The hybrid policy is a flexible policy tool that combines features of carbon trading and carbon taxation.Its economic and environmental effects under China's background are still not studied in detail.Given the ex...The hybrid policy is a flexible policy tool that combines features of carbon trading and carbon taxation.Its economic and environmental effects under China's background are still not studied in detail.Given the exogenous carbon reduction targets,carbon prices,and carbon tax-rates,by computable general equilibrium modeling methods and factor decomposition methods,this article investigates direct and cascaded effects of the hybrid policy on economic growth,energy utilization,and carbon emission on the national level and the sector level,with China's national input-output data-set.Stepwisely,policy scenarios with irrational estimated results are selectively excluded based on comprehensive evaluation among economic,carbon reduction and other policy targets.As a result,against national economic conditions in 2007,the hybrid policy,with a carbon reduction target of -10%,a carbon tax-rate of around $10,and a ceiling carbon price of $40,is highly recommended,because of its significant lower economic loss,lower energy utilization cost,and practical robustness against fluctuation of energy market and carbon market.Furthermore,by decomposition analysis,carbon reduction-related costs are decomposed into a direct part that includes carbon allowance price and carbon tax,and an indirect part as the energy price incremental induced by direct carbon costs.Gross carbon reduction may be decomposed into three parts such as energy intensity,economic scale,and technical progress.And,carbon taxation is the main policy tool that stimulates to improve the energy efficiency.展开更多
Two novel thermal cycles based on Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle are proposed, respectively, which integrate the recovery of low-level waste heat and Liquefied Nature Gas (LNG) cold energy utilization for power gen...Two novel thermal cycles based on Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle are proposed, respectively, which integrate the recovery of low-level waste heat and Liquefied Nature Gas (LNG) cold energy utilization for power generation. Cascade utilization of energy is realized in the two thermal cycles, where low-level waste heat,low-temperature exergy and pressure exergy of LNG are utilized efficiently through the system synthesis. The simulations are carried out using the commercial Aspen Plus 10.2, and the results are analyzed. Compared with the conventional Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle, the two novel cycles bring 60.94% and 60% in exergy efficiency, respectively and 53.08% and 52.31% in thermal efficiency, respectively.展开更多
The dominant status of coal on the energy production and consumption structure of China will not be changed in the middle period of this century. To realize highly efficient utilization of coal,low pollution and low c...The dominant status of coal on the energy production and consumption structure of China will not be changed in the middle period of this century. To realize highly efficient utilization of coal,low pollution and low cost are great and impendent tasks. These difficult problems can be almost resolved through establishing large-scale pithead power stations using two-stage highly efficient dry coal-cleaning system before coal burning,which is a highly efficient,clean and economical strategy considering the current energy and environmental status of China. All these will be discussed in detail in this paper.展开更多
Electrical discharge milling(ED-milling) can be a good choice for titanium alloys machining and it was proven that its machining efficiency can be improved to compete with mechanical cutting. In order to improve energ...Electrical discharge milling(ED-milling) can be a good choice for titanium alloys machining and it was proven that its machining efficiency can be improved to compete with mechanical cutting. In order to improve energy utilization efficiency of ED-milling process, unstable arc discharge and stable arc discharge combined with normal discharge were implemented for material removal by adjusting servo control strategy. The influence of electrode rotating speed and dielectric flushing pressure on machining performance was investigated by experiments. It was found that the rotating of electrode could move the position of discharge plasma channel, and high pressure flushing could wash melted debris out the discharge gap effectively. Both electrode rotating motion and high pressure flushing are contributed to the improvement of machining efficiency.展开更多
Effective utilization of water and energy is the key factor of sustainable development in process industries, and also an important science and technology problem to be solved in systems engineering. In this paper,two...Effective utilization of water and energy is the key factor of sustainable development in process industries, and also an important science and technology problem to be solved in systems engineering. In this paper,two new methods of optimal design of water utilization network with energy integration in process industries are presented, that is, stepwise and simultaneous optimization methods. They are suitable for both single contaminant and multi-contaminant systems, and the integration of energy can be carried out in the whole process system, not only limited in water network, so that energy can be utilized effectively. The two methods are illustrated by case study.展开更多
