Performances of fissured red sandstone after thermal treatment with constant-amplitude and low-cycle impacts

In the engineering practices,it is increasingly common to encounter fractured rocks perturbed by temperatures and frequent dynamic loads.In this paper,the dynamic behaviors and fracture characteristics of red sandstone considering temperatures(25℃,200℃,400℃,600℃,and 800℃)and fissure angles(0°,30°,60°,and 90°)were evaluated under constant-amplitude and low-cycle(CALC)impacts actuated by a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system.Subsequently,fracture morphology and second-order statistics within the grey-level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)were examined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Meanwhile,the deep analysis and discussion of the mechanical response were conducted through the synchronous thermal analyzer(STA)test,numerical simulations,one-dimensional stress wave theory,and material structure.The multiple regression models between response variables and interactive effects of independent variables were established using the response surface method(RSM).The results demonstrate the fatigue strength and life diminish as temperatures rise and increase with increasing fissure angles,while the strain rate exhibits an inverse behavior.Furthermore,the peak stress intensification and strain rate softening observed during CALC impact exhibit greater prominence at increased fissure angles.The failure is dominated by tensile damage with concise evolution paths and intergranular cracks as well as the compressor-crushed zone which may affect the failure mode after 400℃.The second-order statistics of GLCM in SEM images exhibit a considerable dependence on the temperatures.Also,thermal damage dominated by thermal properties controls the material structure and wave impedance and eventually affects the incident wave intensity.The tensile wave reflected from the fissure surface is the inherent mechanism responsible for the angle effect exhibited by the fatigue strength and life.Ultimately,the peak stress intensification and strain rate softening during impact are determined by both the material structure and compaction governed by thermal damage and tensile wave.

Low-cycle fatigue behavior of solutionized and aged WE43 magnesium alloys at room temperature

The low-cycle fatigue behavior of solutionized(T4)and aged(T6)WE43 magnesium alloys was studied at room temperature.The total strain amplitudes(△ε_(t)/2)were 0.4%,0.5%,0.6%,0.7%and 1.0%.Detailed microstructure evolution was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results showed that plastic strain amplitude decreased with the increasing cycle number in T4 alloy,which is due to the dense persistent slip bands(PSBs)and dynamic precipitates hinderingdislocation slip.In contrast,the plastic strain amplitude increases gradually in T6 alloy,which is attributed to the enhanced activation of pyramidal slip.The low-cycle fatigue life of T6 alloy with larger fatigue ductility coefficient is longer than that of T4 alloy.The Coffin-Manson model can accurately predict the fatigue life of T4 and T6 alloys compared to Jahed-Varvani(JV)energy model.For T4 alloy,the fatigue damage mechanism was dominated by basal slip.For T6 alloy,the enhanced pyramidal slip plays an important role to accommodate plastic deformation.

Microstructural characteristics and low-cycle fatigue properties of AZ91 and AZ91-Ca-Y alloys extruded at different temperatures

The commercial AZ91 alloy and nonflammable SEN9(AZ91-0.3Ca-0.2Y,wt%)alloy are extruded at 300°C and 400°C.Their microstructure,tensile and compressive properties,and low-cycle fatigue(LCF)properties are investigated,with particular focus on the influence of the extrusion temperature.In the AZ91 and SEN9 materials extruded at 300°C(300-materials),numerous fine Mg_(17)Al_(12)particles are inhomogeneously distributed owing to localized dynamic precipitation during extrusion,unlike those extruded at 400°C(400-materials).These fine particles suppress the coarsening of recrystallized grains,decreasing the average grain size of 300-materials.Although the four extruded materials have considerably different microstructures,the difference in their tensile yield strengths is insignificant because strong grain-boundary hardening and precipitation hardening effects in 300-materials are offset almost completely by a strong texture hardening effect in 400-materials.However,owing to their finer grains and weaker texture,300-materials have higher compressive yield strengths than400-materials.During the LCF tests,{10-12}twinning is activated at lower stresses in 400-materials than in 300-materials.Because the fatigue damage accumulated per cycle is smaller in 400-materials,they have longer fatigue lives than those of 300-materials.A fatigue life prediction model for the investigated materials is established on the basis of the relationship between the total strain energy density(ΔW_(t))and the number of cycles to fatigue failure(N_(f)),and it is expressed through a simple equation(ΔW_(t)=10·N_(f)-0.59).This model enables fatigue life prediction of both the investigated alloys regardless of the extrusion temperature and strain amplitude.

