Powder mixed electrochemical discharge process for micro machining of C103 niobium alloy

This work demonstrates the viability of the powder-mixed micro-electrochemical discharge machining(PMECDM) process to fabricate micro-holes on C103 niobium-based alloy for high temperature applications.Three processes are involved simultaneously i.e.spark erosion,chemical etching,and abrasive grinding for removal of material while the classical electrochemical discharge machining process involves double actions i.e.spark erosion,and chemical etching.The powder-mixed electrolyte process resulted in rapid material removal along with a better surface finish as compared to the classical microelectrochemical discharge machining(MECDM).Further,the results are optimized through a multiobjective optimization approach and study of the surface topography of the hole wall surface obtained at optimized parameters.In the selected range of experimental parameters,PMECDM shows a higher material removal rate(MRR) and lower surface roughness(R_(a))(MRR:2.8 mg/min and R_(a) of 0.61 μm) as compared to the MECDM process(MRR:2.01 mg/min and corresponding Raof 1.11 μm).A detailed analysis of the results is presented in this paper.

Interfacial structure and mechanical properties of hot-roll bonded joints between titanium alloy and stainless steel using niobium interlayer

The hot-roll bonding was carried out in vacuum between titanium alloy and stainless steel using niobium interlayer. The interfacial structure and mechanical properties were analyzed. The results show that the plasticity of bonded joint is improved significantly. When the bonding temperature is 800 °C or 900 °C, there is not intermetallic layer at the interface between stainless steel and niobium. When the bonding temperature is 1000 °C or 1050 °C, Fe-Nb intermetallic layer forms at the interface. When the bonding temperature is 1050 °C, cracking occurs between stainless steel and intermetallic layer. The maximum strength of -417.5 MPa is obtained at the bonding temperature of 900 °C, the reduction of 25% and the rolling speed of 38 mm/s, and the tensile specimen fractures in the niobium interlayer with plastic fracture characteristics. When the hot-roll bonded transition joints were TIG welded with titanium alloy and stainless steel respectively, the tensile strength of the transition joints after TIG welding is -410.3 MPa, and the specimen fractures in the niobium interlayer.

Formation of carbonitride precipitates in hardfacing alloy with niobium addition

Niobium, as the most effective second-phase forming element, was added in the Fe-Crl3-C-N hard- facing alloy to get carbonitride precipitates. Morphology and composition of carbonitride in the hardfacing alloy were studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalyzer. The ther- modynamics and the effect on the matrix of the formation of carbonitride were also discussed. It was found that niobium carbonitrides are complex Nb（C, N） precipitate distributed on grain boundary and matrix of the hardfacing alloy. Under as-welded condition, primary carbonitride particles were readily precipitated from the hardfacing alloy with large size and morphology as they were formed already during solidification. Under heat treatment condi- tion, a large number of secondary carbonitrides can pre- cipitate out with very fine size and make a great secondary hardening effect on the matrix. As a result, addition of niobium in the hardfacing alloy can prevent the formation of chromium-rich phase on grain boundaries and inter- granular chromium depletion.

Effect of niobium alloying level on the oxidation behavior of titanium aluminides at 850°C

This work addresses the alloying of titanium aluminides used in aircraft engine applications and automobiles. The oxidation resistance behavior of two titanium aluminides of α2 ＋ γ （Ti3Al ＋ TiAl） and orthorhombic Ti2NbAl, recognized as candidates for high-temperature applications, was investigated by exposure of the alloys for 100 h in air. Thus, oxidation resistance was expressed as the mass gain rate, whereas surface aspects were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the type of oxidation products was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The orthorhombic Ti2NbAl alloy was embrittled, and pores and microcracks were formed as a result of oxygen diffusion through the external oxide layer formed during thermal oxidation for 100 h.