A novel process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG)cryogenic energy utilization is proposed.Compared to the current electric refrigeration process,the propose...A novel process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG)cryogenic energy utilization is proposed.Compared to the current electric refrigeration process,the proposed process uses the cryogenic energy of LNG and saves 62.6%of electricity.The proposed process recovers ethane, liquid petroleum gas(propane and butane)and heavier hydrocarbons,with total recovery rate of natural gas liquids up to 96.8%.In this paper,exergy analysis and the energy utilization diagram method(EUD)are used to assess the new process and identify the key operation units with large exergy loss.The results show that exergy efficiency of the new process is 44.3%.Compared to the electric refrigeration process,exergy efficiency of the new process is improved by 16%.The proposed process has been applied and implemented in a conceptual design scheme of the cryogenic energy utilization for a 300 million tons/yr LNG receiving terminal in a northern Chinese harbor.展开更多
Carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)technology is an important means to effectively reduce carbon emissions from fossil energy combustion and industrial processes.With the crisis of climate change,CCUS has att...Carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)technology is an important means to effectively reduce carbon emissions from fossil energy combustion and industrial processes.With the crisis of climate change,CCUS has attracted increasing attention in the world.CCUS technology as developed rapidly in China is technically feasible for large-scale application in various industries.The R&D and demonstration of CCUS in China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation(Sinopec)are summarized,including carbon capture,carbon transport,CO_(2)enhanced energy recovery(including oil,gas,and water,etc.),and comprehensive utilization of CO_(2).Based on the source-sink matching characteristics in China,two CCUS industrialization scenarios are proposed,namely,CO_(2)-EOR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced oil recovery using centralized carbon sinks in East China and CO_(2)-EWR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced water recovery(EWR)using centralized carbon sources from the coal chemical industry in West China.Finally,a CCUS industrialization path from Sinopec's perspective is suggested,using CO_(2)-EOR as the major means and CO_(2)-EWR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced gas recovery(CO_(2)-EGR)and other utilization methods as important supplementary means.展开更多
Background Sustainable strategies for enteric methane(CH_(4))mitigation of dairy cows have been extensively explored to improve production performance and alleviate environmental pressure.The present study aimed to in...Background Sustainable strategies for enteric methane(CH_(4))mitigation of dairy cows have been extensively explored to improve production performance and alleviate environmental pressure.The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides(XOS)and exogenous enzyme(EXE)supplementation on milk production,nutrient digestibility,enteric CH_(4) emissions,energy utilization efficiency of lactating Jersey dairy cows.Forty-eight lactating cows were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments:(1)control diet(CON),(2)CON with 25 g/d XOS(XOS),(3)CON with 15 g/d EXE(EXE),and(4)CON with 25 g/d XOS and 15 g/d EXE(XOS+EXE).The 60-d experimental period consisted of a 14-d adaptation period and a 46-d sampling period.The enteric CO_(2)and CH_(4) emissions and O2 consumption were measured using two GreenFeed units,which were further used to determine the energy utilization efficiency of cows.Results Compared with CON,cows fed XOS,EXE or XOS+EXE significantly(P<0.05)increased milk yield,true protein and fat concentration,and energy-corrected milk yield(ECM)/DM intake,which could be reflected by the significant improvement(P<0.05)of dietary NDF and ADF digestibility.The results showed that dietary supplementation of XOS,EXE or XOS+EXE significantly(P<0.05)reduced CH_(4) emission,CH_(4)/milk yield,and CH_(4)/ECM.Furthermore,cows fed XOS demonstrated highest(P<0.05)metabolizable energy intake,milk energy output but lowest(P<0.05)of CH_(4) energy output and CH_(4) energy output as a proportion of gross energy intake compared with the remaining treatments.Conclusions Dietary supplementary of XOS,EXE or combination of XOS and EXE contributed to the improvement of lactation performance,nutrient digestibility,and energy utilization efficiency,as well as reduction of enteric CH_(4) emissions of lactating Jersey cows.This promising mitigation method may need further research to validate its long-term effect and mode of action for dairy cows.展开更多
Subsurface geothermal energy storage has greater potential than other energy storage strategies in terms of capacity scale and time duration.Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is regarded as a potential medium for energy storage d...Subsurface geothermal energy storage has greater potential than other energy storage strategies in terms of capacity scale and time duration.Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is regarded as a potential medium for energy storage due to its superior thermal properties.Moreover,the use of CO_(2)plumes for geothermal energy storage mitigates the greenhouse effect by storing CO_(2)in geological bodies.In this work,an integrated framework is proposed for synergistic geothermal energy storage and CO_(2)sequestration and utilization.Within this framework,CO_(2)is first injected into geothermal layers for energy accumulation.The resultant high-energy CO_(2)is then introduced into a target oil reservoir for CO_(2)utilization and geothermal energy storage.As a result,CO_(2)is sequestrated in the geological oil reservoir body.The results show that,as high-energy CO_(2)is injected,the average temperature of the whole target reservoir is greatly increased.With the assistance of geothermal energy,the geological utilization