和0.18%QS或10%SPI、0.18%QS和1%SPI凝胶颗粒(soy protein isolate gel particles,SGPs)为蛋白配料可构建出与商品蛋黄酱在外观、涂抹状态、质构以及流变特性上相媲美的高蛋白减脂PM(10%蛋白质与50%脂肪、11%蛋白质与40%脂肪,以质量分数计)。在该体系中,QS不仅赋予了高蛋白乳化制品黏度稀化的质构调节性,还赋予了SPI基乳液凝胶优越的热稳定性和冻融稳定性。本研究可为“高蛋白”“减脂”PM的开发与应用提供理论与技术指导。

月桂酸型甘油二酯-大豆油基油泡沫的制备及其在蛋黄酱中的应用

旨在构建健康、低脂、高稳定性的新型蛋黄酱产品,以甘油和月桂酸为原料经过Novozyme 435脂肪酶催化,制备月桂酸型甘油二酯(DAG)粗产物,采用分子蒸馏和硅胶柱层析技术对粗产物进行纯化得到高纯度月桂酸型DAG(纯度>92%),以此为原料制备油泡沫,探究了搅打时间对油泡沫起泡能力、气泡粒径分布、微观结构及稳定性的影响,并将油泡沫50%部分替代或完全替代大豆油用于蛋黄酱制备,研究油泡沫对蛋黄酱流变学特性、色泽、稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着搅打时间的延长,气泡表面吸附的晶体数量明显增多,气泡粒径增大,起泡率先增大后基本保持不变,搅打时间为15 min时油泡沫起泡率最高,且此时的油泡沫储存2个月体积无明显变化;采用油泡沫部分替代及完全替代大豆油后可降低蛋黄酱的黏度,增加蛋黄酱在应力及频率扫描下的弹性模量,蛋黄酱表现出良好的塑性和稳定性,且蛋黄酱的色泽L^(*)值增加,a^(*)值和b^(*)值降低。采用月桂酸型DAG搅打获得的油泡沫可有效降低蛋黄酱的油脂含量和热量,可作为油脂替代物用于新型蛋黄酱产品的开发。

Management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:Lifestyle changes

In this editorial,we commented on a recently released manuscript by Zeng et al in the World Journal of Gastroenterology.We focused specifically on lifestyle changes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).NAFLD is a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome,which ultimately leads to advanced hepatic fibrosis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma and affects more than 25%of the population globally.Existing therapeutic strategies against NAFLD such as pharmacologic therapies focus on liver protection,anti-inflammation,and regulating disease-related metabolic disorder symptoms.Although several drugs are in late-stage development,potent drugs against the diseases are lacking.Additionally,existing surgical approaches such as bariatric surgery are not routinely used to treat NAFLD.Intervening in patients’unhealthy lifestyles,such as weight loss through dietary changes and exercises to ameliorate patientassociated metabolic disorders and metabolic syndrome,is the first-line treatment for patients with NAFLD.With sufficient intrinsic motivation and adherence,the management of unhealthy lifestyles can reduce the severity of the disease,improve the quality of life,and increase the survival expectancy of patients with NAFLD.

低脂蛋黄酱的工艺配方研究

本研究通过添加圆苞车前子壳粉、玉米变性淀粉复配凝胶代替蛋黄酱中部分油脂,将油脂的比例降低到30%。以感官评分和硬度、黏着度为指标,设计单因素实验对蛋黄酱进行分析,并设计正交实验进行工艺配方的优化。最终分析得出低脂蛋黄酱的最佳工艺配方为:圆苞车前子壳粉添加量0.6%,蜡质玉米变性淀粉添加量2.0%,油添加量30%。

不同结构形态的米糠蛋白基蛋黄酱特性的对比研究

以脱脂米糠为原料,从中提取米糠蛋白,利用酸、热处理制备天然米糠蛋白基蛋黄酱(NM-RBP)、米糠蛋白常规聚合物基蛋黄酱(CPM-RBP)和米糠蛋白纤维聚合物基蛋黄酱(FPM-RBP),并分析其表观性质、微观结构、感官特性、涂抹性、质构性质、流变学特性。结果表明:NM-RBP和CPM-RBP均表现出较好的乳液凝胶特征、质构特性和流变学特性,且二者感官评分均较高,其中CPM-RBP液滴排列更为紧密、相互挤压堆叠明显、液滴尺寸均匀,与市售蛋黄酱相接近。

高压处理蛋黄酱动态粘弹特性的研究

使用 AR 5 0 0流变仪测定了不同压力处理后的蛋黄酱动态粘弹特性 ,得到复模量、复柔度、复粘度和贮能模量的变化曲线。结果表明 ,高压处理后的蛋黄酱是剪切稀化流体。应用动态粘弹特性理论对试验结果进行了分析 。