Prediction of low-cycle crack initiation life of powder superalloy FGH96 with inclusions based on damage mechanics

The effects of inclusions in powder superalloy FGH96 on low-cycle fatigue life were studied, and a low-cycle crack initiation life prediction model based on the theory of damage mechanics was proposed. The damage characterization parameter was proposed after the construction of damage evolution equations. Fatigue tests of the powder superalloy specimens with and without inclusion were conducted at 530 and 600 ℃, and the model verification was carried out for specimens with elliptical, semi-elliptical, polygon and strip-shaped surface/subsurface inclusion. The stress analysis was performed by finite element simulation and the predicted life was calculated. The results showed a satisfying agreement between predicted and experimental life.

Low-cycle fatigue behavior of permanent mold cast and die-cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys

Fatigue failure is one of the main failure forms of Al-Si-Cu-Mg aluminum alloys. To feature their mechanical aspect of fatigue behavior, the low-cycle fatigue behavior of permanent mold cast and die-cast AI-Si- Cu-Mg alloys at room temperature was investigated. The experimental results show that both permanent mold cast and die-cast AI-Si-Cu-Mg alloys mainly exhibit cyclic strain hardening. At the same total strain amplitude, the diecast AI-Si-Cu-Mg alloy shows higher cyclic deformation resistance and longer fatigue life than does the permanent mold cast AI-Si-Cu-Mg alloy. The relationship between both elastic and plastic strain amplitudes with reversals to failure shows a monotonic linear behavior, and can be described by the Basquin and Coffin-Manson equations, respectively.

Microstructure evolution during heat treatment of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy and its low-cycle fatigue behavior at 573K

In as-cast Mg?2.1Gd?1.1Y?0.82Zn?0.11Zr(mole fraction,%)alloy,lamellar microstructures that extend from grain boundaries to the interior ofα-Mg grains are identified as clusters ofγ′using a scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with a high-angle annular dark-field detector.Under a total strain-controlled low-cyclic loading at573K,the mechanical response and failure mechanism of Mg?2.1Gd?1.1Y?0.82Zn?0.11Zr alloy(T6peak-aging heat treatment)were investigated.Results show that the alloy exhibits cyclic softening response at diverse total strain amplitudes and573K.The experimental observations using scanning electron microscopy show that the micro-cracks initiate preferentially at the interface between long-period stacking order structures andα-Mg matrix and extend along the basal plane ofα-Mg.The massive long-period stacking order structures distributed at grain boundaries impede the transgranular propagation of cracks.

CYCLIC SOFTENING IN HOT-WORKING DIE STEELS DURING LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE

The characteristics and microstructural changes of cyclic softening in hot-working die steels 5CrNiMo and 5Cr2NiMoVSi were studied under strain controlled low-cycle fatigue.The re- sults show that the cyclic softening is featured in both steels hardened in different conditions under the strain controlled amplitude range of Δε_t/2=0.6-1.8×10^(-2).The softening effect mainly occurs in some initial cycles and the stress amplitude varies slightly in the sequential cycles,i.e.the softening effect is minified.No obvious stress saturation phenomenon was ob- served during the whole cyclic deformation.The TEM analysis shows that the cyclic softening is related to heterogenity of plastic deformation.The softening of the tested steels is caused by the formation of the dislocation cell structure with low density and low internal stress,and by the fragmentation and redissolution of fine carbides into matrix.

Mechanical and low-cycle fatigue behavior of stainless reinforcing steel for earthquake engineering applications

Use of stainless reinforcing steel （SRS） in reinforced concrete （RC） structures is a promising solution to corrosion issues. However, for SRS to be used in seismic applications, several mechanical properties need to be investigated. These include specified and actual yield strengths, tensile strengths, uniform elongations and low-cycle fatigue behavior. Three types of SRSs （Talley S24100, Talley 316LN and Talley 2205） were tested and the results are reported in this paper. They were compared with the properties of A706 carbon reinforcing steel （RS）, which is typical for seismic applications, and MMFX II, which is a high strength, corrosion resistant RS. Low-cycle fatigue tests of the RS coupons were conducted under strain control with constant amplitude to obtain strain life models of the steels. Test results show that the SRSs have slightly lower moduli of elasticity, higher uniform elongations before necking, and better low-cycle fatigue performance than A706 and MMFX II. All five types of RSs tested satisfy the requirements of the ACI 318 code on the lower limit of the tensile to yield strength ratio. Except Talley 2205, the other four types of RSs investigated meet the ACI 318 requirement that the actual yield strength does not exceed the specified yield strength by more than 18 ksi （124 MPa）. Among the three types of SRSs tested, Talley S24100 possesses the highest uniform elongation before necking, and the best low-cycle fatigue performance.