efficiency of CO_(2)is higher,resulting in a 10.1%increase in oil displacement efficiency.According to a storage-potential assessment of the simulated CO_(2)site,110 years after the CO_(2)injection,the utilization efficiency of the geological body will be as high as 91.2%,and the final injection quantity of the CO_(2)in the site will be as high as 9.529×10^(8)t.After 1000 years sequestration,the supercritical phase dominates in CO_(2)sequestration,followed by the liquid phase and then the mineralized phase.In addition,CO_(2)sequestration accounting for dissolution trapping increases significantly due to the presence of residual oil.More importantly,CO_(2)exhibits excellent performance in storing geothermal energy on a large scale;for example,the total energy stored in the studied geological body can provide the yearly energy supply for over 3.5×10^(7) normal households.Application of this integrated approach holds great significance for large-scale geothermal energy storage and the achievement of carbon neutrality.展开更多
This paper explores the integrated utilization of low-grade thermal energy in hot coal mines, based on analysis of original heating, refrigerating, mine draining, bath draining and air exhaust systems, and in combinat...This paper explores the integrated utilization of low-grade thermal energy in hot coal mines, based on analysis of original heating, refrigerating, mine draining, bath draining and air exhaust systems, and in combination with the actual conditions of Tangkou Coal Mine in Shandong Province. It presents a set of comprehensive and integrated utilization schemes for the various different kinds of low quality heat energy. With heat pumps, the recycling of the low quality heat energy from the drainage, bathing water and the exhaust air can occur in winter, and in summer, there exists condensed heat of the refrigerating system. When in conjunction with solar collectors, the thermal utilization of solar power can be realized for the whole year. The system achieves mine drainage and bathing water purification and recycling, as well as purifying exhaust air by water spraying. It also satisfies the demands of a whole year's bathing heat for the coal mine, with refrigeration in summer, and heating for the ground house and shaft house in winter. It is able to integrate different kinds of low quality heat energy and low emission drainage and dust, and can replace the traditional boiler heating system. Finally, the system reduces conventional energy consumption and the amount of mine water drainage.展开更多
Estimating the residual heat of blast furnace slag flushing in China,classifying and introducing the current proposed methods of slag flushing waste heat utilization,and listing existing cases.In order to better save ...Estimating the residual heat of blast furnace slag flushing in China,classifying and introducing the current proposed methods of slag flushing waste heat utilization,and listing existing cases.In order to better save energy and water in the slag flushing process of blast furnaces,an ideal comprehensive cascade utilization system scheme for annual recovery of waste heat is proposed.Based on the measured waste heat data of a steel plant,design calculations are carried out to further analyze the economic feasibility of the new scheme and provide reference for its promotion and application.展开更多
Situated in arid and semi-arid lands, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is locatedat the middle reaches of the Yellow River. An adequate system of gravity irrigation was es-tablished in the north of Ningxia. Adding to...Situated in arid and semi-arid lands, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is locatedat the middle reaches of the Yellow River. An adequate system of gravity irrigation was es-tablished in the north of Ningxia. Adding to abundant sunshine, strong solar radiation andmoderate heat, the agriculture is very developed. The south mountainous area of Ningxia, including both Yanchi and Tongxin counties,is short of rain, The vast lands cannot be irrigated. Nonirrigated agriculture and展开更多
Based on the data of 8 solar radiation stations and 119 meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia from 1961 to 2017 as well as the comparative observation of rooftop solar distributed photovoltaic power generation equ...Based on the data of 8 solar radiation stations and 119 meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia from 1961 to 2017 as well as the comparative observation of rooftop solar distributed photovoltaic power generation equipment,the impact of climatic and environmental factors on the development and utilization of rooftop solar energy resources was studied.The results show that the main climatic factors affecting rooftop solar power generation were cloud cover,precipitation,relative humidity,visibility,gale,dust weather,temperature and lightning disaster.Except for temperature and lightning disaster,other meteorological elements were negatively correlated with rooftop solar power generation,namely reducing direct radiation.The high temperature in Inner Mongolia in summer could cause the solar cell efficiency to decrease by 40%-60%,while the low temperature in eastern region in winter was not suitable for the development of rooftop solar energy resources.Lightning is the main meteorological disaster affecting the safe operation of photovoltaic systems,and class-2 lightning protection equipment needs to be installed.Photovoltaic power generation equipment should be installed on a roof which is not covered by high buildings and on the windward side of a chimney as much as possible.Areas with heavy dust pollution need to remove dust on the surface of solar panels in time.Snow and ice should be removed timely during snowfall in winter.展开更多