Niobium alloying effect in high carbon equivalent grey cast iron

The effect of niobium on the formation of NbC phase and solidification structure in high carbon equivalent grey cast iron was investigated.The experimental results indicated that an increase in the niobium content is favorable to refining the graphite and eutectic cell;and the pearlite lamellar spacing is reduced.Based on the thermodynamic calculation the formation of NbC is prior to the eutectic reaction.The reduction in the pearlite lamellar spacing is mainly attributed to the decrease of eutectic temperature with the addition of niobium.Additionally,properties including hardness and wear resistance were improved after the addition of niobium.

Plasma Niobium Surface Alloying of Pure Titanium and its Oxidation at 900 ℃

A niobium-modified layer on pure titanium surface was obtained by means of double glow plasma surface alloying technique. The modified layer was uniform, continuous, compact and well adhered to the substrate. The niobium composition in the modified layer decreased gradually from the surface to the substrate. The oxidation behavior of the niobium-modified layer was investigated and com- pared with the untreated surface at 900 ~C for 100 h. Characterization of the layers was performed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The test results show that the oxidation behavior of pure titanium was improved by niobium alloying process. Niobium has a positive influence on the oxidation resistance.

Static oxidation behaviour of silicide coating on niobium alloy at high temperature

A silicide coating was prepared on the surface of the Nb521 alloy by the complex pack cemented method. The oxidation resistance properties of the present coating were examined by the static oxidation tests at 1 700 ℃ in air. The compositions and the microstructures of the coating before and after test were characterised and analysed through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS) and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),respectively. The present silicide coating can provide an effective protection for the Nb alloy for 25 h at 1 700 ℃ in air. The results show that the oxidation kinetics of the present silicide coating is parabolic. The diffusion of Si leads to the phase transformation and evolution during the oxidation.

THE ROLE OF NIOBIUM IN NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PM ALLOY EP741NP

The role of niobium in nickel-based superalloys is reviewed. The importance of niobium as a strengthener is discussed. New developments in nickel-based superalloys are also briefly mentioned, including some results that show improved resistance to sulfidation by niobium. Research results from a current program on the role of niobium in the Russian powder metallurgy alloy EP741NP are presented. Future research plans on the role of niobium in superalloys are also discussed.

Diffusion bonding behaviour of β-γTiAl alloys containing high niobium with Ti interlayer by spark plasma sintering

High niobium β-γ TiAl alloy(HNBG) was diffusion bonded using spark plasma sintering with pure Ti as interlayer. The joint microstructural evolution, growth kinetics and mechanical properties were investigated. The joint included three diffusion zones. The β/B2 phase formed in the Zone Ⅰ, α_(2)phase in the Zone Ⅱ, and β-Ti and α-Ti phases in the Zone Ⅲ. The thickness of β/B2 phase, the average grain size of α_(2)phase and the amount of β-Ti phase increased with the increase of bonding temperature or bonding time. The growth activation energies of β/B2 and α_(2)phases were 582 and 253 kJ/mol, respectively. The joint acquired at 1000 °C, 10 min and 10 MPa showed the maximum shear strength of 308 MPa. Fracture mainly occurred along the interfaces between Zone Ⅰ and HNBG alloy, and between Zone I and Zone Ⅱ. Fracture mechanism of the joint was characterized by brittleness rupture along the phase boundary.

晶粒尺寸对铌钨合金力学性能的影响

本文以铌钨合金为研究对象,通过熔炼、挤压、锻造制备了两种不同晶粒尺寸的铌钨合金棒材,研究了初始晶粒尺寸对经过热处理后棒材的显微组织和力学性能的影响,研究结果将为制备有特殊性能要求的铌合金材料提供一定参考。结果表明,经过相同热处理工艺处理后,初始晶粒尺寸细小的Φ43 mm棒材形成均匀细小的等轴晶,而初始晶粒尺寸粗大的Φ89 mm棒材形成不均匀且粗大的部分再结晶组织。无论是室温拉伸还是高温(1100℃)拉伸,晶粒细小的Φ43 mm棒材均呈现较好的屈服强度,分别为401 MPa和272 MPa。因此,铌钨合金的屈服强度与棒材初始晶粒尺寸有关。铌钨合金棒材的屈服强度要求越高,越需制备具有细小初始晶粒的棒材。