A NEW CYCLIC J-INTEGRAL FOR LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The constitutive equation under the low-cycle fatigue （LCF） was discussed, and a two-dimensional （2-D） model for simulating fatigue crack extension was put forward in order to propose a new cyclic J-integral. The definition, primary characteristics, physical interpretations and numerical evaluation of the new parameter were investigated in detail. Moreover, the new cyclic J-integral for LCF behaviors was validated by the compact tension （CT） specimens. Results show that the calculated values of the new parameter can correlate well with LCF crack growth rate, during constant-amplitude loading. In addition, the phenomenon of fatigue retardation was explained through the viewpoint of energy based on the concept of the new parameter.

INVESTIGATION OF THE LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIORS OF P91 BASE METAL AND WELD JOINTS

Low cycle fatigue tests and crack growth propagations tests on P91 pipe base metal and its weld joints were conducted at three different temperatures: room temperature, 550℃ and 575℃. The strain-life was analyzed, and the changes in fatigue life behavior and fatigue growth rates with increasing temperature were discussed. The different properties of the base metal and its weld joint have been analyzed.

铁素体不锈钢410S与430高温相组织的Thermo-calc计算与试验研究

通过金相观察与DSC试验,对410S和430两种铁素体不锈钢的高温组织进行了研究,并通过定量分析,分别获得了高温相组织的体积分数及与温度的变化关系。利用Thermo-calc热力学软件,计算了两钢种的高温相图,计算结果和试验结果吻合较好。由于高温下铁素体不锈钢存在两相组织,钢的热塑性会降低,导致轧制时产生边裂,故探讨了通过热加工工艺优化来避免边裂的问题。

基于微观偏析统一模型及Thermo-Calc的三元合金凝固路径耦合计算

将合金凝固微观偏析统一模型推广到三元合金凝固微观偏析的预测,并提出了能够计算三元匀晶与共晶合金凝固路径的数值计算方法.实现了在源代码层次上与热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc及其数据库的耦合,以获取多元合金凝固路径计算所需的凝固热力学数据.通过Fe-40V-40Cr,Al-4.5Cu 1.0Si.Al 10Cu 2.5Mg和Al-1.49Si-0.64Mg(质量分数,%)等多元/多相合金在不同冷速下凝固路径的实例计算,以及与相应的凝固组织定量金相实验结果对比,验证了本文多元/多相凝固模型和算法的正确性.

基于Thermo-Calc和JMatPro模拟计算的新型镍基合金设计

运用Thermo-Calc和JMatPro热力学模拟软件对镍基Nimonic 105合金进行了成分优化以及新合金设计研究。研究表明,通过降低Co、Cr和Mo元素含量可有效降低Nimonic 105合金中μ相的析出温度,同时也可降低700℃时合金中σ相的析出倾向。通过调整Nimonic 105的部分合金元素配比设计了一种新型镍基合金HR105C。HR105C合金在700~1200℃区间无σ相和μ相等有害相。在700℃时HR105C合金中γ'相和M_(23)C_6相的平衡析出量的摩尔分数分别约为32%和1%,γ'相的析出略高于Waspaloy合金。HR105C合金的持久性能较Nimonic 105合金显著降低,但与Waspaloy合金相当,甚至可能略优于Waspaloy合金,可满足700℃参数火电汽轮机高温部件用材设计要求,达到了预期优化设计目的。另外,拥有小尺寸的γ'相的HR105C合金具有更好的持久性能。可采取措施通过提高γ'相的稳定性来减缓γ'相的粗化速率,进而使HR105C合金的持久性能得到提升。