4种蛋黄酱的流变特性比较研究

针对4种蛋黄酱样品(丘比蛋黄酱、丘比蛋黄酱(2005)、丘比香甜味蛋黄酱、丘比千岛酱),对其进行成分、流变特性(静态流变特性和动态流变特性)及感官评定实验。静态流变测定表明:蛋黄酱样品呈现出触变性、假塑性;动态流变测定表明:蛋黄酱样品显示弱凝胶特性。结果表明:丘比蛋黄酱的流变学特性、感官特性最优,丘比蛋黄酱(2005)其次,丘比香甜味蛋黄酱再次,丘比千岛酱最差。

食用沙拉酱对部分血脂指标的影响

目的:通过试食实验,评价沙拉酱对人体部分血脂指标影响的效果。方法:采用自身对照设计的方法。47例18～22岁青年健康男性参与为期70d的试食实验。在不影响试食者饮食习惯的前提下,每日提供15g沙拉酱。分别在实验前及试食过程中的30、60、70d后分别进行检测。并于实验结束后37d再进行一次检测,以观察试食者在食用沙拉酱后血脂指标的变化。结果:试食至30d,试食者低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著下降(P<0.01)。试食至60d,血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)的含量显著上升(P<0.01),LDL-C值显著下降(P<0.01)。试食至70d,TC、TG含量显著上升(P<0.01)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著上升(P<0.01)。结论:在实验所指定的剂量下,沙拉酱未对人体血脂造成不良影响。值得注意的是,试食至50d时,由于节日原因,试食者饮食结构发生突变,饮酒和动物性脂肪摄入较多,导致第60天及第70天检测所得数据中TC和TG等有异常变化,证明饮食结构的变化直接影响血脂指标的变化。本次试食实验的数据表明,沙拉酱对提高HDL-C含量、降低LDL-C含量具有一定的促进作用。

脂肪模拟品对蛋黄酱流变学性质的影响

通过流变学分析、粒径分析、显微分析及感官分析,探讨以果胶为基质的脂肪替代品在蛋黄酱中的应用效果。微观结构研究表明,高脂样品脂肪球数目较多,内部结构较致密。流变学研究表明,低脂产品的黏度较高脂对照要低,且更趋向于牛顿流体的流动方式,储藏时间及组成对样品的触变能均有较大影响。由于缺少脂肪球的充填作用,低脂产品体系的液体结构组成几何尺寸较大,所以流体单元相对较少,流体间相互作用较弱,导致整体凝胶的强度降低,但并不影响脂肪替代量低于60%的产品的感官品评。

α-淀粉酶酶解大米淀粉替代蛋黄酱中的脂肪

采用α-淀粉酶水解籼米淀粉获得的大米糊精替代蛋黄酱中的脂肪,制备低脂蛋黄酱。研究了不同DE值(葡萄糖值)的大米糊精凝胶特性,不同DE值的大米糊精和替代率对蛋黄酱品质的影响。结果表明:DE值在1.5～2.5内,随着DE值的增加,大米糊精凝胶的黏性、黏着性和回弹性增加,而凝胶硬度、咀嚼性和强度降低;不同脂肪替代率的蛋黄酱的G'(弹性模量)和G″(黏性模量)随着温度的升高均逐渐增加,DE值1.5的大米糊精替代30%脂肪制成的蛋黄酱的感官品质最好。

磷脂酶A2水解蛋黄磷脂工艺及改性蛋黄性质的研究

研究磷脂酶A2水解蛋黄卵磷脂的工艺及产品的功能性质。得到最佳工艺条件为:不需要外加Ca2+,pH 7.0,反应温度为50℃,加酶量为2 000 U/g蛋黄,反应时间为1.5 h,得到磷脂的水解率约为80%。功能性质表明,与普通蛋黄相比,改性蛋黄具有更好的乳化稳定性,乳化容量提高了近25%;改性蛋黄制作的蛋黄酱经受100℃,30 min热处理不会有油析出,普通蛋黄制作的蛋黄酱几乎全部破乳。

褐藻胶对蛋黄酱流变特性的影响

探讨了改善蛋黄酱品质的最佳褐藻胶添加量,利用流变仪研究了不同添加量的褐藻胶对蛋黄酱流变特性的影响。静态流变特性的研究表明:蛋黄酱样品呈现出触变性、假塑性,流变学方程为Herschel–Bulkley;温度对蛋黄酱样品的表观粘度的影响符合Arrhenius模型。动态流变性质的研究表明:蛋黄酱样品显示弱凝胶的特性。实验表明:添加褐藻胶的能显著提高蛋黄酱的流变学稳定性,其中褐藻胶添加质量分数为2.0%的蛋黄酱样品比添加量为2.5%的蛋黄酱样品在流变学特性、感官特性上更接近全脂类蛋黄酱。

脂肪替代品在低脂蛋黄酱中的应用研究

本实验研究了以明胶和阿拉伯胶为原料通过相分离反应制备的脂肪替代品在低脂蛋黄酱中的应用效果,考察了质构参数和感官性质,结果表明,低脂蛋黄酱的质构参数与全脂对照差别较大,但在感官上没有能被区分出来;通过添加黄原胶0.04%,卡拉胶0.05%做为低脂蛋黄酱的增稠剂,可以解决低脂蛋黄酱的质构缺陷问题。