Energy utilization is high-value use pattern of agricultural waste, and is main development direction of agricultural biomass energy industry in China. Planting and breeding industry in Hubei Province occupies importa...Energy utilization is high-value use pattern of agricultural waste, and is main development direction of agricultural biomass energy industry in China. Planting and breeding industry in Hubei Province occupies important position in whole country. Agricultural waste resources are rich, and it has huge potential for developing agriculturel biomass energy. By statistical data during 2000 -2011, we analyzed current situation and problem for energy utilization of agricultural waste in Hubei Province, and put forward several countermeasures and suggestions, vigorously promoting energy utilization of agricultural waste.展开更多
In recent years, introduction of alternative energy sources such as solar energy is expected. Solar heat energy utilization systems are rapidly gaining acceptance as one of the best solutions to be an alternative ener...In recent years, introduction of alternative energy sources such as solar energy is expected. Solar heat energy utilization systems are rapidly gaining acceptance as one of the best solutions to be an alternative energy source. However, thermal energy collection is influenced by solar radiation and weather conditions. In order to control a solar heat energy utilization system as accurate as possible, it requires method of solar radiation estimation. This paper proposes the forecast technique of a thermal energy collection of solar heat energy utilization system based on solar radiation forecasting at one-day-ahead 24-hour thermal energy collection by using three different NN models. The proposed technique with application of NN is trained by weather data based on tree-based model, and tested according to forecast day. Since tree-based-model classifies a meteorological data exactly, NN will train a solar radiation with smoothly. The validity of the proposed technique is confirmed by computer simulations by use of actual meteorological data.展开更多
This paper makes a study of some technical and engineering aspects by using C2 + hydrocarbon separation facility at Guangdong Dapeng liquefied natural gas (GDLNG) terminal. In the C2+ hydrocarbon extraction proces...This paper makes a study of some technical and engineering aspects by using C2 + hydrocarbon separation facility at Guangdong Dapeng liquefied natural gas (GDLNG) terminal. In the C2+ hydrocarbon extraction process, the cold energy contained in LNG will be utilized. In order to ensure the optimum operating conditions of the temlinal and C2 + hydrocarbon extraction facility by optimizing the current operating processes of the terminal, the C2 + hydrocarbon extraction facility construction plan is proposed. We conducted numerous calculations and simulations using such specific analysis software as PRO II 〈 version 7.0 〉. Additionally available flow data are used to verify the cyclic send-out rates from the terminal, thus establishing the current and future projected load factors. This study is intended to make sure that GDLNG can continue to supply gas via the pipeline system safely without interruptions and most significantly solves the effects of flow fluctuations at the terminal gasification send-out facility on the hydrocarbons extraction, ensuring optimum pipeline operations and ensuring safe and effective means for such C2+ hydrocarbons extraction process as well. At the same time, the terminal is also in the optimum operation condition. This is very significant to the terminal safety operation and the energy conservation and emission reduction.展开更多
Jointly published by 14 Department headed by Standardization Administraion ofChina(SAC) Subtitle: China will formulate and reformulate 926 standards for energy conservation andcomprehensive u-tilization during 2005 an...Jointly published by 14 Department headed by Standardization Administraion ofChina(SAC) Subtitle: China will formulate and reformulate 926 standards for energy conservation andcomprehensive u-tilization during 2005 and 2007. In the past few days, 14 departments jointlypublished the Development Program of Energy Conservation and Comprehensive Utilization 2005-2007,(Program for short). They are Standardization Administration of China, National Development andReform Commission, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Establishment, Ministry ofCommunications, Ministry of Information Industry, Ministry of Waster Resources, Ministry ofAgriculture, Ministry of Commerce, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection andQuarantine of the PRC, State Environmental Protection Administration, State Forestry Bureau, StateOceanic Administration and China Meteorological Bureau.展开更多
The construction of fully glazed commercial building facades responsible for high energy consumption has become a common architectural practice worldwide irrespective of the climate.This paper presents the methodology...The construction of fully glazed commercial building facades responsible for high energy consumption has become a common architectural practice worldwide irrespective of the climate.This paper presents the methodology to optimize the Window to Wall Ratio(WWR)with and without daylight utilization to reduce energy consumption in office buildings for the climate of Lahore,Pakistan,using a simulation tool COMFEN.The impacts of solar heat and daylight entering through the building façade with reference to different WWR and orientation were explored for the selection of optimum WWR.The optimum WWR was selected on the basis of least energy consumption whilst achieving a threshold lighting level.When daylight is not utilized,the energy demand is minimized by the lowest possible WWR.With daylight utilization,energy demand is optimized by use of WWRs of 13%to 30%according to orientation.Optimum WWR with daylight utilization offered a more balanced solution.The methodology used in this study can be applied to any location around the world to find optimum WWR for any glazing type.展开更多