Thermo-Calc和DICTRA软件系统在高性能钢研制中的应用

介绍了Thermo Calc和DICTRA软件系统及其在高性能钢研制中的最新应用。结果表明 ,采用该软件系统可对奥氏体转变 ,碳化物溶解与粗化以及渗氮层形成等钢中相变过程进行模拟 ,为准确制定热处理工艺参数提供参考 ,同时还可预测钢中各组元对相变的影响并据此进行成分优化设计 ,说明该软件系统在高性能钢的研制与开发方面具有良好的发展前景。

Thermo-Calc软件在钢铁材料研究中的应用

对Thermo-Calc Classic软件(TCC)中各功能模块的功能及相互关系作了介绍性描述,并结合几个在钢中应用TCC计算的例子,对其基本的计算步骤及相关命令做了说明。

Thermo-calc在热作模具钢合金成分设计中的应用

在H11钢的基础上 ,通过分析碳化物类型对热作模具钢性能的影响 ,运用Thermo -calc计算软件设计了一种新型热作模具钢 4Cr5Mo3SiVNb。研究结果表明 ,新钢种具有微细的显微组织和较高的强韧性配合 ,并且其回火稳定性及等向性也较好。

低碳微合金钢碳氮析出物的Thermo-calc热力学分析

利用Thermo-calc热力学软件TCFE3数据库研究Nb-Ti、V-Ti、Nb-V-Ti低碳微合金钢中析出物的析出开始温度、给定温度的奥氏体成分,计算得到Nb-Ti低碳微合金钢中Nb、Ti碳氮化物的开始形成温度分别为1090和1400℃,最大摩尔分数分别为7.1×10-4、2.4×10-4,V-Ti低碳微合金钢中V、Ti碳氮化物的开始形成温度分别为800和1395℃,最大摩尔分数为2.1×10-3,1.5×10-4,Nb-V-Ti低碳微合金钢中Nb-V碳氮化物和Ti碳氮化物的开始形成温度分别为1070和1390℃,其碳氮化物最大摩尔分数分别为1.2×10-3、1.8×10-4。热力学软件的计算结果与有关文献的实验数据有较好的一致性。

双相钢高温组织和抗拉强度的Thermo-Calc计算与实验研究

采用热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc计算双相钢在两相区不同温度条件下的相组成,并在此基础上引入混合定律预测了双相钢的抗拉强度;而后分别借助金相分析与拉伸性能测试对计算结果进行验证,其令人满意的吻合程度表明采用TC软件可以为双相钢的性能预测提供准确的信息。

合金元素对8407钢析出相影响的Thermo-calc研究

8407钢是目前广泛应用的一种热作模具钢。利用Thermo-calc软件和TCFE3数据库研究了主要强化元素Cr、Mo和V对退火态8407钢析出相的影响规律。结果表明,随Cr、Mo含量增加,这两种合金元素对实验钢种的MC型碳化物的析出有抑制作用,但不影响其溶解温度。随V含量由0.83%增加到1.03%,MC型碳化物的溶解温度从1120℃提高到1140℃,提高了MC型碳化物的稳定性。经SEM组织观察和EDS分析发现,合金元素的偏析造成实验钢横/纵向性能出现差异。退火状态下析出相主要以富Cr的M23C6碳化物为主,同时有少量细小VC存在。Thermo-calc软件计算结果和实验数据有良好的一致性。

Low-Cycle Fatigue Crack Initiation Behavior of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloy

Low-cycle fatigue crack initiation behavior of nickel-based single crystal superalloy at 530℃ was investigated.Results show that the behavior of crack initiation is closely related to the maximum strain.When the maximum strain is 2.0%,the fatigue crack is originated at the position of persistent slip bands on the surface of specimen,which is located on the{111}slip plane.No defects are observed at the crack initiation position.When the maximum strain is lower than 1.6%,the cracks are initiated at the casting defects on sub-surface or at interior of the specimen.The casting defects are located on the{100}slip plane vertical to the axial force.The crack is initiated along the{100}slip plane and then expanded along different{111}slip planes after a short stage of expansion.As the maximum strain decreases,the position of crack initiation gradually changes from the surface to the interior.Moreover,the secondary cracks extending inward along the fracture surface appear in the crack initiation area,and there is obvious stress concentration near the secondary cracks.The dislocation density is high near the fracture surface in the crack initiation zone,where a lot of dislocations cutting into the γ'phase exist.An oxide layer of 50‒100 nm is presented on the fracture surface,and Ni,Al,Cr and Co elements are mainly segregated into the oxide layer of the surface.