激光选区熔化ZrC增强铌合金的组织与性能研究

铌合金在超高温环境具有优异的强度和轻量化优势,但传统加工工艺难以实现对其复杂构件的制备。本研究采用激光选区熔化技术制备了组织致密的Nb52和Nb52–0.1ZrC两种铌合金,通过引入碳化物的方法提高了铌合金的力学性能。研究表明,ZrC的引入显著提高了铌合金的强度,其打印态屈服强度、抗拉强度和塑性应变分别达745.91 MPa、795.45 MPa和1.8%,室温断裂方式为沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂混合断裂模式。本研究扩宽了铌合金的成形工艺,为改善铌合金性能和开发低成本的铌合金体系提供了新的研究思路。

铌合金及其蜂窝钎焊界面组织与力学性能分析

采用Ti基、Ni基和Nb基三种钎料进行了铌合金板板真空钎焊和铌合金蜂窝真空钎焊试验。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析了铌合金板板钎焊界面和蜂窝钎焊界面组织特征,采用能谱仪分析了钎焊界面物相成分,采用EBSD方法分析了钎焊界面物相分布,并对铌合金板板钎焊复合板和蜂窝钎焊结构的力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:铌合金板板钎焊时,Ti基钎料钎焊界面由固溶体Nb和(Ti,Zr)-(Ni,Cu)化合物组成,Nb基钎料钎焊界面由Co-Nb化合物、Nb的固溶体和Co-Ti化合物组成,而Ni基钎料钎焊时,钎料与铌合金母材扩散反应较弱,钎焊界面主要为凝固钎料,且Ni与Nb的高温线膨胀系数差异较大,钎焊界面存在因热应力带来的微裂纹问题;铌合金蜂窝钎焊时,Ti基钎料在铌合金蜂窝箔材表面润湿铺展性能较差导致钎焊界面钎角欠佳及钎焊界面焊合质量较差;Ni基钎料钎焊时,随着钎焊保温时间的延长,存在钎焊界面溶蚀问题导致钎焊界面焊合质量下降。在保温时间30 min时,Ni基钎料和Nb基钎料钎焊后的铌合金蜂窝界面焊合质量较好;Ni基钎料钎焊蜂窝因界面存在微裂纹,导致钎焊界面强度下降,Nb基钎料钎焊蜂窝力学性能最佳,蜂窝拉脱强度达到7.96 MPa。

关于M5合金燃料包壳表面材料在堆内流致振动下脱落共性问题的研究

M5锆合金包壳是由法国法马通公司设计研发的,目前广泛应用于核电厂AFA-3G等系列的燃料组件。本文分析了国内外核电厂使用M5合金燃料包壳表面材料在堆内流致振动下脱落共性问题的研究现状,包括燃料组件外观检查情况、氧化膜厚度测量情况等,从而得出研究结论并提出合理建议。

钛合金生产用铌铝合金制备工艺的研究

文章以铝热还原法制备铌铝合金,研究了不同渣系配比的可行性,单位反应热量对产品收率的影响,不同原材料对产品中Fe、Si的影响,合金中存在“高铌相”的原因及控制方法。结果表明:采用Al_(2)O_(3)-CaO渣系,当mole Al_(2)O_(3)/(Al_(2)O_(3)+CaO)=0.703时,实践可行;单位反应热量控制在3200~3400 kJ/kg,产品的收率在95%左右;铝粒中的Si含量控制在0.05%,铝粒中的Fe含量控制在0.10%,CaO中的Si含量控制在0.40%以内,就可制备出Si、Fe含量合格的铌铝合金产品;采用铝热还原+真空感应熔炼,可制备出成分均匀、无夹杂的高端铌铝合金产品。