I. Preface
Biomass includes the residues of agriculture, forest and stock breeding, as well as straw, algae and energy crops. In its broad meaning, biomass is a kind of organic matter produced by the photosynthesis of...I. Preface
Biomass includes the residues of agriculture, forest and stock breeding, as well as straw, algae and energy crops. In its broad meaning, biomass is a kind of organic matter produced by the photosynthesis of plants, which is not only renewable, but also contains plentiful energy.展开更多
Two schemes(scheme Ⅰ and scheme Ⅱ)for designing a district cooling system(DCS)utilizing cold energy of liquefied natural gas(LNG)are presented.In scheme Ⅰ,LNG cold energy is used to produce ice,and then ice i...Two schemes(scheme Ⅰ and scheme Ⅱ)for designing a district cooling system(DCS)utilizing cold energy of liquefied natural gas(LNG)are presented.In scheme Ⅰ,LNG cold energy is used to produce ice,and then ice is transported to the central cooling plant of the DCS.In scheme Ⅱ,return water from the DCS is directly chilled by LNG cold energy,and the chilled water is then sent back to the central plant.The heat transportation loss is the main negative impact in the DCS and is emphatically analyzed when evaluating the efficiency of each scheme.The results show that the DCS utilizing LNG cold energy is feasible and valuable.The cooling supply distance of scheme Ⅱ is limited within 13 km while scheme Ⅰ has no distance limit.When the distance is between 6 and 13 km,scheme Ⅱ is more practical and effective.Contrarily,scheme Ⅰ has a better economic performance when the distance is shorter than 6 km or longer than 13 km.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[CDJSK10 00 68]NSFC Young Scientist Research Fund[0903080]
文摘The hybrid policy is a flexible policy tool that combines features of carbon trading and carbon taxation.Its economic and environmental effects under China's background are still not studied in detail.Given the exogenous carbon reduction targets,carbon prices,and carbon tax-rates,by computable general equilibrium modeling methods and factor decomposition methods,this article investigates direct and cascaded effects of the hybrid policy on economic growth,energy utilization,and carbon emission on the national level and the sector level,with China's national input-output data-set.Stepwisely,policy scenarios with irrational estimated results are selectively excluded based on comprehensive evaluation among economic,carbon reduction and other policy targets.As a result,against national economic conditions in 2007,the hybrid policy,with a carbon reduction target of -10%,a carbon tax-rate of around $10,and a ceiling carbon price of $40,is highly recommended,because of its significant lower economic loss,lower energy utilization cost,and practical robustness against fluctuation of energy market and carbon market.Furthermore,by decomposition analysis,carbon reduction-related costs are decomposed into a direct part that includes carbon allowance price and carbon tax,and an indirect part as the energy price incremental induced by direct carbon costs.Gross carbon reduction may be decomposed into three parts such as energy intensity,economic scale,and technical progress.And,carbon taxation is the main policy tool that stimulates to improve the energy efficiency.
基金the Science and Technology Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No.2002K08-G9).
文摘Two novel thermal cycles based on Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle are proposed, respectively, which integrate the recovery of low-level waste heat and Liquefied Nature Gas (LNG) cold energy utilization for power generation. Cascade utilization of energy is realized in the two thermal cycles, where low-level waste heat,low-temperature exergy and pressure exergy of LNG are utilized efficiently through the system synthesis. The simulations are carried out using the commercial Aspen Plus 10.2, and the results are analyzed. Compared with the conventional Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle, the two novel cycles bring 60.94% and 60% in exergy efficiency, respectively and 53.08% and 52.31% in thermal efficiency, respectively.
文摘The dominant status of coal on the energy production and consumption structure of China will not be changed in the middle period of this century. To realize highly efficient utilization of coal,low pollution and low cost are great and impendent tasks. These difficult problems can be almost resolved through establishing large-scale pithead power stations using two-stage highly efficient dry coal-cleaning system before coal burning,which is a highly efficient,clean and economical strategy considering the current energy and environmental status of China. All these will be discussed in detail in this paper.
基金Project(MSV-2013-09)supported by State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration,China
文摘Electrical discharge milling(ED-milling) can be a good choice for titanium alloys machining and it was proven that its machining efficiency can be improved to compete with mechanical cutting. In order to improve energy utilization efficiency of ED-milling process, unstable arc discharge and stable arc discharge combined with normal discharge were implemented for material removal by adjusting servo control strategy. The influence of electrode rotating speed and dielectric flushing pressure on machining performance was investigated by experiments. It was found that the rotating of electrode could move the position of discharge plasma channel, and high pressure flushing could wash melted debris out the discharge gap effectively. Both electrode rotating motion and high pressure flushing are contributed to the improvement of machining efficiency.
文摘Effective utilization of water and energy is the key factor of sustainable development in process industries, and also an important science and technology problem to be solved in systems engineering. In this paper,two new methods of optimal design of water utilization network with energy integration in process industries are presented, that is, stepwise and simultaneous optimization methods. They are suitable for both single contaminant and multi-contaminant systems, and the integration of energy can be carried out in the whole process system, not only limited in water network, so that energy can be utilized effectively. The two methods are illustrated by case study.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20876056,20536020)the PhD Program Fund from Ministry of Education of China(20100172110016)
文摘A novel process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG)cryogenic energy utilization is proposed.Compared to the current electric refrigeration process,the proposed process uses the cryogenic energy of LNG and saves 62.6%of electricity.The proposed process recovers ethane, liquid petroleum gas(propane and butane)and heavier hydrocarbons,with total recovery rate of natural gas liquids up to 96.8%.In this paper,exergy analysis and the energy utilization diagram method(EUD)are used to assess the new process and identify the key operation units with large exergy loss.The results show that exergy efficiency of the new process is 44.3%.Compared to the electric refrigeration process,exergy efficiency of the new process is improved by 16%.The proposed process has been applied and implemented in a conceptual design scheme of the cryogenic energy utilization for a 300 million tons/yr LNG receiving terminal in a northern Chinese harbor.
文摘Carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)technology is an important means to effectively reduce carbon emissions from fossil energy combustion and industrial processes.With the crisis of climate change,CCUS has attracted increasing attention in the world.CCUS technology as developed rapidly in China is technically feasible for large-scale application in various industries.The R&D and demonstration of CCUS in China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation(Sinopec)are summarized,including carbon capture,carbon transport,CO_(2)enhanced energy recovery(including oil,gas,and water,etc.),and comprehensive utilization of CO_(2).Based on the source-sink matching characteristics in China,two CCUS industrialization scenarios are proposed,namely,CO_(2)-EOR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced oil recovery using centralized carbon sinks in East China and CO_(2)-EWR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced water recovery(EWR)using centralized carbon sources from the coal chemical industry in West China.Finally,a CCUS industrialization path from Sinopec's perspective is suggested,using CO_(2)-EOR as the major means and CO_(2)-EWR,CO_(2)-driven enhanced gas recovery(CO_(2)-EGR)and other utilization methods as important supplementary means.
基金the Key Program for International S&T Cooperation Projects of China(2022YFE0130100)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2022GH12).
文摘Background Sustainable strategies for enteric methane(CH_(4))mitigation of dairy cows have been extensively explored to improve production performance and alleviate environmental pressure.The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides(XOS)and exogenous enzyme(EXE)supplementation on milk production,nutrient digestibility,enteric CH_(4) emissions,energy utilization efficiency of lactating Jersey dairy cows.Forty-eight lactating cows were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments:(1)control diet(CON),(2)CON with 25 g/d XOS(XOS),(3)CON with 15 g/d EXE(EXE),and(4)CON with 25 g/d XOS and 15 g/d EXE(XOS+EXE).The 60-d experimental period consisted of a 14-d adaptation period and a 46-d sampling period.The enteric CO_(2)and CH_(4) emissions and O2 consumption were measured using two GreenFeed units,which were further used to determine the energy utilization efficiency of cows.Results Compared with CON,cows fed XOS,EXE or XOS+EXE significantly(P<0.05)increased milk yield,true protein and fat concentration,and energy-corrected milk yield(ECM)/DM intake,which could be reflected by the significant improvement(P<0.05)of dietary NDF and ADF digestibility.The results showed that dietary supplementation of XOS,EXE or XOS+EXE significantly(P<0.05)reduced CH_(4) emission,CH_(4)/milk yield,and CH_(4)/ECM.Furthermore,cows fed XOS demonstrated highest(P<0.05)metabolizable energy intake,milk energy output but lowest(P<0.05)of CH_(4) energy output and CH_(4) energy output as a proportion of gross energy intake compared with the remaining treatments.Conclusions Dietary supplementary of XOS,EXE or combination of XOS and EXE contributed to the improvement of lactation performance,nutrient digestibility,and energy utilization efficiency,as well as reduction of enteric CH_(4) emissions of lactating Jersey cows.This promising mitigation method may need further research to validate its long-term effect and mode of action for dairy cows.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under grant(2022YFE0206700)the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52004320)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(2462021QNXZ012 and 2462021YJRC012)。
文摘Subsurface geothermal energy storage has greater potential than other energy storage strategies in terms of capacity scale and time duration.Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is regarded as a potential medium for energy storage due to its superior thermal properties.Moreover,the use of CO_(2)plumes for geothermal energy storage mitigates the greenhouse effect by storing CO_(2)in geological bodies.In this work,an integrated framework is proposed for synergistic geothermal energy storage and CO_(2)sequestration and utilization.Within this framework,CO_(2)is first injected into geothermal layers for energy accumulation.The resultant high-energy CO_(2)is then introduced into a target oil reservoir for CO_(2)utilization and geothermal energy storage.As a result,CO_(2)is sequestrated in the geological oil reservoir body.The results show that,as high-energy CO_(2)is injected,the average temperature of the whole target reservoir is greatly increased.With the assistance of geothermal energy,the geological utilization efficiency of CO_(2)is higher,resulting in a 10.1%increase in oil displacement efficiency.According to a storage-potential assessment of the simulated CO_(2)site,110 years after the CO_(2)injection,the utilization efficiency of the geological body will be as high as 91.2%,and the final injection quantity of the CO_(2)in the site will be as high as 9.529×10^(8)t.After 1000 years sequestration,the supercritical phase dominates in CO_(2)sequestration,followed by the liquid phase and then the mineralized phase.In addition,CO_(2)sequestration accounting for dissolution trapping increases significantly due to the presence of residual oil.More importantly,CO_(2)exhibits excellent performance in storing geothermal energy on a large scale;for example,the total energy stored in the studied geological body can provide the yearly energy supply for over 3.5×10^(7) normal households.Application of this integrated approach holds great significance for large-scale geothermal energy storage and the achievement of carbon neutrality.