热处理工艺对Nb-Ti-Al基低密度铌合金力学性能及组织形貌的影响

将Nb-Ti-Al基低密度铌合金在不同的高温条件下进行热加工处理,并对合金涂层后的试样在1300℃高温熔烧30 min,利用INSTRON4505型万能试验机、金相显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析仪对热处理后试样的室温(25℃)力学性能(抗拉强度бb、屈服强度б0.2和延伸率)、金相组织、断口形貌等进行了对比分析。结果表明,当熔烧温度(t≥900℃)每升高100℃,抗拉强度下降9.23%,屈服强度下降9.11%,延伸率下降9.59%,晶粒度增大比例为21.43%,在熔烧温度高于1200℃时试样仅测出抗拉强度值就断裂了,表现出铌合金试样随着熔烧温度梯度的升高,样品基材的力学性能下降,晶粒度和硬度不断增大,塑性和韧性不断下降的规律。

铌钒复合高强屈比HRB500E钢筋生产技术开发

国内厂家在生产HRB500E钢筋的过程中均存在强屈比偏低或者少量不合现象。文章对工业试制的铌钒复合钢筋和钒氮钢筋进行了对比试验,结果表明,采用铌钒复合工艺后,钢筋强屈比提高0.04,由于铌元素的存在,推迟了铁素体相变,珠光体含量增加了约10个百分点,使得钢筋抗拉强度提高;由于加入铌后,钒氮合金加入量相对减少,从而降低了钒氮合金析出强化、细晶强化效果,钢筋的屈服强度略有下降。实践表明,采用铌钒复合工艺后,钢筋的强屈比明显提高,HRB500E钢筋抗震性显著提高。

结构用铌钒低合金高强度热轧型钢标准浅析

本文针对结构用铌钒低合金高强度热轧型钢的技术条件和尺寸标准进行了全面解析。文章首先介绍了钢结构建筑在国内的发展现状以及面临的挑战,进而阐述了《结构用铌钒低合金高强度热轧型钢》标准的制定背景和重要性。在技术条件解析部分,本文详细分析了该型钢的化学成分、力学性能指标、尺寸规格及其允许偏差,并对不同钢级和质量等级的要求进行了明确。此外,本文还重点探讨了铌、钒、钛等微合金化元素在提高型钢性能方面的作用,以及这些元素在焊接热影响区性能提升中的重要性。

自蔓延燃烧合成高氮氮化钒铌铁合金的工艺

自蔓延燃烧合成技术是依靠反应自身放热来合成材料的新技术,不需外加热源,设备简单,工序简洁。承德锦科科技股份有限公司利用此技术成功开发了氮化钒铁、氮化钒硅铁、氮化铌铁等专利产品。本文在常规自蔓延燃烧合成技术基础上,通过优化原料配比、原料粒度级配、氮气压力和稀释剂配加量等关键技术,成功开发出了高氮氮化钒铌铁新型合金FeV_(30)Nb_(4)N_(14)。该合金N/(V+Nb)比值达到0.4以上,微合金化过程能充分发挥钒的析出强化和铌的细晶强化作用。使用该合金制备的微合金化钢筋HRB600E的抗拉强度800~855MPa、延伸率16%~18%、正反弯性能均合格,力学性能符合抗震要求;晶粒度等级达到10.5级以上;V平均含量为0.105%,比常规钒氮合金+铌铁复合微合金化工艺的0.140%降低了0.035个百分点,节约钒消耗25%,吨钢成本降低50.5元,为钢企创造了显著的经济效益。

Fatigue small crack growth threshold determination of a high-Nb TiAl alloy at different temperatures by in-situ observation

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the fatigue crack growth threshold of a high-Nb TiAl alloy at the different temperatures based on scanning electron microscopy （SEM） in-situ observation. The results indicated that the fatigue crack growth threshold △Kth of a nearly lamellar high-Nb TiAl alloy with 8% Nb content at room temperature and 750℃ was determined as 12.89 MPa.m^1/2 and 8.69 MPa.m^1/2, respectively. The effect of the elevated temperature on the fatigue crack growth threshold cannot be ignored. At the same time, the early stage of fatigue crack propagation exhibited multicrack initiation and bridge-link behavior.