文摘This paper explores the integrated utilization of low-grade thermal energy in hot coal mines, based on analysis of original heating, refrigerating, mine draining, bath draining and air exhaust systems, and in combination with the actual conditions of Tangkou Coal Mine in Shandong Province. It presents a set of comprehensive and integrated utilization schemes for the various different kinds of low quality heat energy. With heat pumps, the recycling of the low quality heat energy from the drainage, bathing water and the exhaust air can occur in winter, and in summer, there exists condensed heat of the refrigerating system. When in conjunction with solar collectors, the thermal utilization of solar power can be realized for the whole year. The system achieves mine drainage and bathing water purification and recycling, as well as purifying exhaust air by water spraying. It also satisfies the demands of a whole year's bathing heat for the coal mine, with refrigeration in summer, and heating for the ground house and shaft house in winter. It is able to integrate different kinds of low quality heat energy and low emission drainage and dust, and can replace the traditional boiler heating system. Finally, the system reduces conventional energy consumption and the amount of mine water drainage.
文摘Estimating the residual heat of blast furnace slag flushing in China,classifying and introducing the current proposed methods of slag flushing waste heat utilization,and listing existing cases.In order to better save energy and water in the slag flushing process of blast furnaces,an ideal comprehensive cascade utilization system scheme for annual recovery of waste heat is proposed.Based on the measured waste heat data of a steel plant,design calculations are carried out to further analyze the economic feasibility of the new scheme and provide reference for its promotion and application.
文摘Situated in arid and semi-arid lands, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is locatedat the middle reaches of the Yellow River. An adequate system of gravity irrigation was es-tablished in the north of Ningxia. Adding to abundant sunshine, strong solar radiation andmoderate heat, the agriculture is very developed. The south mountainous area of Ningxia, including both Yanchi and Tongxin counties,is short of rain, The vast lands cannot be irrigated. Nonirrigated agriculture and
基金Supported by Scientific and Technological Innovation Guidance Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(KCBJ2018067)
文摘Based on the data of 8 solar radiation stations and 119 meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia from 1961 to 2017 as well as the comparative observation of rooftop solar distributed photovoltaic power generation equipment,the impact of climatic and environmental factors on the development and utilization of rooftop solar energy resources was studied.The results show that the main climatic factors affecting rooftop solar power generation were cloud cover,precipitation,relative humidity,visibility,gale,dust weather,temperature and lightning disaster.Except for temperature and lightning disaster,other meteorological elements were negatively correlated with rooftop solar power generation,namely reducing direct radiation.The high temperature in Inner Mongolia in summer could cause the solar cell efficiency to decrease by 40%-60%,while the low temperature in eastern region in winter was not suitable for the development of rooftop solar energy resources.Lightning is the main meteorological disaster affecting the safe operation of photovoltaic systems,and class-2 lightning protection equipment needs to be installed.Photovoltaic power generation equipment should be installed on a roof which is not covered by high buildings and on the windward side of a chimney as much as possible.Areas with heavy dust pollution need to remove dust on the surface of solar panels in time.Snow and ice should be removed timely during snowfall in winter.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Research Item of Hubei Provincial Department of Education,China(B20121208)
文摘Energy utilization is high-value use pattern of agricultural waste, and is main development direction of agricultural biomass energy industry in China. Planting and breeding industry in Hubei Province occupies important position in whole country. Agricultural waste resources are rich, and it has huge potential for developing agriculturel biomass energy. By statistical data during 2000 -2011, we analyzed current situation and problem for energy utilization of agricultural waste in Hubei Province, and put forward several countermeasures and suggestions, vigorously promoting energy utilization of agricultural waste.
文摘In recent years, introduction of alternative energy sources such as solar energy is expected. Solar heat energy utilization systems are rapidly gaining acceptance as one of the best solutions to be an alternative energy source. However, thermal energy collection is influenced by solar radiation and weather conditions. In order to control a solar heat energy utilization system as accurate as possible, it requires method of solar radiation estimation. This paper proposes the forecast technique of a thermal energy collection of solar heat energy utilization system based on solar radiation forecasting at one-day-ahead 24-hour thermal energy collection by using three different NN models. The proposed technique with application of NN is trained by weather data based on tree-based model, and tested according to forecast day. Since tree-based-model classifies a meteorological data exactly, NN will train a solar radiation with smoothly. The validity of the proposed technique is confirmed by computer simulations by use of actual meteorological data.
文摘This paper makes a study of some technical and engineering aspects by using C2 + hydrocarbon separation facility at Guangdong Dapeng liquefied natural gas (GDLNG) terminal. In the C2+ hydrocarbon extraction process, the cold energy contained in LNG will be utilized. In order to ensure the optimum operating conditions of the temlinal and C2 + hydrocarbon extraction facility by optimizing the current operating processes of the terminal, the C2 + hydrocarbon extraction facility construction plan is proposed. We conducted numerous calculations and simulations using such specific analysis software as PRO II 〈 version 7.0 〉. Additionally available flow data are used to verify the cyclic send-out rates from the terminal, thus establishing the current and future projected load factors. This study is intended to make sure that GDLNG can continue to supply gas via the pipeline system safely without interruptions and most significantly solves the effects of flow fluctuations at the terminal gasification send-out facility on the hydrocarbons extraction, ensuring optimum pipeline operations and ensuring safe and effective means for such C2+ hydrocarbons extraction process as well. At the same time, the terminal is also in the optimum operation condition. This is very significant to the terminal safety operation and the energy conservation and emission reduction.
文摘Jointly published by 14 Department headed by Standardization Administraion ofChina(SAC) Subtitle: China will formulate and reformulate 926 standards for energy conservation andcomprehensive u-tilization during 2005 and 2007. In the past few days, 14 departments jointlypublished the Development Program of Energy Conservation and Comprehensive Utilization 2005-2007,(Program for short). They are Standardization Administration of China, National Development andReform Commission, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Establishment, Ministry ofCommunications, Ministry of Information Industry, Ministry of Waster Resources, Ministry ofAgriculture, Ministry of Commerce, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection andQuarantine of the PRC, State Environmental Protection Administration, State Forestry Bureau, StateOceanic Administration and China Meteorological Bureau.
文摘The construction of fully glazed commercial building facades responsible for high energy consumption has become a common architectural practice worldwide irrespective of the climate.This paper presents the methodology to optimize the Window to Wall Ratio(WWR)with and without daylight utilization to reduce energy consumption in office buildings for the climate of Lahore,Pakistan,using a simulation tool COMFEN.The impacts of solar heat and daylight entering through the building façade with reference to different WWR and orientation were explored for the selection of optimum WWR.The optimum WWR was selected on the basis of least energy consumption whilst achieving a threshold lighting level.When daylight is not utilized,the energy demand is minimized by the lowest possible WWR.With daylight utilization,energy demand is optimized by use of WWRs of 13%to 30%according to orientation.Optimum WWR with daylight utilization offered a more balanced solution.The methodology used in this study can be applied to any location around the world to find optimum WWR for any glazing type.
文摘I. Preface
Biomass includes the residues of agriculture, forest and stock breeding, as well as straw, algae and energy crops. In its broad meaning, biomass is a kind of organic matter produced by the photosynthesis of plants, which is not only renewable, but also contains plentiful energy.
文摘Two schemes(scheme Ⅰ and scheme Ⅱ)for designing a district cooling system(DCS)utilizing cold energy of liquefied natural gas(LNG)are presented.In scheme Ⅰ,LNG cold energy is used to produce ice,and then ice is transported to the central cooling plant of the DCS.In scheme Ⅱ,return water from the DCS is directly chilled by LNG cold energy,and the chilled water is then sent back to the central plant.The heat transportation loss is the main negative impact in the DCS and is emphatically analyzed when evaluating the efficiency of each scheme.The results show that the DCS utilizing LNG cold energy is feasible and valuable.The cooling supply distance of scheme Ⅱ is limited within 13 km while scheme Ⅰ has no distance limit.When the distance is between 6 and 13 km,scheme Ⅱ is more practical and effective.Contrarily,scheme Ⅰ has a better economic performance when the distance is shorter than 6 km or longer than 13 km.